被动式汽车相变材料储能器的实验分析
|
摘要
根据相变材料发生相变时可以吸收或者释放大量热量,同时保持自身的温度恒定的性能,设计出箱式储能器用于调节汽车内部气温,达到节能的目的。人体的适宜温度为22~26℃,因此采用相变温度为25℃的相变材料作为相变储能材料,并通过铝瓶封装进行熔化过程和凝固过程的实验研究。结果表明,在出口空气流速2.5 m/s的条件下,当进口温度为35℃时,石蜡在熔化过程中可以吸收环境空气的热量,降低环境温度3℃以上,并且维持3 h。在进口温度为10℃,石蜡在凝固过程可以释出热量,提高环境温度3℃以上,维持3.5 h以上。同时还研究了石墨复合相变材料在箱式储能器里熔化和凝固过程的温度变化规律,在空气流速不变的条件下,石墨复合相变材料熔化和凝固过程的速度与相变材料和环境空气的温差有关,温差越大其相变速度越快,相变完成的时间就越短。
Phase change materials absorb or release heat during phase changing, but its own temperature keep constant. Thus, a box-type energy storage device was developed to regulate the internal temperature of the vehicle and saving energy. Since the suitable environment temperature of human body is 22—26℃ and the phase change temperature of paraffin is 25℃, paraffin is chosen as phase change energy storage material. In this experiment, the melting process and solidification process of paraffin packed in aluminum bottles had been explored. The air velocity of outlet was set at 2.5 m/s. When the air temperature of inlet was 35℃, the paraffin could absorb heat in the melting process and reduce the ambient temperature by 3℃ for 3 hours. When the air temperature of inlet was 10℃, the heat could be released in the solidification process and the ambient temperature was increased by 3℃above for 3.5 hours. Meanwhile, the temperature change regularity of the graphite composite in the melting and solidification process is explored. Under the condition of constant air velocity, the rate of melting and solidification of graphite composite is related to the temperature difference between phase change material and ambient air. The greater the temperature difference, the faster the phase transition speed and the shorter the phase transition time.
Phase change materials absorb or release heat during phase changing, but its own temperature keep constant. Thus, a box-type energy storage device was developed to regulate the internal temperature of the vehicle and saving energy. Since the suitable environment temperature of human body is 22—26℃ and the phase change temperature of paraffin is 25℃, paraffin is chosen as phase change energy storage material. In this experiment, the melting process and solidification process of paraffin packed in aluminum bottles had been explored. The air velocity of outlet was set at 2.5 m/s. When the air temperature of inlet was 35℃, the paraffin could absorb heat in the melting process and reduce the ambient temperature by 3℃ for 3 hours. When the air temperature of inlet was 10℃, the heat could be released in the solidification process and the ambient temperature was increased by 3℃above for 3.5 hours. Meanwhile, the temperature change regularity of the graphite composite in the melting and solidification process is explored. Under the condition of constant air velocity, the rate of melting and solidification of graphite composite is related to the temperature difference between phase change material and ambient air. The greater the temperature difference, the faster the phase transition speed and the shorter the phase transition time.
引文
[1]HUSSEIN A,PAYAM N,MUHD Z A,et al.A review on phase change material(PCM)for sustainable passive cooling in building envelopes[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,60:1470-1497.
[2]WANG T,FOLIENTE G,SONG X Y,et al.Implications and future direction of greenhouse gas emission mitigation policies in the building sector of China[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,31:520-530.
[3]MOHAMMAD S,ALVARO D G,SVETLANA U,et al.Passive cooling of buildings with phase change materials using whole-building energy simulation tools:a review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,80:1239-1255.
[4]Nikkei Inc.China to pass US in carbon emissions[EB/OL].[2015-05-18].https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Science/China-to-passUS-in-carbon-emissions.
[5]国网能源研究院.2010中国节能节电分析报告[R].北京:中国电力出版社,2010.State Grid Energy Research Institute.2010 China Energy Saving Analysis report[R].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2010.
[6]LIN W Y,MA Z J,SOHEL M I,et al.Development and evaluation of a ceiling ventilation system enhanced by solar photovoltaic thermal collectors and phase change materials[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2014,88:218-230.
