科学知识经济学研究评述
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摘要
科学知识经济学被定义为运用经济学的概念和方法考察"科学知识的认识论本质和价值"。按照科学知识经济学的观点,科学知识的形成是一个社会的过程:一方面,科学家是具有自身利益的个体,在既定目标的驱使下从事研究活动;另一方面,科学研究是在特定的社会组织内开展的,各种科学组织规则发挥着调控科学家个人行为的作用。因此,科学知识可以被视作科学家个人利益和有关社会规则之间互动的产物。这两点分别与经济学中的理性人假设和"无形之手"假说相暗合,这就为经济学方法介入科学和认识论问题的分析提供了前提条件。近年来出现的诸多科学知识经济学相关研究,不外乎基于对科学家利益与科学规则的互动模式的理解。一批学者的学说中包含了科学规则外生给定的论断,而另一些学者则主张规则是通过科学家的行为内生地决定的。本文拟从这一角度出发,将可归入科学知识经济学门类的各种主要观点分门别类进行考察。
The economics of scientific knowledge(ESK) can be defined as the application of concepts and methods in economics to studying the epistemic essence and value of scientific knowledge. According to the viewpoints of ESK, the formation of scientific knowledge is a social process, which implies that, on the one hand, scientists are individuals with their own interest and conduct research with the motivation for achieving certain targets. On the other hand, scientific research is conducted within specific social organizations and various scientific rules work as regulators of scientists' act. Hence, scientific knowledge may be deemed as the outcome of interactions between scientists' personal interest and relevant social norms. The two points mentioned correspond to the hypotheses of rational person and the invisible hand respectively, providing the prerequisite for utilizing economic approaches in the analysis of philosophy of science and epistemic questions. Most studies classified as ESK are based on the understanding of the modes of interactions between scientists' interest and scientific norms. A group of scholars take "externally imposed" norms as given, while others insist that scientific norms are "internally generated" by scientists' interest and act. Based on these two different views of scientific norms, this paper categorizes and examines major viewpoints of ESK.
The economics of scientific knowledge(ESK) can be defined as the application of concepts and methods in economics to studying the epistemic essence and value of scientific knowledge. According to the viewpoints of ESK, the formation of scientific knowledge is a social process, which implies that, on the one hand, scientists are individuals with their own interest and conduct research with the motivation for achieving certain targets. On the other hand, scientific research is conducted within specific social organizations and various scientific rules work as regulators of scientists' act. Hence, scientific knowledge may be deemed as the outcome of interactions between scientists' personal interest and relevant social norms. The two points mentioned correspond to the hypotheses of rational person and the invisible hand respectively, providing the prerequisite for utilizing economic approaches in the analysis of philosophy of science and epistemic questions. Most studies classified as ESK are based on the understanding of the modes of interactions between scientists' interest and scientific norms. A group of scholars take "externally imposed" norms as given, while others insist that scientific norms are "internally generated" by scientists' interest and act. Based on these two different views of scientific norms, this paper categorizes and examines major viewpoints of ESK.
引文
Albert,M.(2006),“Product quality in scientific competition”,Discussion Papers on Strategic Interaction 2006-6,Max Planck Institute of Economics,Strategic Interaction Group,Jena.
Albert,M.(2008),“Product quality in a simple OLG model of scientific competition”,http://www.uni-marburg.de.
Angere,S.(2010),“Knowledge in a social network”,http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/6180842/4393835.pdf.
Baier,M.(2012),“A simulation model of scientists as utility-driven agents”,http://www.scs-europe.net.
Baier,M.(2013),“Heterogeneous,satisficing scientists on the road to scientific consensus”,http://www.cfpm.org.
Ballandonne,M.(2012),“New economics of science,economics of scientific knowledge and sociology of science:The case of Paul David”,Journal of Economic Methodology 19(4):391-406.
Besancenot,D.& R.Vranceanu(2015),“Fear of novelty:A model of scientific discovery with strategic uncertainty”,Economic Inquiry 53(2):1132-1139.
