荞麦作物传统加工过程中的花粉散布及其农业考古应用
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摘要
花粉作为指示古环境、研究古代人类农业活动的重要依据,也是研究荞麦农业的重要指标之一.为更好地理解作物加工过程中荞麦花粉的散布过程及其对花粉雨的贡献,并为解读考古遗址中荞麦花粉的来源及意义提供帮助,我们选择在现代村落进行荞麦作物传统加工的模拟实验,收集空气花粉并统计分析.研究表明荞麦作物花粉在居民生活区的散布与人类加工行为息息相关,其中打谷和过筛的阶段花粉释放量最大.荞麦作物加工过程花粉再次散布和埋藏是文化层中农作物花粉浓度比例显著增高的重要原因之一,不仅可以指示人类种植和加工行为,也对辨识考古遗址中农作物加工场地,评估农业活动的强度和影响等提供依据.
引文
曹现勇,田芳,许清海,李月丛,张振卿,贾红娟,张丽艳,王学丽.2007.阴山山脉东段花粉通量及其与表土花粉比较研究.古生物学报,46:411-419
董广辉,杨谊时,韩建业,王辉,陈发虎.2017.农作物传播视角下的欧亚大陆史前东西方文化交流.中国科学:地球科学,47:530-543
孔昭宸,刘长江,张居中,靳桂云.2003.中国考古遗址植物遗存与原始农业.中原文物,2:4-9,13
孔昭宸,张芸,王力,段晓红,李玉梅.2018.中国孢粉学的过去、现在及未来--侧重第四纪孢粉学.科学通报,63:164-171
李晶静,张勇,张永兵,王龙,蒋洪恩.2015.新疆吐鲁番胜金店墓地小麦遗存加工处理方式初探.第四纪研究,35:218-228
李文漪.1998.中国第四纪植被与环境.北京:科学出版社
李小强,周新郢,周杰,Dodson J,张宏宾,尚雪.2007.甘肃西山坪遗址生物指标记录的中国最早的农业多样化.中国科学D辑:地球科学,37:934-940
李小强.2013.中国全新世气候和农业活动研究新进展.中国科学:地球科学,43:1919-1928
李宜垠,张新时,周广胜,倪健.2000.中国北方几种常见表土花粉类型与植被的数量关系.科学通报,45:761-765
李宜垠,周力平,崔海亭.2008.人类活动的孢粉指示体.科学通报,53:991-1002
李月丛,许清海,阳小兰,郑振华.2005.中国草原区主要群落类型花粉组合特征.生态学报,25:555-564
吕厚远.2018.中国史前农业起源演化研究新方法与新进展.中国科学:地球科学,48:181-199
马志坤,杨晓燕,李泉,万智巍,李明启,葛全胜.2012.石器功能研究的现代模拟实验:石刀表面残留物中淀粉粒来源分析.第四纪研究,32:247-255
毛礼米,杨小丽.2011.禾本科针茅族(Stipeae)7种花粉形态比较研究.微体古生物学报,28:169-180
倪健.2013.孢粉生物群区化与古植被定量重建.第四纪研究,33:1091-1100
璩向宁,王惠荣.2006.宁夏盐池县近50年气候变化特征分析.宁夏工程技术,5:321-322
宋吉香,赵志军,傅稻镰.2014.不成熟粟、黍的植物考古学意义--粟的作物加工实验.南方文物,3:60-67
王学丽,李月丛,许清海,曹现勇,张丽艳,田芳.2010.安阳地区不同农业单元表土花粉组合及空间分异.科学通报,55:1914-1923
Webb J A,Moore P D.1987.花粉分析指南.南宁:广西人民出版社.1-2
吴妍,王昌燧,Cummings L S,Anderson P C.2012.安徽何郢遗址植物残体切割形态与脱粒农具的关系.文物保护与考古科学,24:62-66
许清海,曹现勇,Tian F,张生瑞,李月丛,李曼玥,李洁,刘耀亮,梁剑.2013.北方典型草原区花粉产量及其定量重建古植被的作用.中国科学:地球科学,43:2016-2028
许清海,李曼玥,张生瑞,张娅红,张攀攀,卢静瑶.2015.中国第四纪花粉现代过程:进展与问题.中国科学:地球科学,45:1661-1682
许清海,李月丛,阳小兰,郑振华.2007.中国北方几种主要花粉类型与植被定量关系.中国科学D辑:地球科学,37:192-205
许清海,张生瑞.2013.花粉源范围研究进展.地球科学进展,28:968-975
严文明.1997.我国稻作起源研究的新进展.考古,9:71-76
杨振京,徐建明.2002.孢粉-植被-气候关系研究进展.植物生态学报,26(增刊):73-81
张永辉,翁屹,姚凌,张居中,周昱君,方方,崔炜.2011.裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析.第四纪研究,31:891-899
赵瑆怿,毛礼米.2015.四种稻属植物花粉外壁TEM的超微结构比较研究.古生物学报,54:547-555
赵志军.2014.中国古代农业的形成过程--浮选出土植物遗存证据.第四纪研究,34:73-84
中国气传致敏花粉调查领导小组.1991.中国气传致敏花粉调查.北京:北京出版社.36,58-60,112-120
郑卓,黄康有,许清海,吕厚远,Cheddadi R,罗运利,Beaudouin C,罗传秀,郑艳伟,李春海,魏金辉,杜春彬.2008.中国表土花粉与建群植物地理分布的气候指示性对比.48:701-714
Ball T,Chandler-Ezell K,Dickau R,Duncan N,Hart T C,Iriarte J,Lentfer C,Logan A,Lu H,Madella M,Pearsall D M,Piperno D R,Rosen A M,Vrydaghs L,Weisskopf A,Zhang J.2016.Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world.J Archaeol Sci,68:32-45
Bates J.2011.Social organization and change in the Indus Civilization;phytolith analysis of crop processing aims at Masudpur VII.Biosci Horizons,4:1-12
Bellwood P.2005.First Farmers:The Origins of Agricultural Societies.Malden:Wiley-Blackwell.384
