贸易开放对收入不平等的影响——基于机会不平等的视角
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摘要
本文检验贸易开放对收入不平等的影响,将贸易开放区分为进口开放度和出口开放度,将收入不平等区分为由环境差异导致的机会不平等和由努力差异导致的努力不平等。利用2003—2015年的CGSS数据测算了机会不平等与努力不平等的基尼系数,并构建了回归模型。结果显示,贸易开放对总体收入不平等影响具有正向影响,但效应不显著;出口依存度对总体不平等有显著的正向影响;进口依存度对总体不平等具有不显著的负向影响。贸易开放度对公平收入不平等和机会不平等都具有正向影响,但只对努力不平等显著。出口依存度和进口依存度对公平收入不平等的效应都不显著;出口依存度对机会不平等具有正向影响且显著;进口依存度对机会不平等具有不显著的负向影响。因此,为了降低收入不平等,一方面应当努力优化出口贸易结构,降低出口贸易对不平等的增加效应,另一方面应当扶植进口贸易,增强进口贸易对收入不平等的抑制作用。
This paper examines the impact of trade openness on income inequality. We divide trade openness into import openness and export openness, and divide income inequality into opportunity inequality caused by environmental differences and effort inequality resulting from differences in efforts. We measure the Gini coefficient of opportunity inequality and effort inequality, by using the CGSS data from 2003 to 2015. Finally, we construct the regression model to examine the effects of the trade openness on these two kinds of inequality. The opening of trade has a positive impact on the income inequality, but the effect is not significant; export dependence has a significant positive effect on inequality; import dependence has a negative effect on inequality, but the effect is not significant. The trade openness has a positive effect on both fair income inequality and opportunity inequality, but it is only significant for efforts inequality. The effects of export dependence and import dependence on the fair income inequality are not significant; the export dependence has a positive impact on opportunity inequality and is significant; the import dependence has an insignificant negative impact on opportunity inequality. We believes that, in order to reducing income inequality, on the one hand, we should work hard to optimize the structure of export trade and reduce its effect on inequality; on the other hand, we should foster import trade and increase the suppression of income inequality by import trade effect.
This paper examines the impact of trade openness on income inequality. We divide trade openness into import openness and export openness, and divide income inequality into opportunity inequality caused by environmental differences and effort inequality resulting from differences in efforts. We measure the Gini coefficient of opportunity inequality and effort inequality, by using the CGSS data from 2003 to 2015. Finally, we construct the regression model to examine the effects of the trade openness on these two kinds of inequality. The opening of trade has a positive impact on the income inequality, but the effect is not significant; export dependence has a significant positive effect on inequality; import dependence has a negative effect on inequality, but the effect is not significant. The trade openness has a positive effect on both fair income inequality and opportunity inequality, but it is only significant for efforts inequality. The effects of export dependence and import dependence on the fair income inequality are not significant; the export dependence has a positive impact on opportunity inequality and is significant; the import dependence has an insignificant negative impact on opportunity inequality. We believes that, in order to reducing income inequality, on the one hand, we should work hard to optimize the structure of export trade and reduce its effect on inequality; on the other hand, we should foster import trade and increase the suppression of income inequality by import trade effect.
引文
[1]雷欣,程可,陈继勇.收入不平等与经济增长关系的再检验[J].世界经济,2017,(3):26-51.
[2] Acemoglu D.Patterns of Skill Premia[J].Review of Economic Studies,2003,(2):199-230.
[3] Bertrand M.From the Invisible Handshake to the Invisible Hand? How Import Competition Changes the Employment Relationship[J].Journal of Labor Economics,2004,(4):723-765.
[4]雷欣,陈继勇,覃思.开放、创新与收入不平等——基于中国的实证研究[J].经济管理,2014,(5)1-12.
[5] Feenstra R C,Hanson G H.Foreign Investment, Outsourcing and Relative Wages[R].Nber Working Paper, 1995,NO. 5121.
[6] Grossman G M,Rossi-Hansber G E.Trading Tasks:a Simple Theory of Offshoring[J].American Economic Review, 2008,(5):1978-1997.
[7] Melitz M J.The Impact of Trade on Intra-industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity[J]. Econometrica,2003,(6):1695-1725.
[8] Yeaple S R.A Simple Model of Firm Heterogeneity,International Trade and Wages[J].Journal of International Economics,2005,(1):1-20.