Bloor,D.(2005),“Toward a sociology of epistemic things”,Perspectives on Science 13(3):285-312.
Bouvier,A.(2007),“Collective belief,acceptance,and commitment in science:The Copenhagen School example”,Iyyun:The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly 56(1):91-118.
Brock,W.A.& S.N.Durlauf(1999),“A formal model of theory choice in science”,Economic Theory 14(1):113-130.
Brock,W.A.& S.N.Durlauf(2000),“Interactions-based models”,NBER Technical Working Papers,No.258.
Brock,W.A.& S.N.Durlauf(2005),“Social interactions and macroeconomics”,http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/econ/archive/wp2005-05.pdf.
Butera,L.& J.A.List(2017),“An economic approach to alleviate the crises of confidence in science”,NBER Working Papers,No.23335.
Carayol,N.& J.-M.Dalle(2007),“Sequential problem choice and the reward system in open science”,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 18(2):167-191.
Cevolani,G.(2014),“Truth approximation,belief merging,and peer disagreement”,Synthese 191(11):2383-2401.
Cevolani,G.& L.Tambolo(2013),“Progress as approximation to the truth:A defence of the verisimilitudinarian approach”,Erkenn 78(4):921-935.
Coats,A.W.(2007),“The sociology of economics and scientific knowledge,and the history of economic thought”,In:W.J.Samuels et al(eds),A Companion to the History of Economic Thought,Blackwell.
David,P.A.(1998),“Communication norms and the collective cognitive performance of ‘invisible colleges’”,In:G.B.Navarreti et al(eds),Creation and the Transfer of Knowledge:Institutions and Incentives,Springer.
Davis,J.B.(1997),“The fox and the henhouse:The economics of scientific knowledge”,History of Political Economy 29(4):741-746.
De Langhe,R.(2010),“The division of labour in science:The tradeoff between specialisation and diversity”,Journal of Economic Methodology 17(1):37-51.
Downes,S.M.(1993),“Socializing naturalized philosophy of science”,Philosophy of Science 60(3):452-468.
Downes,S.M.(2001),“Agents and norms in the new economics of science”,Philosophy of the Social Sciences 31(2):224-238.
Fagan,M.B.(2007),“Social epistemology of scientific inquiry:Beyond historical vs.philosophical case studies”,http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3586/1/mbf_&HPS1.pdf.
Ferreira,J.L.& J.Zamora Bonilla(2006),“An economic model of scientific rules”,Economics and Philosophy 22:191-212.
Friedman,M.(1998),“On the sociology of scientific knowledge and its philosophical agenda”,Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 29(2):239-271.
Goldman,A.(2009),“Social epistemology:theory and applications”,Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 64:1-18.
Goldman,A.& M.Shaked(1991),“An economic model of scientific activity and truth acquisition”,Philosophical Studies 63(1):31-55.
Goldman,A.& J.C.Cox(1996),“Speech,truth,and the free market for ideas”,Legal Theory 2(1):1-32.
Hands,D.W.(1994),“The sociology of scientific knowledge and economics:Some thoughts on the possibilities”,In:R.Backhouse(eds),New Perspectives in Economic Methodology,London:Routledge.
Hands,D.W.(1995),“Social epistemology meets the invisible hand:Kitcher on the advancement of science”,Dialogue 34(3):605-621.
Hands,D.W.(1997a),“Caveat emptor:Economics and contemporary philosophy of science”,Philosophy of Science 64(4):107-116.
Hands,D.W.(1997b),“Conjectures and reputations:The sociology of scientific knowledge and the history of economic thought”,History of Political Economy 29(4):695-739.
Hands,D.W.(2001),Reflection without Rules:Economic Methodology and Contemporary Science Theory,Cambridge University Press.
Hands,D.W.(2006),“Priority fights in economic science:Paradox and resolution”,Perspectives on Science 14(2):215-231.
