四轮毂电机驱动电动汽车动力系统优化匹配
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摘要
为了研究四轮毂电机驱动电动汽车电机功率在各轴之间的匹配与回收能量多少之间的关系,采用理论分析和仿真相结合的方法,对不同匹配方案下的能量回收效果进行了对比分析。基于相关标准要求,确定了整车和动力性参数,计算整车额定功率、峰值需求功率和轮毂电机额定转速、峰值转速等,并建立了整车需求功率的二次再分模型。该模型对整车需求功率先在前/后轴之间按一定比例分配,再将各轴需求功率在左右车轮间平均分配。通过对整车制动动力学的分析,对前/后轴制动力按照理想制动力分配策略的情况,提出了电机功率在各轴之间匹配的推荐方案。基于Matlab/Simulink和CarSim软件搭建四轮毂电机驱动电动汽车联合仿真模型,采用分层取样得到多个前/后轴轮毂电机功率分配方案,研究在理想制动力分配策略下,制动强度分别为0.1,0.2和0.3,以及新欧洲运行循环(NEDC)、中国城市乘用车工况(CCDC)和纽约城市运行循环(NYCC)3种典型循环工况下不同分配方案时制动回收能量的差异,得到前/后轴轮毂电机功率最优匹配,并对最优方案动力性进行了验证。理论和仿真结果表明:当前/后轴轮毂电机功率分配比与前/后轴静态垂直载荷比相近时,电动汽车将获得最好的能量回收效果。
In order to study the relationship between the matching of motor power in different axles and the amount of energy recovery for four in-wheel-motor actuated electric vehicles, the energy recovery effects of different matching schemes are compared and analyzed by combining theoretical analysis with simulation. According to the requirements in the relative standards, the power performance parameters are determined. The required rated/peak powers of the vehicle, the rated/peak speed of the motor are calculated, and the redistribution model of the power that the vehicle required is built. According the model, the required power of the vehicle is distributed in a certain proportion between the front and the rear axles, and the required power of each axle is distributed equally between the left and right wheels. By analyzing the braking dynamics of the vehicle, a recommended scheme of powertrain matching to the front and the rear axles is put forward according to ideal braking force distribution strategy for the front and rear axles. The co-simulation model of the subject electric vehicle based on MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim is built. The optimal matching schemes of hub motor on the front and rear axles are obtained by stratified sampling. The differences of brake recovery energy in different distribution schemes under the conditions of braking strengths of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, typical driving cycles of New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), China City Driving Cycle(CCDC) and New York City Cycle(NYCC) using ideal braking force distribution strategy are studied respectively. The optimal matching of front/rear axle hub motors is obtained, which verified the power performance of the optimal scheme. The theory and simulation results show that when the power distribution ratio of the in-wheel-motors on the front and rear axles equals to the static vertical load on the front and rear axles, the braking energy recovery is superior to other matching scheme.
In order to study the relationship between the matching of motor power in different axles and the amount of energy recovery for four in-wheel-motor actuated electric vehicles, the energy recovery effects of different matching schemes are compared and analyzed by combining theoretical analysis with simulation. According to the requirements in the relative standards, the power performance parameters are determined. The required rated/peak powers of the vehicle, the rated/peak speed of the motor are calculated, and the redistribution model of the power that the vehicle required is built. According the model, the required power of the vehicle is distributed in a certain proportion between the front and the rear axles, and the required power of each axle is distributed equally between the left and right wheels. By analyzing the braking dynamics of the vehicle, a recommended scheme of powertrain matching to the front and the rear axles is put forward according to ideal braking force distribution strategy for the front and rear axles. The co-simulation model of the subject electric vehicle based on MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim is built. The optimal matching schemes of hub motor on the front and rear axles are obtained by stratified sampling. The differences of brake recovery energy in different distribution schemes under the conditions of braking strengths of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, typical driving cycles of New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), China City Driving Cycle(CCDC) and New York City Cycle(NYCC) using ideal braking force distribution strategy are studied respectively. The optimal matching of front/rear axle hub motors is obtained, which verified the power performance of the optimal scheme. The theory and simulation results show that when the power distribution ratio of the in-wheel-motors on the front and rear axles equals to the static vertical load on the front and rear axles, the braking energy recovery is superior to other matching scheme.
引文
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[15]董昊轩.四轮毂电机驱动电动汽车再生制动系统研究[D].西安:长安大学,2018.DONG Hao-xuan.Study on Regenerative Braking System of Four In-wheel-motor Actuated Electric Vehicle[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2018.