[7]王秀兰.美国要求电厂碳排放减三成[J].中国石油和化工,2014,7:40-41.WANG X L.US calls for 30%reduction in power plant carbon emissions[J].China Petroleum and Chemical Industry,2014,7:40-41.
[8]李诚.零碳建筑的发展现状[J].绿色建筑,2015,7(3):19-23.LI C.Development of zero carbon building[J].Green Building,2015,7(3):19-23.
[9]毕超.中国能源CO2排放峰值方案及政策建议[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(5):20-27.BI C.Scheme and policies for peaking energy carbon emissions in China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(5):20-27.
[10]张睿航,牛润萍.相变蓄能材料在建筑节能方面的应用研究进展[J].材料导报,2016,30(S1):383-386.ZHANG R H,NIU R P.Application research progress of phase change storage materials in building energy conservation[J].Materials Review,2016,30(S1):383-386.
[11]ORóE,GRACIA A D,CASTELL A,et al.Review on phase change materials(PCMs)for cold thermal energy storage applications[J].Applied Energy,2012,99:513-533.
[12]BELMONTE J F,EGUíA P,MOLINA A E,et al.Thermal simulation and system optimization of a chilled ceiling coupled with a floor containing a phase change material(PCM)[J].Sustainable Cities and Society,2015,14:154-170.
[13]ZALBA B,MARíN J M,CABEZA L F,et al.Review on thermal energy storage with phase change:materials,heat transfer analysis and applications[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2003,23(3):251-283.
[14]ZHANG M,MEDINA M A,KING J B.Development of a thermally enhanced frame wall with phase-change materials for on-peak air conditioning demand reduction and energy savings in residential buildings[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2005,29(9):795-809.
[15]RUBEN B,BJ?RN P J,ARILD G.Phase change materials for building applications:a state-of-the-art review[J].Energy and Buildings,2010,42(9):1361-1368.
[16]LI X L,ZHANG L,WANG S Q,et al.Inorganic phase change materials in building energy saving[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2011,71-78:2606-2609.
[17]SAFFARI M,PISELLI C,GRACIA A D,et al.Thermal stress reduction in cool roof membranes using phase change materials(PCM)[J].Energy and Buildings,2018,158:1097-1105.
[18]ELARGA H,FANTUCCI S,SERRA V,et al.Experimental and numerical analyses on thermal performance of different typologies of PCMs integrated in the roof space[J].Energy and buildings,2017,150:546-557.
[19]STRITIH U,BUTALA V.Energy savings in building with a PCM free cooling system[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2011,57(2):125-134.
[20]黄婷婷,郭燕雯,张志伟,等.一种汽车余热驱动的固体吸附空调系统:103940143A[P].2014-07-23.HUANG T T,GUO Y W,ZHANG Z W,et al.A solid adsorption air conditioner driven by waste heat of automobile:103940143A[P].2014-07-23.
[21]杨肖虎,李杨,张联英,等.一种相变储能的电动公交车辐射空调系统:106143048A[P].2016-11-23.YANG X H,LI Y,ZHANG L Y,et al.A radiant air conditioner with phase change energy storage for an electric bus:106143048A[P].2016-11-23.
[22]SCHATZ O.Cold start improvements with a heat store[C]//SAE Technical Paper 910305.1991.
[23]KORIN E,RESHEF R,TSHERNICHOVESKY D,et al.Improving cold-start functioning of catalytic converters by using phase-change materials[C]//SAE Technical Paper 980671.1998.
[24]杨启容,杨娟,刘大维.回收发动机余热的球内对称凝固过程参数分析[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(3):27-30.YANG Q R,YANG J,LIU D W.Parameter analysis of freezing in spheres for the recovering of waste heat of engine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(3):27-30.
[25]高青,王永珍,王国华,等.基于车辆余热蓄能利用的作用特性分析[J].热科学与技术,2008,7(4):314-319.GAO Q,WANG Y Z,WANG G H,et al.Characteristics of thermal energy storage on automobile waste heat for vehicle heating[J].Journal of Thermal Science and Technology,2008,7(4):314-319.