[9] Egger H,Kreickemeier U.Firm Heterogeneity and the Labor Market Effects of Trade Liberalization[J].International Economic Review,2009,(1):187-216.
[10] Helpman E,Itskhoki O.Redding S J.Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Econom[J], Econometrica,2010,(4):1239-1283.
[11] Helpman E,Itskhoki O,Muendler M A,et al.Trade and Inequality:from Theory to Estimation[R]. NBER Working Paper,2012,NO.17991.
[12] Davidson C,Martin L W,Matusz S J.Trade and Search Generated Unemployment[J].Journal of International Economics,1999,(2):271-299.
[13] Artu E,Chaudhuri S,Mclaeen J E.Trade Shocks and Labor Adjustment:a Structural Empirical Approach[J]. American Economic Review,2010,(3):1008-1045.
[14] Burstein A,Vogel J.International Trade, Technology,and the Skill Premium[J].American Economic Journal:Macroeconomics,2013,(2):32-71.
[15] Roemer,J E.Equality of Opportunity[M].Harvard University Press. 2000.
[16] Cappelen,A W Srensen E,Tungodden,B.Responsibility for What? Fairness and Individual Responsibility[J].European Economic Review,2010,(3):429-441.
[17] Marrero,G A,Rodríguez,J G.Inequality of Opportunity in Europe[J].Review of Income and Wealth,2012,(4):597-621.
[18] Marrero,G A,and Rodríguez,J G.Inequality of Opportunity and Growth[J].Journal of Development Economics,2013,(05):107-122.
[19]李振,王开玉,向鹏飞.贸易开放和劳动力迁移对中国地区收入不平等的影响——基于省际面板数据的实证研究[J].宏观经济研究,2015,(5):47-57.
[20]戴枫.贸易自由化与收入不平等——基于中国的经验研究[J].世界经济研究,2005,(10):39-46.
[21] Xu B,Li W.Trade,Technology,and China‘s Rising Skill Demand[J].Economics of Transition,2008,(1):59-84.
[22]林季红,张涛.中国的贸易开放与收入不平等——来自省级面板数据的经验研究[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(6):110-117.
[23]李磊,刘斌,胡博,谢璐.贸易开放对城镇居民收入及分配的影响[J].经济学(季刊),2012,(1):309-326.
[24]席艳乐,张相文,曹亮.贸易自由化与中国性别工资差距——基于工具变量和分位数回归方法的实证研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2013,(7):12-23.
[25]刘书祥,曾国彪.贸易自由化、教育收益与收入差距[J].财经科学,2014,(10):102-112.
[26]曾国彪.贸易自由化对我国收入差距的影响研究[D].成都:西南财经大学,2014.
[27] Theil, Henri. Economics and information theory[M]. North-Holland Pub Co R and McNally,1967.
[28]龚锋,余锦亮.平等与激励权衡下的地方公共服务均等化评估——内涵及实证分析框架[J].经济评论,2015,(5):21-36.
[29]龚锋,李智,雷欣.努力对机会不平等的影响:测度与比较[J].经济研究,2017,(3):76-90.
[30] Martin Ravallion,陈绍华.中国的贫富差距正在拉近[EB/OL]. https://item.btime.com/m_2s1ck4t7q11,2017-12-05.
[31]沈颖郁,张二震.对外贸易、FDI与中国城乡收入差距[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2011,(6):136-147.
[32]李叶茜.出口与公司内收入不平等——来自中国企业的证据[D].北京:中央财经大学,2016.
(1)国外已有研究在采用非参数法时,往往都选择一到两个环境变量进行分组,比如父母教育程度(Checchi和Peragine,2010)、父亲教育和种族(Marrero和Rodriguez,2013)等等,遗漏变量的偏误非常明显。我们采用的改进方法,既能充分利用丰富的环境和努力变量信息,又将分组数控制在适度范围之内,偏误可能相对会小一些。
[2] Acemoglu D.Patterns of Skill Premia[J].Review of Economic Studies,2003,(2):199-230.
[3] Bertrand M.From the Invisible Handshake to the Invisible Hand? How Import Competition Changes the Employment Relationship[J].Journal of Labor Economics,2004,(4):723-765.
[4]雷欣,陈继勇,覃思.开放、创新与收入不平等——基于中国的实证研究[J].经济管理,2014,(5)1-12.
[5] Feenstra R C,Hanson G H.Foreign Investment, Outsourcing and Relative Wages[R].Nber Working Paper, 1995,NO. 5121.
