冰川冰储量计算方法及发展趋势
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摘要
冰川冰储量不仅是冰川的重要属性,而且是核算冰川水资源及预测冰川变化的基础数据,因此准确计算冰川冰储量及其变化具有重要的理论与现实意义。目前冰川储量估算的主要方法有经验公式法、冰厚模型估算法、探地雷达法;冰川储量相对变化计算方法有实地测量法和遥感监测法。通过系统分析和讨论各计算方法的原理、现状及存在的问题,以期为冰川储量估算提供方法参考。研究表明:对于冰川冰储量计算而言,经验公式法适用于区域性或全球性的冰川储量估算;模型估算法适用于个体或小范围冰川储量估算;探地雷达法适用于人类易到达区域冰川储量的估算。对于冰川冰储量相对变化计算,实地测量法适用于对精度要求高且满足实地测量条件的单条或中小型冰川,遥感监测法适用于全球性冰储量变化估算,但需改进算法和提高数据空间分辨率。目前,随着无人机技术的逐步应用,以及冰川流速等理论模型的提出,为冰川冰储量估算方法的发展提供了新契机。
Ice volume is not only the crucial glacier property but also the foundational data in computing glacial water resources and predicting glacial change. Therefore,it is of vitally theoretical and practical significance for exactly computing glacier volume and variation. In this paper,we analyzed and discussed the principles,developments and problems of existing methods in order to provide the reference for the estimation of glacier volume. At present,major methods of estimating glacier volume include volume-area empirical formula method,method of ice thickness estimation models and GPR,and computational methods to estimate relative change of glacier volume include mainly the field measurement,the estimation method based on remotely sensed data and gravimetric method. The volumearea empirical formula method was used to estimate regional or global glacier volume simply and fleetly; the method of ice thickness estimation models were suitable to estimate single or small-scale glacier volume and do not need the input of measured data. The GPR was applied to estimate glacier volume where human beings can reach easily. The field measurement with the most accurate result fits to estimate glacier volume change specifically for single glacier as well as small or medium-sized glaciers that require the high accuracy and meet the conditions of field measurement. The method based on remotely sensed data is applicable to estimate glacier volume change globally,so it needs to improve the algorithm and enhance the spatial resolution of the data. GRACE has the characteristic of wide coverage but has a low spatial resolution,so it is necessary to modify the spherical harmonic domain and spatial domain and improve the spatial resolution when applied to small regional glaciers. With the emergence of new technology and theory,the multi-disciplinary fusion provides new opportunities for the improvement of the estimation accuracy of glacier volume. The development of the estimation models and continuous supplement of the glacier inventory data offer new chances and data support for estimation of glacier volume.
Ice volume is not only the crucial glacier property but also the foundational data in computing glacial water resources and predicting glacial change. Therefore,it is of vitally theoretical and practical significance for exactly computing glacier volume and variation. In this paper,we analyzed and discussed the principles,developments and problems of existing methods in order to provide the reference for the estimation of glacier volume. At present,major methods of estimating glacier volume include volume-area empirical formula method,method of ice thickness estimation models and GPR,and computational methods to estimate relative change of glacier volume include mainly the field measurement,the estimation method based on remotely sensed data and gravimetric method. The volumearea empirical formula method was used to estimate regional or global glacier volume simply and fleetly; the method of ice thickness estimation models were suitable to estimate single or small-scale glacier volume and do not need the input of measured data. The GPR was applied to estimate glacier volume where human beings can reach easily. The field measurement with the most accurate result fits to estimate glacier volume change specifically for single glacier as well as small or medium-sized glaciers that require the high accuracy and meet the conditions of field measurement. The method based on remotely sensed data is applicable to estimate glacier volume change globally,so it needs to improve the algorithm and enhance the spatial resolution of the data. GRACE has the characteristic of wide coverage but has a low spatial resolution,so it is necessary to modify the spherical harmonic domain and spatial domain and improve the spatial resolution when applied to small regional glaciers. With the emergence of new technology and theory,the multi-disciplinary fusion provides new opportunities for the improvement of the estimation accuracy of glacier volume. The development of the estimation models and continuous supplement of the glacier inventory data offer new chances and data support for estimation of glacier volume.