Bower M.1992.Cereal pollen dispersal:A pilot study.Cam Arch Jnl,2:236-241
Crawford G W.2006.East Asian plant domestication.In:Stark M T,ed.Archaeology of Asia.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.77-95
Fuller D Q,Allaby R G,Stevens C.2010.Domestication as innovation:The entanglement of techniques,technology and chance in the domestication of cereal crops.World Archaeol,42:13-28
Fuller D Q,Qin L,Zheng Y,Zhao Z,Chen X,Hosoya L A,Sun G P.2009.The domestication process and domestication rate in rice:Spikelet bases from the Lower Yangtze.Science,323:1607-1610
Fuller D Q,Stevens C.2009.Agriculture and the development of complex societies:An archaeobotanial agenda.In:Fairbairn A S,Weiss E,eds.From Foragers to Farmers:Papers in Honour of Gordon C.Hillman.Oxford:Oxbow Books.37-57
Harvey E L,Fuller D Q.2005.Investigating crop processing using phytolith analysis:The example of rice and millets.J Archaeol Sci,32:739-752
He K Y,Lu H Y,Zhang J P,Wang C,Huan X J.2017.Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China.Holocene,27:1885-1898
Hunt H V,Shang X,Jones M K.2017.Buckwheat:A crop from outside the major Chinese domestication centres?A review of the archaeobotanical,palynological and genetic evidence.Veget Hist Archaeobot,46:1-14
Jones M,Hunt H,Lightfoot E,Lister D,Liu X,MotuzaiteMatuzeviciute G.2011.Food globalization in prehistory.World Archaeology,43:665-675
Li X Q,Shang X,Dodson J,Zhou X Y.2009.Holocene agriculture in the Guanzhong basin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence.Holocene,19:1213-1220
Li X Q,Sun N,Dodson J,Zhou X Y.2012.Human activity and its impact on the landscape at the Xishanping site in the western Loess Plateau during 4800-4300 cal yr BP based on the fossil charcoal record.J Archaeol Sci,39:3141-3147
Li X Q,Sun N,Dodson J,Zhou X Y,Zhao K L.2013.Vegetation characteristics in the western Loess plateau between 5200 and 4300cal.BP based on fossil charcoal records.Veget Hist Archaeobot,22:61-70
Lu H Y,Zhang J P,Liu K B,Wu N Q,Li Y M,Zhou K S,Ye M L,Zhang T Y,Zhang H J,Yang X Y,Shen L C,Xu D K,Li Q.2009a.Earliest domestication of common millet(Panicum miliaceum)in East Asia extended to 10000 years ago.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,106:7367-7372
Lu H Y,Zhang J P,Wu N Q,Liu K B,Xu D K,Li Q.2009b.Phytoliths analysis for the discrimination of Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica)and Common Millet(Panicum miliaceum).PLoS ONE,4:e4448
Miller N F,Spengler R N,Frachetti M.2016.Millet cultivation across Eurasia:Origins,spread,and the influence of seasonal climate.Holocene,26:1566-1575