[16]瓦伦托维兹H.汽车工程学I:汽车纵向动力学[M].王霄锋,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2009.WALLENTOWITZ H.Automotive Engineering I:Longitudinal Dynamics of Vehicles[M].WANG Xiaofeng,translated.Beijing:China Machine Press,2009.
[17]张奇,符晓玲,李珂,等.纯电动汽车动力系统匹配优化与再生制动策略[J].系统仿真学报,2016,28(3):600-609.ZHANG Qi,FU Xiao-ling,LI Ke,et al.Powertrain System Matching Optimization and Regenerative Braking Strategy for Pure Electric Vehicle[J].Journal of System Simulation,2016,28(3):600-609.
[18]胡明辉,谢红军,秦大同.电动汽车电机与传动系统参数匹配方法的研究[J].汽车工程,2013,35(12):1068-1073.HU Ming-hui,XIE Hong-jun,QIN Da-tong.A Study on the Parameter Matching Between the Motor and Transmission System of an Electric Vehicle[J].Automotive Engineering,2013,35(12):1068-1073.
[19]何洪文,余晓江,孙逢春,等.电动汽车电机驱动系统动力特性分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(6):136-140.HE Hong-wen,YU Xiao-jiang,SUN Feng-chun,et al.Study on Power Performance of Traction Motor System for Electric Vehicle[J].Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering,2006,26(6):136-140.
[20]GAO Y M,CHEN L P,EHSANI M.Investigation of the Effectiveness of Regenerative Braking for EV and HEV[EB/OL].(1999-01-2910)[2017-01-5].https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-2910.
[21]GUO J G.Development of Regenerative Braking for Electric Vehicle in China:A Review[J].International Journal of Electric&Hybrid Vehicles,2015,7(2):120-138.
[22]WANG B,LI M,XU M,et al.Simulation-based Energy Flow Study of Purely Electric-drive Vehicles[C]//Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress.Heidelberg:Springer,2012:615-630.
[23]CIKANEK S R,BAILEY K E.Regenerative Braking System for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle[C]//Proceedings of the American Control Conference.Anchorage:IEEE,2002:3129-3134.
[24]叶敏,郭金刚.电动汽车再生制动及其控制技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2013.YE Min,GUO Jin-gang.Regenerative Braking and Its Control Technology on Electric Vehicle[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2013.
[2]SUN F C,LIU W,HE H W,et al.An Integrated Control Strategy for the Composite Braking System of an Electric Vehicle with Independently Driven Axles[J].Vehicle System Dynamics,2016,54(8):1031-1052.
[3]ZHAI L,SUN T M,WANG J.Electronic Stability Control Based on Motor Driving and Braking Torque Distribution for a Four In-wheel-motor Drive Electric Vehicle[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2016,65(6):4726-4739.
[4]TAHAMI F,KAZEMI R,FARHANGHI S,et al.Fuzzy Based Stability Enhancement System for a Four-motorwheel Electric Vehicle[J].SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars:Mechanical Systems,2002,111(6):1825-1833.
[5]XU L F,OUYANG M G,LI J Q,et al.Optimal Sizing of Plug-in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Using Models of Vehicle Performance and System Cost[J].Applied Energy,2013,103(1):477-487.
[6]GUNTHER S,ULBRICH S,HOFMANN W.Driving Cycle-based Design Optimization of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives for Electric Vehicle Application[C]//2014 International Symposium on Power Electronics,Electrical Drives,Automation and Motion(SPEEDAM 2014).Ischia:IEEE,2014:25-30.
[7]周兵,江清华,杨易,等.基于行驶工况的纯电动汽车比能耗分析及传动比优化[J].中国机械工程,2011,22(10):1236-1241.ZHOU Bing,JIANG Qing-hua,YANG Yi,et al.Analysis of Specific Energy Consumption and Ratio Optimization of BEV Based on Running Schedule[J].China Mechanical Engineering,2011,22(10):1236-1241.
[8]谷靖,欧阳明高,卢兰光,等.轮毂电机驱动式微型电动车参数的合理选择[J].中国公路学报,2013,26(1):177-183.GU Jing,OUYANG Ming-gao,LU Lan-guang,et al.Parameters Selection of a Micro Electric Vehicle Driven by In-wheel Motors[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2013,26(1):177-183.