[26]STRITIH U,BUTALA V.Energy saving in building with PCM cold storage[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2007,31:1532-1544.
[27]李得伦.石蜡相变材料的传热与控温性能研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.LI D L.Research on the heat transfer and thermal control performance of paraffin phase change material[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2012.
[28]胡小冬,高学农,李得伦,等.石蜡/膨胀石墨定形相变材料的性能[J].化工学报,2013,64(10):3831-3837.HU X D,GAO X N,LI D L,et al.Performance of paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase change materials[J].CIESC Journal,2013,64(10):3831-3837.
[29]WANG Z C,ZHANG Z Q,JIA L,et al.Paraffin and paraffin/aluminum foam composite phase change material heat storage experimental study based on thermal management of Li-ion battery[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2015,78:428-436.
[30]LIN C J,XU S C,CHANG G F,et al.Experiment and simulation of a Li Fe PO4 battery pack with a passive thermal management system using composite phase change material and graphite sheets[J],Journal of Power Sources,2015,275:742-749.
[31]史巍,程素香.石蜡石墨粉复合相变材料在温室大棚中的控温效果研究[J].硅酸盐通报,2017,36(12):4112-4116.SHI W,CHENG S X.Temperature control effect of paraffin graphite composite phase change materials in greenhouse[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2017,36(12):4112-4116.
[32]崔艳琦.相变材料热性能及其在室内被动式储能系统的简易计算[J].储能科学与技术,2017,6(2):302-306.CUI Y Q.Thermal properties of phase change materials(PCM)and their concise calculations for passive storage applications in buildings[J].Energy Storage Science and Technology,2017,6(2):302-306.
[2]WANG T,FOLIENTE G,SONG X Y,et al.Implications and future direction of greenhouse gas emission mitigation policies in the building sector of China[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,31:520-530.
[3]MOHAMMAD S,ALVARO D G,SVETLANA U,et al.Passive cooling of buildings with phase change materials using whole-building energy simulation tools:a review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,80:1239-1255.
[4]Nikkei Inc.China to pass US in carbon emissions[EB/OL].[2015-05-18].https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Science/China-to-passUS-in-carbon-emissions.
[5]国网能源研究院.2010中国节能节电分析报告[R].北京:中国电力出版社,2010.State Grid Energy Research Institute.2010 China Energy Saving Analysis report[R].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2010.
[6]LIN W Y,MA Z J,SOHEL M I,et al.Development and evaluation of a ceiling ventilation system enhanced by solar photovoltaic thermal collectors and phase change materials[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2014,88:218-230.
[7]王秀兰.美国要求电厂碳排放减三成[J].中国石油和化工,2014,7:40-41.WANG X L.US calls for 30%reduction in power plant carbon emissions[J].China Petroleum and Chemical Industry,2014,7:40-41.
[8]李诚.零碳建筑的发展现状[J].绿色建筑,2015,7(3):19-23.LI C.Development of zero carbon building[J].Green Building,2015,7(3):19-23.
[9]毕超.中国能源CO2排放峰值方案及政策建议[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(5):20-27.BI C.Scheme and policies for peaking energy carbon emissions in China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(5):20-27.
[10]张睿航,牛润萍.相变蓄能材料在建筑节能方面的应用研究进展[J].材料导报,2016,30(S1):383-386.ZHANG R H,NIU R P.Application research progress of phase change storage materials in building energy conservation[J].Materials Review,2016,30(S1):383-386.
[11]ORóE,GRACIA A D,CASTELL A,et al.Review on phase change materials(PCMs)for cold thermal energy storage applications[J].Applied Energy,2012,99:513-533.
[12]BELMONTE J F,EGUíA P,MOLINA A E,et al.Thermal simulation and system optimization of a chilled ceiling coupled with a floor containing a phase change material(PCM)[J].Sustainable Cities and Society,2015,14:154-170.
[13]ZALBA B,MARíN J M,CABEZA L F,et al.Review on thermal energy storage with phase change:materials,heat transfer analysis and applications[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2003,23(3):251-283.
[14]ZHANG M,MEDINA M A,KING J B.Development of a thermally enhanced frame wall with phase-change materials for on-peak air conditioning demand reduction and energy savings in residential buildings[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2005,29(9):795-809.