Minckley T A,Bartlein P J,Whitlock C,Shuman B N,Williams J W,Davis O K.2008.Associations among modern pollen,vegetation,and climate in western North America.Quat Sci Rev,27:1962-1991
Pearsall D M.2015.Paleoethnobotany:A Handbook of Procedures.3rd ed.Walnut Creek:Left Coast Press
Piperno D R.2006.Phytoliths:A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists.Lanham:AltaMira Press
Reddy S N.1997.If the threshing floor could talk:Integration of agriculture and pastoralism during the Late Harappan in Gujarat,India.J Anthropol Archaeol,16:162-187
Shang X,Li X Q.2010.Holocene vegetation characteristics of the southern Loess Plateau in the Weihe River valley in China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,160:46-52
Shang X,Li X Q,An Z S,Ji M,Zhang H B.2009.Modern pollen rain in the Lake Qinghai basin,China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,52:1510-1519
Stevens C J.2003.An investigation of agricultural consumption and production models for prehistoric and Roman Britain.Environ Archaeol,8:61-76
Tweddle J C,Edwards K J,Fieller N R J.2005.Multivariate statistical and other approaches for the separation of cereal from wild Poaceae pollen using a large Holocene dataset.Veget Hist Archaeobot,14:15-30
Woodbridge J,Fyfe R M,Roberts N,Downey S,Edinborough K,Shennan S.2014.The impact of the Neolithic agricultural transition in Britain:A comparison of pollen-based land-cover and archaeological14C date-inferred population change.J Archaeol Sci,51:216-224
Xu Q H,Li Y C,Tian F,Cao X Y,Yang X L.2009.Pollen assemblages of tauber traps and surface soil samples in steppe areas of China and their relationships with vegetation and climate.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,153:86-101
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Yang S X,Zheng Z,Huang K Y,Zong Y Q,Wang J H,Xu Q H,Rolett B V,Li J.2012.Modern pollen assemblages from cultivated rice fields and rice pollen morphology:Application to a study of ancient land use and agriculture in the Pearl River Delta,China.Holocene,22:1393-1404
Zhao K L,Li X Q,Zhou X Y,Dodson J,Ji M.2013.Impact of agriculture on an oasis landscape during the late Holocene:Palynological evidence from the Xintala site in Xinjiang,NWChina.Quat Int,311:81-86
董广辉,杨谊时,韩建业,王辉,陈发虎.2017.农作物传播视角下的欧亚大陆史前东西方文化交流.中国科学:地球科学,47:530-543
孔昭宸,刘长江,张居中,靳桂云.2003.中国考古遗址植物遗存与原始农业.中原文物,2:4-9,13
孔昭宸,张芸,王力,段晓红,李玉梅.2018.中国孢粉学的过去、现在及未来--侧重第四纪孢粉学.科学通报,63:164-171
李晶静,张勇,张永兵,王龙,蒋洪恩.2015.新疆吐鲁番胜金店墓地小麦遗存加工处理方式初探.第四纪研究,35:218-228
李文漪.1998.中国第四纪植被与环境.北京:科学出版社
李小强,周新郢,周杰,Dodson J,张宏宾,尚雪.2007.甘肃西山坪遗址生物指标记录的中国最早的农业多样化.中国科学D辑:地球科学,37:934-940
李小强.2013.中国全新世气候和农业活动研究新进展.中国科学:地球科学,43:1919-1928
李宜垠,张新时,周广胜,倪健.2000.中国北方几种常见表土花粉类型与植被的数量关系.科学通报,45:761-765
李宜垠,周力平,崔海亭.2008.人类活动的孢粉指示体.科学通报,53:991-1002
