机器人可以教知识无法培育价值观吗
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摘要
随着人工智能时代的到来,面对尖锐的问题"机器人可以教知识无法培育价值观吗?"我们的回答是,机器人不仅能够教知识而且可以培育知识里的价值观。首先,情绪导向任务、脚本编写和远程控制以及LIDA认知结构模型使机器人可以培育道德知识所含道德价值观,实证知识所含特殊价值观以及超学科知识所含多元价值观。其次,自治型道德智能体、价值系统以及智能系统分别是机器人主动培育价值观的外部前提、内在机理以及动力机制。最后,德育神经科学研究成果、机器学习体系建构以及类脑智能系统进阶开发,创生价值创造型的德性AI教师,使机器人有效培育价值观成为可能。总之,机器人既可以教知识也能培育价值观,为解放教师创新教育展现了美好前景。
In this paper,we aim at answering one acute question 'can a robot can only teach knowledge but not values?' First,emotion-oriented tasks, preprogrammed scripts and teleoperation, and LIDA model enable robots to teach moral values, special values, and diverse values in knowledge. Second, autonomous moral agents, value systems and AI system are the precondition,mechanism and impetus of robots teaching values actively. Finally, findings of moral neuroscience, machine learning, and developments of Brain-Like Intelligent System, help inventing value created robot teachers of morality, making it possible for robots to teach values effectively. In short, robots can teach both knowledge and values, and show a bright future for liberating teachers and innovating education.
In this paper,we aim at answering one acute question 'can a robot can only teach knowledge but not values?' First,emotion-oriented tasks, preprogrammed scripts and teleoperation, and LIDA model enable robots to teach moral values, special values, and diverse values in knowledge. Second, autonomous moral agents, value systems and AI system are the precondition,mechanism and impetus of robots teaching values actively. Finally, findings of moral neuroscience, machine learning, and developments of Brain-Like Intelligent System, help inventing value created robot teachers of morality, making it possible for robots to teach values effectively. In short, robots can teach both knowledge and values, and show a bright future for liberating teachers and innovating education.
引文
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[46]李凡长.机器学习理论及应用[M].北京:中国科学技术大学出版社,2009.
[47]潘蕾琼,黄甫全.课目教育学知识的译名与概念辨析[J].当代教师教育,2015,8(4):65-71.
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[52]宋灵青,许林.“AI”时代未来教师专业发展途径探究[J].中国电化教育,2018,(7):73-80.
[2]Zangwill,N.Science and ethics:Demarcation,holism and logical consequences[J].European Journal of Philosophy,2010,18(1):126-138.
[3]Annas,J.Moral knowledge as practical knowledge[J].Social Philosophy&Policy,2001,18(2):236-256.
[4]亚里士多德.尼各马科伦理学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[5][10]苏令银.当前国外机器人伦理研究综述[J].新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2019,(1):86-103.
[6]刘德建,黄荣怀等.教育机器人的风口:全球发展现状及趋势[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2016.
[7]Lee,H.,et al.Can human jobs be taken by robots?The appropriate match between robot types and task types[J].Archives of Design Research,2015,28(3):49-59.
[8]Gray,K.,et al.Mind perception is the essence of morality[J].Psychological Inquiry,2012,23(2):101-124.
[9]Waytz,A.,et al.Botsourcing and outsourcing:Robot,British,Chinese,and German workers are for thinking-not feeling-jobs[J].Emotion,2014,14(2):434-444.
[11]马克斯·舍勒.知识社会学问题[M].北京:华夏出版社,1999.
[12]Mubin,O.,et al.A review of the applicability of robot in education[J].Technology for Education and Learning,2013,(1):1-7.
[13]Yun,S.,et al.Engkey:Tele-education robot[A].Mutlu,B.Bartneck,et al.Social robotics:Proceedings of the Third international conference on social robotics[C].Massachusetts:Springer-Verlag Press,2011.142-152.