Hands,D.W.(2007),“A tale of two mainstreams:Economics and philosophy of natural science in the mid-20th century”,Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29(1):1-13.
Hull,D.L.(1988),Science as a Process:An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science,The University of Chicago Press.
Hull,D.L.(1997),“What's wrong with invisible-hand explanations?”,Philosophy of Science 64(S):S117-S126.
Kitcher,P.(1990),“The division of cognitive labor”,Journal of Philosophy 87(1):5-22.
Kitcher,P.(1991),“Socializing knowledge”,Journal of Philosophy 88(11):675-676.
Kitcher,P.(1993),The Advancement of Science:Science without Legend,Objectivity without Illusions,Oxford University Press.
Kleinberg,J.& S.Oren(2011),“Mechanisms for (mis)allocating scientific credit”,ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing 112(2):529-538.
Kuhn,T.S.(1962),The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,University of Chicago Press.
Latour,B.& S.Woolgar(1979),Laboratory Life:The Social Construction of Scientific Facts,Sage Publications.
Leonard,T.C.(2002),“Reflection on rules in science:An invisible-hand perspective”,Journal of Economic Methodology 9(2):141-168.
Lepp?l?,S.(2012),“Economic analysis of knowledge:History of thought and central themes”,Journal of Economic Surveys 29(2):263-286.
Leydesdorff,L.(1992),“The knowledge content of science and the sociology of scientific knowledge”,Journal of General Philosophy of Science 23(2):241-263.
Leydesdorff,L.(2007),“Scientific communication and cognitive codification:Social systems theory and the sociology of scientific knowledge”,European Journal of Social Theory 10(3):375-388.
Lou?ek,M.(2016),“The economic approach to science”,Prague Economic Papers 25(4):494-506.
Luetge,C.(2004),“Economics in philosophy of science:A dismal contribution?”,Synthese 140(3):279-305.
M?ki,U.(1992),“Social conditioning of economics”,In:N.de Marchi(ed),Post-Popperian Methodology of Economics:Recovering Practice,Kluwer.
M?ki,U.(1999),“Science as a free market:A reflexivity test in an economics of economics”,Perspectives on Science 7(4):486-509.
M?ki,U.(2005),“Economic epistemology:Hopes and horrors”,Episteme 1(3):211-222.
M?ki,U.(2008),“Scientific realism and ontology”,In:S.N.Durlauf et al(eds),The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,vol.7,Palgrave-Macmillan.
Mcquade,T.J.& W.N.Butos(2003),“Order-dependent knowledge and the economics of science”,Review of Austrian Economics 16(2/3):133-152.
Merton,R.K.(1957),“Priorities in scientific discovery”,American Sociological Review 22(6):635-659.
Mirowski,P.(1994),“A visible hand in the marketplace of ideas:Precision measurement as arbitrage”,Science in Context 7(3):563-589.
Moroz,D.(2005),“Production of scientific knowledge and radical uncertainty”,European Journal of Law and Economics 20(3):305-322.
Peacock,M.S.(2009),“Path dependence in the production of scientific knowledge”,Social Epistemology 23(2):105-124.
Peirce,C.S.(1967),“Note on the theory of the economy of research”,Operations Research 15(4):643-648.
Reichmann,W.(2011),“Institutionalizing scientific knowledge:The social and political foundation of empirical economic research”,Sociology Compass 5(7):564-575.
Rodríguez,X.D.& J.Zamora-Bonilla(2009),“Credibility,idealization,and model building:An inferential approach”,Erkenn 70(1):101-118.
Sent,E.-M.(1997),“An economist's glance at Goldman's economics”,Philosophy of Science 64(S):S139-S148.
Sent,E.-M.(1999),“Economics of science:Survey and suggestions”,Journal of Economic Methodology 6(1):95-124.
Sent,E.-M.(2013),“The economics of science in historical and disciplinary perspective”,Spontaneous Generations:A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science 7(1):6-11.