[6] Grossman G M,Rossi-Hansber G E.Trading Tasks:a Simple Theory of Offshoring[J].American Economic Review, 2008,(5):1978-1997.
[7] Melitz M J.The Impact of Trade on Intra-industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity[J]. Econometrica,2003,(6):1695-1725.
[8] Yeaple S R.A Simple Model of Firm Heterogeneity,International Trade and Wages[J].Journal of International Economics,2005,(1):1-20.
[9] Egger H,Kreickemeier U.Firm Heterogeneity and the Labor Market Effects of Trade Liberalization[J].International Economic Review,2009,(1):187-216.
[10] Helpman E,Itskhoki O.Redding S J.Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Econom[J], Econometrica,2010,(4):1239-1283.
[11] Helpman E,Itskhoki O,Muendler M A,et al.Trade and Inequality:from Theory to Estimation[R]. NBER Working Paper,2012,NO.17991.
[12] Davidson C,Martin L W,Matusz S J.Trade and Search Generated Unemployment[J].Journal of International Economics,1999,(2):271-299.
[13] Artu E,Chaudhuri S,Mclaeen J E.Trade Shocks and Labor Adjustment:a Structural Empirical Approach[J]. American Economic Review,2010,(3):1008-1045.
[14] Burstein A,Vogel J.International Trade, Technology,and the Skill Premium[J].American Economic Journal:Macroeconomics,2013,(2):32-71.
[15] Roemer,J E.Equality of Opportunity[M].Harvard University Press. 2000.
[16] Cappelen,A W Srensen E,Tungodden,B.Responsibility for What? Fairness and Individual Responsibility[J].European Economic Review,2010,(3):429-441.
[17] Marrero,G A,Rodríguez,J G.Inequality of Opportunity in Europe[J].Review of Income and Wealth,2012,(4):597-621.
[18] Marrero,G A,and Rodríguez,J G.Inequality of Opportunity and Growth[J].Journal of Development Economics,2013,(05):107-122.
[19]李振,王开玉,向鹏飞.贸易开放和劳动力迁移对中国地区收入不平等的影响——基于省际面板数据的实证研究[J].宏观经济研究,2015,(5):47-57.
[20]戴枫.贸易自由化与收入不平等——基于中国的经验研究[J].世界经济研究,2005,(10):39-46.
[21] Xu B,Li W.Trade,Technology,and China‘s Rising Skill Demand[J].Economics of Transition,2008,(1):59-84.
[22]林季红,张涛.中国的贸易开放与收入不平等——来自省级面板数据的经验研究[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(6):110-117.
[23]李磊,刘斌,胡博,谢璐.贸易开放对城镇居民收入及分配的影响[J].经济学(季刊),2012,(1):309-326.
[24]席艳乐,张相文,曹亮.贸易自由化与中国性别工资差距——基于工具变量和分位数回归方法的实证研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2013,(7):12-23.
[25]刘书祥,曾国彪.贸易自由化、教育收益与收入差距[J].财经科学,2014,(10):102-112.
[26]曾国彪.贸易自由化对我国收入差距的影响研究[D].成都:西南财经大学,2014.
[27] Theil, Henri. Economics and information theory[M]. North-Holland Pub Co R and McNally,1967.
[28]龚锋,余锦亮.平等与激励权衡下的地方公共服务均等化评估——内涵及实证分析框架[J].经济评论,2015,(5):21-36.
[29]龚锋,李智,雷欣.努力对机会不平等的影响:测度与比较[J].经济研究,2017,(3):76-90.
[30] Martin Ravallion,陈绍华.中国的贫富差距正在拉近[EB/OL]. https://item.btime.com/m_2s1ck4t7q11,2017-12-05.
[31]沈颖郁,张二震.对外贸易、FDI与中国城乡收入差距[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2011,(6):136-147.
[32]李叶茜.出口与公司内收入不平等——来自中国企业的证据[D].北京:中央财经大学,2016.
(1)国外已有研究在采用非参数法时,往往都选择一到两个环境变量进行分组,比如父母教育程度(Checchi和Peragine,2010)、父亲教育和种族(Marrero和Rodriguez,2013)等等,遗漏变量的偏误非常明显。我们采用的改进方法,既能充分利用丰富的环境和努力变量信息,又将分组数控制在适度范围之内,偏误可能相对会小一些。