[14]Hashimoto,T.,et al.Development of educational system with the android robot SAYA and evaluation[J].International Journal Advanced Robotic Systems,2011,8(3):51-61.
[15][16][17]Verner,I.,et al.Science class with RoboThespian:Using a robot teacher to make Science fun and engage students[J].IEEE Robotics&Automation Magazine,2016,23(2):74-80.
[18]蒋逸民.作为一种新的研究形式的超学科研究[J].浙江社会科学,2009,(1):8-16.
[19]Tonkens,R.A chalenge for machine ethics[J].Minds&Machines,2009,19(3):421-438.
[20]杜严勇.机器人伦理设计进路及其评价[J].哲学动态,2017,(9):84-91.
[21]Laird,J.,et al.SOAR:An architecture for general intelligence[J].Artificial Intelligence,1987,33(1):1-64.
[22]Anderson,J.The adaptive character of thought[M].Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1990.
[23]Sun,R.The importance of cognitive architectures:An analysis based on CLARION[J].Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,2007,19(2):159-193.
[24][25][38]Wallach,W.,et al.A conceptual and computational model of moral decision making in human and artificial agents[J].Topics in Cognitive Science,2010,2(3):454-485.
[26]van Wynsberghe,A.,et al.Critiquing the Reasons for Making Artificial Moral Agents[DB/OL].https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-0030-8,2018-02-19.
[27]Stahl,B.Information,ethics,and computers:The problem of autonomous moral agents[J].Minds and Machines,2004,14(1):67-83.
[28]Rossi,P.,et al.Empathy,education and AI[J].International Journal of Social Robotics,2015,7(1):103-109.
[29]Racine,E.,et al.Porous or contextualized autonomy?Knowledge can empower autonomous moral agents[J].The American Journal of Bioethics,2016,16(2):48-50.
[30]Subramanian,R.Emergent AI,social robots and the law:Security,privacy and policy issues[J].Journal of International Technology and Information Management,2017,26(3):81-105.
[31]吴俊著.道德学习研究[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2007.
[32][39]Luxton,D.Recommendations for the ethical use and design of artificial intelligent care providers[J].Artificial Intelligence in Medicine,2014,62(1):1-10.
[33][34][42]Etzioni,A.,et al.AI assisted ethics[J].Ethics and Information Technology,2016,18(2):149-156.
[35][36][37]Allen,C.,et al.Artificial morality:Top-down,bottom-up,and hybrid approaches[J].Ethics and information technology,2005,7(3):149-155.
[40]?erka,P.,et al.Is it possible to grant legal personality to artificial intelligence software systems?[J].Computer Law&Security Review,2017,33(5):685-699.
[41]National Science and Technology Council.The national artificial intelligence research and development strategic plan[EB/OL].http://www.360doc.com/content/16/1015/20/37334461_598685262.shtml,2016-11-24.
[43]Picard,R.Affective computing[M].Massachusetts:MIT Press,1997.
[44][51]曾毅,刘成林等.类脑智能研究的回顾与展望[J].计算机学报,2016,39(1):212-222.
[45]贾积有.国外人工智能教育应用最新热点问题探讨[J].中国电化教育,2010,(7):113-118.
[46]李凡长.机器学习理论及应用[M].北京:中国科学技术大学出版社,2009.
[47]潘蕾琼,黄甫全.课目教育学知识的译名与概念辨析[J].当代教师教育,2015,8(4):65-71.
[48]Daniel L K Yamins,D.L.K.,et al.Using goal-driven deep learning models to understand sensory cortex[J].Nature Neuroscience,2016,19(3):356-365.
[49]Grossberg S.Recurrent neural networks[DB/OL].http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Recurrent_neural_networks,2018-10-07.
[50]董炜.略论事实与价值的辩证统一[J].民主与科学,1991,(1):21-22.
[52]宋灵青,许林.“AI”时代未来教师专业发展途径探究[J].中国电化教育,2018,(7):73-80.