Slembeck,T.(2000),“How to make scientists agree:An evolutionary betting mechanism”,Kyklos 53(4):587-592.
Strevens,M.(2003),“The role of the priority rule in science”,Journal of Philosophy 100(2):55-79.
Strevens,M.(2011),“Economic approaches to understanding scientific norms”,Episteme 8(2):184-200.
Strevens,M.(2013),“Herding and the quest for credit”,Journal of Economic Methodology 20(1):19-34.
Tossut,S.(2014),“Membership and knowledge:Scientific research as a group activity”,Episteme 11(3):349-367.
Tyfield,D.(2008),“The impossibility of finitism:from SSK to ESK?”,Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 1(1):61-86.
Tyfield,D.(2012),The Economics of Science:A Critical Realist Overview,Vol.2,Routledge.
V?h?maa,M.(2013),“Groups as epistemic communities:Social forces and affect as antecedents to knowledge”,Social Epistemology 27(1):3-20.
Vallinder,A.& E.J.Olsson(2014),“Trust and the value of overconfidence:A Bayesian perspective on social network communication”,Synthese 191(9):1991-2007.
Vanberg,V.J.(2010),“The ‘science-as-market’ analogy:A constitutional economics perspective”,Constitutional Political Economy 21(1):28-49.
Viola,M.(2015),“Some remarks on the division of cognitive labor”,A Journal on Research Policy & Evaluation 3(1):1-14.
Walstad,A.(2001),“On science as a free market”,Perspectives on Science 9(3):324-340.
Walstad,A.(2002),“Science as a market process”,Independent Review 7(1):5-45.
Weintraub,E.R.(1991),Stabilizing Dynamics:Constructing Economic Knowledge,Cambridge University Press.
Weisberg,M.& R.Muldoon(2009),“Epistemic landscapes and the division of cognitive labor”,Philosophy of Science 76(2):225-252.
Wisman,J.D.(1989),“Economic knowledge,evolutionary epistemology,and human interests”,Journal of Economic Issues 23(2):647-656.
Wray,K.B.(2000),“Invisible hands and the success of science”,Philosophy of Science 67(1):163-175.
Wray,K.B.(2001),“Collective belief and acceptance”,Synthese 129(3):319-333.
Ylikoski,P.(1995),“The invisible hand and science”,Science Study 8(2):32-43.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(1999),“The elementary economics of scientific consensus”,Theoria 14(36):461-488.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2000),“Truthlikeness,rationality and scientific method”,Synthese 122(3):321-335.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2002a),“Verisimilitude and the dynamics of scientific research programmes”,Journal for General Philosophy of Science 33(2):349-368.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2002b),“Economists:Truth-seekers or rent-seekers?”,In:U.M?ki(eds),Fact and Fiction in Economics,Cambridge University Press.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2002c),“Scientific inference and the pursuit of fame:A contractarian approach”,Philosophy of Science 69(2):300-323.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2006a),“Science studies and the theory of games”,Perspective on Science 14(4):525-557.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2006b),“Science as a persuasion game:An inferentialist approach”,Episteme 2(3):189-201.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2008),“Methodology and the constitution of science:A game-theoretic approach”,In:M.Albert et al(eds),Scientific Competition,Tübingen:Mohr Siebeck.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2009),“What games do scientists play?Rationality and objectivity in a game-theoretic approach to the social construction of scientific knowledge”,In:M.Suárez et al(eds),EPSA Epistemology and Methodology of Science,Springer.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2010),“Science:the rules of the game”,Logic Journal of the ILPG 18(2):294-307.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2012),“The economics of scientific knowledge”,In:U.M?ki(eds),Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Series,North-Holland.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2013),“Cooperation,competition,and the contractarian view of scientific research”,Ethics & Politics 15(2):14-24.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2014),“The nature of co-authorship:A note on recognition sharing and scientific argumentation”,Synthese 191(1):97-108.