[9]CHEN Y,CHEN X K,LIN Y.Parameters Matching and Optimization of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain[J].High Technology Letters,2010,16(1):34-38.
[10]王斌,潘浩星,许敏,等.纯电驱动车辆动力总成优化的研究[J].汽车工程,2015,37(6):617-621.WANG Bin,PAN Hao-xing,XU Min,et al.A Study on the Optimization of the Powertrain of Battery Electric Vehicle[J].Automotive Engineering,2015,37(6):617-621.
[11]朱曰莹,王子龙,韩光省,等.基于循环工况的电动汽车传动系参数正交优化设计[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2013,44(增2):216-221.ZHU Yue-ying,WANG Zi-long,HAN Guang-sheng,et al.Orthogonal Optimal Design for Drive System Parameter of Electric Vehicle Based on Vehicle Driving Cycle[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology Edition,2013,44(S2):216-221.
[12]谷成,刘浩,陈辛波.基于效率优化的四轮独立驱动电动车转矩分配[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(10):1550-1556.GU Cheng,LIU Hao,CHEN Xin-bo.Torque Distribution Based on Efficiency Optimization of Four-wheel Independent Drive Electric Vehicle[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science Edition,2015,43(10):1550-1556.
[13]XU W K,ZHENG H Y,LIU Z Y.The Control Strategy of Regenerative Braking of Four-wheel-drive Electric Vehicle[J].Advanced Materials Research,2013,631-632:1123-1128.
[14]宋世欣,王庆年,王达.电动轮汽车再生制动系统控制策略[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2015,45(2):341-346.SONG Shi-xin,WANG Qing-nian,WANG Da.Control Strategy for Regenerative Braking System of In-wheel Motor Vehicle[J].Journal of Jilin University:Engineering and Technology Edition,2015,45(2):341-346.
[15]董昊轩.四轮毂电机驱动电动汽车再生制动系统研究[D].西安:长安大学,2018.DONG Hao-xuan.Study on Regenerative Braking System of Four In-wheel-motor Actuated Electric Vehicle[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2018.
[16]瓦伦托维兹H.汽车工程学I:汽车纵向动力学[M].王霄锋,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2009.WALLENTOWITZ H.Automotive Engineering I:Longitudinal Dynamics of Vehicles[M].WANG Xiaofeng,translated.Beijing:China Machine Press,2009.
[17]张奇,符晓玲,李珂,等.纯电动汽车动力系统匹配优化与再生制动策略[J].系统仿真学报,2016,28(3):600-609.ZHANG Qi,FU Xiao-ling,LI Ke,et al.Powertrain System Matching Optimization and Regenerative Braking Strategy for Pure Electric Vehicle[J].Journal of System Simulation,2016,28(3):600-609.
[18]胡明辉,谢红军,秦大同.电动汽车电机与传动系统参数匹配方法的研究[J].汽车工程,2013,35(12):1068-1073.HU Ming-hui,XIE Hong-jun,QIN Da-tong.A Study on the Parameter Matching Between the Motor and Transmission System of an Electric Vehicle[J].Automotive Engineering,2013,35(12):1068-1073.
[19]何洪文,余晓江,孙逢春,等.电动汽车电机驱动系统动力特性分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(6):136-140.HE Hong-wen,YU Xiao-jiang,SUN Feng-chun,et al.Study on Power Performance of Traction Motor System for Electric Vehicle[J].Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering,2006,26(6):136-140.
[20]GAO Y M,CHEN L P,EHSANI M.Investigation of the Effectiveness of Regenerative Braking for EV and HEV[EB/OL].(1999-01-2910)[2017-01-5].https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-2910.
[21]GUO J G.Development of Regenerative Braking for Electric Vehicle in China:A Review[J].International Journal of Electric&Hybrid Vehicles,2015,7(2):120-138.
[22]WANG B,LI M,XU M,et al.Simulation-based Energy Flow Study of Purely Electric-drive Vehicles[C]//Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress.Heidelberg:Springer,2012:615-630.
[23]CIKANEK S R,BAILEY K E.Regenerative Braking System for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle[C]//Proceedings of the American Control Conference.Anchorage:IEEE,2002:3129-3134.
[24]叶敏,郭金刚.电动汽车再生制动及其控制技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2013.YE Min,GUO Jin-gang.Regenerative Braking and Its Control Technology on Electric Vehicle[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2013.