李月丛,许清海,阳小兰,郑振华.2005.中国草原区主要群落类型花粉组合特征.生态学报,25:555-564
吕厚远.2018.中国史前农业起源演化研究新方法与新进展.中国科学:地球科学,48:181-199
马志坤,杨晓燕,李泉,万智巍,李明启,葛全胜.2012.石器功能研究的现代模拟实验:石刀表面残留物中淀粉粒来源分析.第四纪研究,32:247-255
毛礼米,杨小丽.2011.禾本科针茅族(Stipeae)7种花粉形态比较研究.微体古生物学报,28:169-180
倪健.2013.孢粉生物群区化与古植被定量重建.第四纪研究,33:1091-1100
璩向宁,王惠荣.2006.宁夏盐池县近50年气候变化特征分析.宁夏工程技术,5:321-322
宋吉香,赵志军,傅稻镰.2014.不成熟粟、黍的植物考古学意义--粟的作物加工实验.南方文物,3:60-67
王学丽,李月丛,许清海,曹现勇,张丽艳,田芳.2010.安阳地区不同农业单元表土花粉组合及空间分异.科学通报,55:1914-1923
Webb J A,Moore P D.1987.花粉分析指南.南宁:广西人民出版社.1-2
吴妍,王昌燧,Cummings L S,Anderson P C.2012.安徽何郢遗址植物残体切割形态与脱粒农具的关系.文物保护与考古科学,24:62-66
许清海,曹现勇,Tian F,张生瑞,李月丛,李曼玥,李洁,刘耀亮,梁剑.2013.北方典型草原区花粉产量及其定量重建古植被的作用.中国科学:地球科学,43:2016-2028
许清海,李曼玥,张生瑞,张娅红,张攀攀,卢静瑶.2015.中国第四纪花粉现代过程:进展与问题.中国科学:地球科学,45:1661-1682
许清海,李月丛,阳小兰,郑振华.2007.中国北方几种主要花粉类型与植被定量关系.中国科学D辑:地球科学,37:192-205
许清海,张生瑞.2013.花粉源范围研究进展.地球科学进展,28:968-975
严文明.1997.我国稻作起源研究的新进展.考古,9:71-76
杨振京,徐建明.2002.孢粉-植被-气候关系研究进展.植物生态学报,26(增刊):73-81
张永辉,翁屹,姚凌,张居中,周昱君,方方,崔炜.2011.裴李岗遗址出土石磨盘表面淀粉粒的鉴定与分析.第四纪研究,31:891-899
赵瑆怿,毛礼米.2015.四种稻属植物花粉外壁TEM的超微结构比较研究.古生物学报,54:547-555
赵志军.2014.中国古代农业的形成过程--浮选出土植物遗存证据.第四纪研究,34:73-84
中国气传致敏花粉调查领导小组.1991.中国气传致敏花粉调查.北京:北京出版社.36,58-60,112-120
郑卓,黄康有,许清海,吕厚远,Cheddadi R,罗运利,Beaudouin C,罗传秀,郑艳伟,李春海,魏金辉,杜春彬.2008.中国表土花粉与建群植物地理分布的气候指示性对比.48:701-714
Ball T,Chandler-Ezell K,Dickau R,Duncan N,Hart T C,Iriarte J,Lentfer C,Logan A,Lu H,Madella M,Pearsall D M,Piperno D R,Rosen A M,Vrydaghs L,Weisskopf A,Zhang J.2016.Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world.J Archaeol Sci,68:32-45
Bates J.2011.Social organization and change in the Indus Civilization;phytolith analysis of crop processing aims at Masudpur VII.Biosci Horizons,4:1-12
Bellwood P.2005.First Farmers:The Origins of Agricultural Societies.Malden:Wiley-Blackwell.384
Bower M.1992.Cereal pollen dispersal:A pilot study.Cam Arch Jnl,2:236-241
Crawford G W.2006.East Asian plant domestication.In:Stark M T,ed.Archaeology of Asia.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.77-95
Fuller D Q,Allaby R G,Stevens C.2010.Domestication as innovation:The entanglement of techniques,technology and chance in the domestication of cereal crops.World Archaeol,42:13-28
Fuller D Q,Qin L,Zheng Y,Zhao Z,Chen X,Hosoya L A,Sun G P.2009.The domestication process and domestication rate in rice:Spikelet bases from the Lower Yangtze.Science,323:1607-1610
Fuller D Q,Stevens C.2009.Agriculture and the development of complex societies:An archaeobotanial agenda.In:Fairbairn A S,Weiss E,eds.From Foragers to Farmers:Papers in Honour of Gordon C.Hillman.Oxford:Oxbow Books.37-57
Harvey E L,Fuller D Q.2005.Investigating crop processing using phytolith analysis:The example of rice and millets.J Archaeol Sci,32:739-752