Zollman,K.J.S.(2007),“The communication structure of epistemic communities”,Philosophy of Science 74(5):574-587.
Albert,M.(2008),“Product quality in a simple OLG model of scientific competition”,http://www.uni-marburg.de.
Angere,S.(2010),“Knowledge in a social network”,http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/6180842/4393835.pdf.
Baier,M.(2012),“A simulation model of scientists as utility-driven agents”,http://www.scs-europe.net.
Baier,M.(2013),“Heterogeneous,satisficing scientists on the road to scientific consensus”,http://www.cfpm.org.
Ballandonne,M.(2012),“New economics of science,economics of scientific knowledge and sociology of science:The case of Paul David”,Journal of Economic Methodology 19(4):391-406.
Besancenot,D.& R.Vranceanu(2015),“Fear of novelty:A model of scientific discovery with strategic uncertainty”,Economic Inquiry 53(2):1132-1139.
Bloor,D.(2005),“Toward a sociology of epistemic things”,Perspectives on Science 13(3):285-312.
Bouvier,A.(2007),“Collective belief,acceptance,and commitment in science:The Copenhagen School example”,Iyyun:The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly 56(1):91-118.
Brock,W.A.& S.N.Durlauf(1999),“A formal model of theory choice in science”,Economic Theory 14(1):113-130.
Brock,W.A.& S.N.Durlauf(2000),“Interactions-based models”,NBER Technical Working Papers,No.258.
Brock,W.A.& S.N.Durlauf(2005),“Social interactions and macroeconomics”,http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/econ/archive/wp2005-05.pdf.
Butera,L.& J.A.List(2017),“An economic approach to alleviate the crises of confidence in science”,NBER Working Papers,No.23335.
Carayol,N.& J.-M.Dalle(2007),“Sequential problem choice and the reward system in open science”,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 18(2):167-191.
Cevolani,G.(2014),“Truth approximation,belief merging,and peer disagreement”,Synthese 191(11):2383-2401.
Cevolani,G.& L.Tambolo(2013),“Progress as approximation to the truth:A defence of the verisimilitudinarian approach”,Erkenn 78(4):921-935.
Coats,A.W.(2007),“The sociology of economics and scientific knowledge,and the history of economic thought”,In:W.J.Samuels et al(eds),A Companion to the History of Economic Thought,Blackwell.
David,P.A.(1998),“Communication norms and the collective cognitive performance of ‘invisible colleges’”,In:G.B.Navarreti et al(eds),Creation and the Transfer of Knowledge:Institutions and Incentives,Springer.
Davis,J.B.(1997),“The fox and the henhouse:The economics of scientific knowledge”,History of Political Economy 29(4):741-746.
De Langhe,R.(2010),“The division of labour in science:The tradeoff between specialisation and diversity”,Journal of Economic Methodology 17(1):37-51.
Downes,S.M.(1993),“Socializing naturalized philosophy of science”,Philosophy of Science 60(3):452-468.
Downes,S.M.(2001),“Agents and norms in the new economics of science”,Philosophy of the Social Sciences 31(2):224-238.
Fagan,M.B.(2007),“Social epistemology of scientific inquiry:Beyond historical vs.philosophical case studies”,http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3586/1/mbf_&HPS1.pdf.
Ferreira,J.L.& J.Zamora Bonilla(2006),“An economic model of scientific rules”,Economics and Philosophy 22:191-212.
Friedman,M.(1998),“On the sociology of scientific knowledge and its philosophical agenda”,Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 29(2):239-271.
Goldman,A.(2009),“Social epistemology:theory and applications”,Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 64:1-18.
Goldman,A.& M.Shaked(1991),“An economic model of scientific activity and truth acquisition”,Philosophical Studies 63(1):31-55.
Goldman,A.& J.C.Cox(1996),“Speech,truth,and the free market for ideas”,Legal Theory 2(1):1-32.