引文
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[14] ZHURAVLEV A B. Thickness,subglacial relief and volume of Svalbard glaciers based on radio echosounding data[J]. Polar Geography,1985,9(3):224-243.
[15] DRIEDGER C L,KENNARD P M. Ice volumes on cascade volcanoes; Mount Rainier,Mount Hood,Three Sisters,and Mount Shasta[R]. US Geological Survey,1986.
[16] ZHURAVLEV A. The relation between glacier area and volume[J]. Data of Glaciological Studies,1988,40(5):441-456.
[17] KOTLYAKOV V M,MACHERET Y Y. Radio echo-sounding of sub-polar glaciers in Svalbard:Some problems and results of soviet studies[J]. Annals of Glaciology,1987,9(1):151-159.
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[21] BAHR D B,MEIER M F,PECKHAM S D. The physical basis of glacier volume-area scaling[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1997,102(B9):20355-20362.
[22] WALRSWV D,WILD M. Modelling the response of glaciers to climate change by applying volume-area scaling in combination with a high resolution GCM[J]. Climate Dynamics,2001,18(3/4):359-366.
[23] LIU Shiyin,SUN Wenxin,SHEN Yongping,et al. Glacier changes since the Little Ice Age maximum in the western Qilian Shan,northwest China,and consequences of glacier runoff for water supply[J]. Journal of Glaciology,2003,49(164):117-124.
[24] RADIC V,HOCK R,OERLEMANS J. Volume-area scaling vsflowlinemodelling in glacier volume projections[J]. Annals of Glaciology,2007,46(1):234-240.
[25] RADIC V,HOCK R. Regional and global volumes of glaciers derived from statistical up-scaling of glacier inventory data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,2010,115(F1):87-105.
[26] ADHIKARI S,MARSHALL S J. Glacier volume-area relation for high-order mechanics and transient glacier states[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39(16):132-133.
[27] FARINOTTI D,BRINKERHOFF D,CLARKE G K C,et al.How accurate are estimates of glacier ice thickness? Results from ITMIX,the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison Experiment Manuscript under review for journal[J]. Cryosphere,2017,2(11):949-970.
[28] GANTAYAT P,KULKARNI A V,SRINIVASAN J. Estimation of ice thickness using surface velocities and slope:Case study at Gangotri Glacier,India[J]. Journal of Glaciology,2014,60(60):277-282.
[29] ENGELHARDT M,SCHULER T V,ANDREASSEN L M. Glacier mass balance of Norway 1961-2010 calculated by a temperatureindex model[J]. Annals of Glaciology,2013,54(63):32-40.
[30] PATERSON W S B. The Physics of Glaciers(Third Edition)[M]. Elsevier,1994.
[31] HAEBERLI W,HOELZLE M. Application of inventory data for estimating characteristics of and regional climate-change effects on mountain glaciers:A pilot study with the European Alps[J]. Annals of Glaciology,1995,21(1):206-212.
[32]苏珍,丁良福,刘潮海.天山冰川厚度及其储量计算[J].新疆地理,1984,7(2):37-44.[SU Zhen,DING Liangfu,LIU Chaohai. Thickness and volume calculation of TianShan Mountains[J].Xinjiang Geography,1984,7(2):37-44.]
[33]王宗太,刘潮海.祁连山区现代冰川发育条件、分布特征及区划—据最新冰川编目资料分析[J].地理学报,1983,50(2):141-153.[WANG Zongtai,LIU Chaohai. The modern glacial development conditions,distribution characteristics and zoning of the Qilian Mountains are analyzed according to the latest glacier inventory data[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1983,50(2):141-153.]
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