[15]RUBEN B,BJ?RN P J,ARILD G.Phase change materials for building applications:a state-of-the-art review[J].Energy and Buildings,2010,42(9):1361-1368.
[16]LI X L,ZHANG L,WANG S Q,et al.Inorganic phase change materials in building energy saving[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2011,71-78:2606-2609.
[17]SAFFARI M,PISELLI C,GRACIA A D,et al.Thermal stress reduction in cool roof membranes using phase change materials(PCM)[J].Energy and Buildings,2018,158:1097-1105.
[18]ELARGA H,FANTUCCI S,SERRA V,et al.Experimental and numerical analyses on thermal performance of different typologies of PCMs integrated in the roof space[J].Energy and buildings,2017,150:546-557.
[19]STRITIH U,BUTALA V.Energy savings in building with a PCM free cooling system[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2011,57(2):125-134.
[20]黄婷婷,郭燕雯,张志伟,等.一种汽车余热驱动的固体吸附空调系统:103940143A[P].2014-07-23.HUANG T T,GUO Y W,ZHANG Z W,et al.A solid adsorption air conditioner driven by waste heat of automobile:103940143A[P].2014-07-23.
[21]杨肖虎,李杨,张联英,等.一种相变储能的电动公交车辐射空调系统:106143048A[P].2016-11-23.YANG X H,LI Y,ZHANG L Y,et al.A radiant air conditioner with phase change energy storage for an electric bus:106143048A[P].2016-11-23.
[22]SCHATZ O.Cold start improvements with a heat store[C]//SAE Technical Paper 910305.1991.
[23]KORIN E,RESHEF R,TSHERNICHOVESKY D,et al.Improving cold-start functioning of catalytic converters by using phase-change materials[C]//SAE Technical Paper 980671.1998.
[24]杨启容,杨娟,刘大维.回收发动机余热的球内对称凝固过程参数分析[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(3):27-30.YANG Q R,YANG J,LIU D W.Parameter analysis of freezing in spheres for the recovering of waste heat of engine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(3):27-30.
[25]高青,王永珍,王国华,等.基于车辆余热蓄能利用的作用特性分析[J].热科学与技术,2008,7(4):314-319.GAO Q,WANG Y Z,WANG G H,et al.Characteristics of thermal energy storage on automobile waste heat for vehicle heating[J].Journal of Thermal Science and Technology,2008,7(4):314-319.
[26]STRITIH U,BUTALA V.Energy saving in building with PCM cold storage[J].International Journal of Energy Research,2007,31:1532-1544.
[27]李得伦.石蜡相变材料的传热与控温性能研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.LI D L.Research on the heat transfer and thermal control performance of paraffin phase change material[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2012.
[28]胡小冬,高学农,李得伦,等.石蜡/膨胀石墨定形相变材料的性能[J].化工学报,2013,64(10):3831-3837.HU X D,GAO X N,LI D L,et al.Performance of paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase change materials[J].CIESC Journal,2013,64(10):3831-3837.
[29]WANG Z C,ZHANG Z Q,JIA L,et al.Paraffin and paraffin/aluminum foam composite phase change material heat storage experimental study based on thermal management of Li-ion battery[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2015,78:428-436.
[30]LIN C J,XU S C,CHANG G F,et al.Experiment and simulation of a Li Fe PO4 battery pack with a passive thermal management system using composite phase change material and graphite sheets[J],Journal of Power Sources,2015,275:742-749.
[31]史巍,程素香.石蜡石墨粉复合相变材料在温室大棚中的控温效果研究[J].硅酸盐通报,2017,36(12):4112-4116.SHI W,CHENG S X.Temperature control effect of paraffin graphite composite phase change materials in greenhouse[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2017,36(12):4112-4116.
[32]崔艳琦.相变材料热性能及其在室内被动式储能系统的简易计算[J].储能科学与技术,2017,6(2):302-306.CUI Y Q.Thermal properties of phase change materials(PCM)and their concise calculations for passive storage applications in buildings[J].Energy Storage Science and Technology,2017,6(2):302-306.