Hands,D.W.(1994),“The sociology of scientific knowledge and economics:Some thoughts on the possibilities”,In:R.Backhouse(eds),New Perspectives in Economic Methodology,London:Routledge.
Hands,D.W.(1995),“Social epistemology meets the invisible hand:Kitcher on the advancement of science”,Dialogue 34(3):605-621.
Hands,D.W.(1997a),“Caveat emptor:Economics and contemporary philosophy of science”,Philosophy of Science 64(4):107-116.
Hands,D.W.(1997b),“Conjectures and reputations:The sociology of scientific knowledge and the history of economic thought”,History of Political Economy 29(4):695-739.
Hands,D.W.(2001),Reflection without Rules:Economic Methodology and Contemporary Science Theory,Cambridge University Press.
Hands,D.W.(2006),“Priority fights in economic science:Paradox and resolution”,Perspectives on Science 14(2):215-231.
Hands,D.W.(2007),“A tale of two mainstreams:Economics and philosophy of natural science in the mid-20th century”,Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29(1):1-13.
Hull,D.L.(1988),Science as a Process:An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science,The University of Chicago Press.
Hull,D.L.(1997),“What's wrong with invisible-hand explanations?”,Philosophy of Science 64(S):S117-S126.
Kitcher,P.(1990),“The division of cognitive labor”,Journal of Philosophy 87(1):5-22.
Kitcher,P.(1991),“Socializing knowledge”,Journal of Philosophy 88(11):675-676.
Kitcher,P.(1993),The Advancement of Science:Science without Legend,Objectivity without Illusions,Oxford University Press.
Kleinberg,J.& S.Oren(2011),“Mechanisms for (mis)allocating scientific credit”,ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing 112(2):529-538.
Kuhn,T.S.(1962),The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,University of Chicago Press.
Latour,B.& S.Woolgar(1979),Laboratory Life:The Social Construction of Scientific Facts,Sage Publications.
Leonard,T.C.(2002),“Reflection on rules in science:An invisible-hand perspective”,Journal of Economic Methodology 9(2):141-168.
Lepp?l?,S.(2012),“Economic analysis of knowledge:History of thought and central themes”,Journal of Economic Surveys 29(2):263-286.
Leydesdorff,L.(1992),“The knowledge content of science and the sociology of scientific knowledge”,Journal of General Philosophy of Science 23(2):241-263.
Leydesdorff,L.(2007),“Scientific communication and cognitive codification:Social systems theory and the sociology of scientific knowledge”,European Journal of Social Theory 10(3):375-388.
Lou?ek,M.(2016),“The economic approach to science”,Prague Economic Papers 25(4):494-506.
Luetge,C.(2004),“Economics in philosophy of science:A dismal contribution?”,Synthese 140(3):279-305.
M?ki,U.(1992),“Social conditioning of economics”,In:N.de Marchi(ed),Post-Popperian Methodology of Economics:Recovering Practice,Kluwer.
M?ki,U.(1999),“Science as a free market:A reflexivity test in an economics of economics”,Perspectives on Science 7(4):486-509.
M?ki,U.(2005),“Economic epistemology:Hopes and horrors”,Episteme 1(3):211-222.
M?ki,U.(2008),“Scientific realism and ontology”,In:S.N.Durlauf et al(eds),The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,vol.7,Palgrave-Macmillan.
Mcquade,T.J.& W.N.Butos(2003),“Order-dependent knowledge and the economics of science”,Review of Austrian Economics 16(2/3):133-152.
Merton,R.K.(1957),“Priorities in scientific discovery”,American Sociological Review 22(6):635-659.
Mirowski,P.(1994),“A visible hand in the marketplace of ideas:Precision measurement as arbitrage”,Science in Context 7(3):563-589.
Moroz,D.(2005),“Production of scientific knowledge and radical uncertainty”,European Journal of Law and Economics 20(3):305-322.
Peacock,M.S.(2009),“Path dependence in the production of scientific knowledge”,Social Epistemology 23(2):105-124.