He K Y,Lu H Y,Zhang J P,Wang C,Huan X J.2017.Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China.Holocene,27:1885-1898
Hunt H V,Shang X,Jones M K.2017.Buckwheat:A crop from outside the major Chinese domestication centres?A review of the archaeobotanical,palynological and genetic evidence.Veget Hist Archaeobot,46:1-14
Jones M,Hunt H,Lightfoot E,Lister D,Liu X,MotuzaiteMatuzeviciute G.2011.Food globalization in prehistory.World Archaeology,43:665-675
Li X Q,Shang X,Dodson J,Zhou X Y.2009.Holocene agriculture in the Guanzhong basin in NW China indicated by pollen and charcoal evidence.Holocene,19:1213-1220
Li X Q,Sun N,Dodson J,Zhou X Y.2012.Human activity and its impact on the landscape at the Xishanping site in the western Loess Plateau during 4800-4300 cal yr BP based on the fossil charcoal record.J Archaeol Sci,39:3141-3147
Li X Q,Sun N,Dodson J,Zhou X Y,Zhao K L.2013.Vegetation characteristics in the western Loess plateau between 5200 and 4300cal.BP based on fossil charcoal records.Veget Hist Archaeobot,22:61-70
Lu H Y,Zhang J P,Liu K B,Wu N Q,Li Y M,Zhou K S,Ye M L,Zhang T Y,Zhang H J,Yang X Y,Shen L C,Xu D K,Li Q.2009a.Earliest domestication of common millet(Panicum miliaceum)in East Asia extended to 10000 years ago.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,106:7367-7372
Lu H Y,Zhang J P,Wu N Q,Liu K B,Xu D K,Li Q.2009b.Phytoliths analysis for the discrimination of Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica)and Common Millet(Panicum miliaceum).PLoS ONE,4:e4448
Miller N F,Spengler R N,Frachetti M.2016.Millet cultivation across Eurasia:Origins,spread,and the influence of seasonal climate.Holocene,26:1566-1575
Minckley T A,Bartlein P J,Whitlock C,Shuman B N,Williams J W,Davis O K.2008.Associations among modern pollen,vegetation,and climate in western North America.Quat Sci Rev,27:1962-1991
Pearsall D M.2015.Paleoethnobotany:A Handbook of Procedures.3rd ed.Walnut Creek:Left Coast Press
Piperno D R.2006.Phytoliths:A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists.Lanham:AltaMira Press
Reddy S N.1997.If the threshing floor could talk:Integration of agriculture and pastoralism during the Late Harappan in Gujarat,India.J Anthropol Archaeol,16:162-187
Shang X,Li X Q.2010.Holocene vegetation characteristics of the southern Loess Plateau in the Weihe River valley in China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,160:46-52
Shang X,Li X Q,An Z S,Ji M,Zhang H B.2009.Modern pollen rain in the Lake Qinghai basin,China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,52:1510-1519
Stevens C J.2003.An investigation of agricultural consumption and production models for prehistoric and Roman Britain.Environ Archaeol,8:61-76
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