Peirce,C.S.(1967),“Note on the theory of the economy of research”,Operations Research 15(4):643-648.
Reichmann,W.(2011),“Institutionalizing scientific knowledge:The social and political foundation of empirical economic research”,Sociology Compass 5(7):564-575.
Rodríguez,X.D.& J.Zamora-Bonilla(2009),“Credibility,idealization,and model building:An inferential approach”,Erkenn 70(1):101-118.
Sent,E.-M.(1997),“An economist's glance at Goldman's economics”,Philosophy of Science 64(S):S139-S148.
Sent,E.-M.(1999),“Economics of science:Survey and suggestions”,Journal of Economic Methodology 6(1):95-124.
Sent,E.-M.(2013),“The economics of science in historical and disciplinary perspective”,Spontaneous Generations:A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science 7(1):6-11.
Slembeck,T.(2000),“How to make scientists agree:An evolutionary betting mechanism”,Kyklos 53(4):587-592.
Strevens,M.(2003),“The role of the priority rule in science”,Journal of Philosophy 100(2):55-79.
Strevens,M.(2011),“Economic approaches to understanding scientific norms”,Episteme 8(2):184-200.
Strevens,M.(2013),“Herding and the quest for credit”,Journal of Economic Methodology 20(1):19-34.
Tossut,S.(2014),“Membership and knowledge:Scientific research as a group activity”,Episteme 11(3):349-367.
Tyfield,D.(2008),“The impossibility of finitism:from SSK to ESK?”,Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 1(1):61-86.
Tyfield,D.(2012),The Economics of Science:A Critical Realist Overview,Vol.2,Routledge.
V?h?maa,M.(2013),“Groups as epistemic communities:Social forces and affect as antecedents to knowledge”,Social Epistemology 27(1):3-20.
Vallinder,A.& E.J.Olsson(2014),“Trust and the value of overconfidence:A Bayesian perspective on social network communication”,Synthese 191(9):1991-2007.
Vanberg,V.J.(2010),“The ‘science-as-market’ analogy:A constitutional economics perspective”,Constitutional Political Economy 21(1):28-49.
Viola,M.(2015),“Some remarks on the division of cognitive labor”,A Journal on Research Policy & Evaluation 3(1):1-14.
Walstad,A.(2001),“On science as a free market”,Perspectives on Science 9(3):324-340.
Walstad,A.(2002),“Science as a market process”,Independent Review 7(1):5-45.
Weintraub,E.R.(1991),Stabilizing Dynamics:Constructing Economic Knowledge,Cambridge University Press.
Weisberg,M.& R.Muldoon(2009),“Epistemic landscapes and the division of cognitive labor”,Philosophy of Science 76(2):225-252.
Wisman,J.D.(1989),“Economic knowledge,evolutionary epistemology,and human interests”,Journal of Economic Issues 23(2):647-656.
Wray,K.B.(2000),“Invisible hands and the success of science”,Philosophy of Science 67(1):163-175.
Wray,K.B.(2001),“Collective belief and acceptance”,Synthese 129(3):319-333.
Ylikoski,P.(1995),“The invisible hand and science”,Science Study 8(2):32-43.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(1999),“The elementary economics of scientific consensus”,Theoria 14(36):461-488.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2000),“Truthlikeness,rationality and scientific method”,Synthese 122(3):321-335.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2002a),“Verisimilitude and the dynamics of scientific research programmes”,Journal for General Philosophy of Science 33(2):349-368.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2002b),“Economists:Truth-seekers or rent-seekers?”,In:U.M?ki(eds),Fact and Fiction in Economics,Cambridge University Press.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2002c),“Scientific inference and the pursuit of fame:A contractarian approach”,Philosophy of Science 69(2):300-323.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2006a),“Science studies and the theory of games”,Perspective on Science 14(4):525-557.
Zamora Bonilla,J.P.(2006b),“Science as a persuasion game:An inferentialist approach”,Episteme 2(3):189-201.
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