遗产社区旅游转型初期商业发展过程与机制——以福德湾矿工村为例
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摘要
旅游已经成为古村、古镇和历史街区等遗产社区转型发展的重要途径,而商业化往往是遗产保护和旅游发展的矛盾所在。遗产社区转型初期发展旅游商业是对方向和路径的探索,对遗产后续保护利用的意义重大,但目前关注度不够。本文基于实地调查和深度访谈,以浙江省温州市苍南县矾山镇福德湾矿工村为案例,对遗产社区转型初期的旅游商业化现象进行研究。分析显示,案例社区的旅游商业已经进入初级商品化阶段,商业业态单薄,低端化和同质化现象明显,对历史建筑的修缮和利用已经导致了后生产遗产景观的出现。有别于以往案例中资本和政府主导的模式,案例社区中的旅游商业发展是社区精英、地方政府和本地居民等共同作用下形成的,其中本地NGO申遗促进会起到了十分关键的作用。
Tourism has become an important way to the transformation and development of heritage communities, such as ancient villages, ancient towns, and historic districts. Existing studies show that commercialization is the most pressing issue in heritage protection and tourism development. In the initial stage of transition, the development of tourism-related businesses in a heritage community is critically related to the effective protection and utilization of the heritage,but relevant studies are insufficient. Based on the field survey and in-depth interview methods, this study used the case of the Fudewan Miner's Village in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province to examine the phenomenon of tourism commercialization in the initial stage of transformation of the heritage community. The analysis shows that tourism-related businesses have just evolved into the stage of early commodification, which is characterized by lack of diversity, provision of low-end products and product homogeneity. The renovation and utilization of historic buildings lead to the post-productivist heritage-scape. Different from the common investor-and local governmentdominated models in the past, business development in the case community is driven by the interactions of community elites, local governments and residents. Local nongovernmental organizations have played a very important role in the process of development.
Tourism has become an important way to the transformation and development of heritage communities, such as ancient villages, ancient towns, and historic districts. Existing studies show that commercialization is the most pressing issue in heritage protection and tourism development. In the initial stage of transition, the development of tourism-related businesses in a heritage community is critically related to the effective protection and utilization of the heritage,but relevant studies are insufficient. Based on the field survey and in-depth interview methods, this study used the case of the Fudewan Miner's Village in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province to examine the phenomenon of tourism commercialization in the initial stage of transformation of the heritage community. The analysis shows that tourism-related businesses have just evolved into the stage of early commodification, which is characterized by lack of diversity, provision of low-end products and product homogeneity. The renovation and utilization of historic buildings lead to the post-productivist heritage-scape. Different from the common investor-and local governmentdominated models in the past, business development in the case community is driven by the interactions of community elites, local governments and residents. Local nongovernmental organizations have played a very important role in the process of development.
引文
[1]周睿,钟林生,刘家明.乡村类世界遗产地的内涵及旅游利用[J].地理研究, 2015, 34(5):991-1000.[Zhou R, Zhong L S, Liu J M. Research on rural world heritage sites:Connotation and tour?ism utilization[J]. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(5):991-1000.]
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[8]李倩,吴小根,汤澍.古镇旅游开发及其商业化现象初探[J].旅游学刊, 2006, 21(12):52-57.[Li Q, Wu X G, Tang S. Prelimi?nary study on tourism development and commercialization in an?cient towns[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2006, 21(12):52-57.]
[9]徐红罡.文化遗产旅游商业化的路径依赖理论模型[J].旅游科学, 2005, 19(3):74-78.[Xu H G. A theoretical model of path de?pendence for cultural heritage tourism commercialization[J]. Tour?ism Science, 2005, 19(3):74-78.]
[10]吴骁骁,苏勤,姜辽.旅游商业化影响下的古镇居住空间变迁研究:以周庄为例[J].旅游学刊, 2015, 30(7):26-36.[Wu X X, Su Q, Jiang L. Residential space evolution under tourism commercial?ization:A case of Zhouzhuang[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(7):26-36.]
[11]林锦屏,周鸿,何云红.纳西东巴民族文化传统传承与乡村旅游发展研究:以云南丽江三元村乡村旅游开发为例[J].人文地理, 2005, 20(5):78-80.[Lin J P, Zhou H, He Y H. A study on the inheritance and passing on of the Naxi Dongba ethnic culture tra?dition and development of rural tourism:A case study of rural eth?nic cultural tourist development in Sanyuan Village of Lijiang[J].Human Geography, 2005, 20(5):78-80.]
[12]熊礼明,李映辉.古镇旅游商业化探讨:以凤凰古镇为例[J].资源开发与市场, 2012, 28(3):285-288.[Xiong L M, Li Y H. Study on tourism commercialization of Fenghuang ancient town[J]. Re?source Development&Market, 2012, 28(3):285-288.]
[13]陶伟,戴光全.区域旅游发展的“竞合模式”探索:以苏南三镇为例[J].人文地理, 2002, 17(4):29-33.[Tao W, Dai G Q. The coop?eration-competition model of regional tourism development:A case study on three ancient towns in southern Jiangsu Province[J].Human Geography, 2002, 17(4):29-33.]
[14] Mitchell C J A, de Waal S B. Revisiting the model of creative de?struction:St. Jacobs, Ontario, a decade later[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2009, 25(1):156-167.
[15]保继刚,苏晓波.历史城镇的旅游商业化研究[J].地理学报,2004, 59(3):427-436.[Bao J G, Su X B. Studies on tourism com?mercialization in historic towns[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004,59(3):427-436.]
[16]张朝枝,马凌,王晓晓,等.符号化的“原真”与遗产地商业化:基于乌镇、周庄的案例研究[J].旅游科学, 2008, 22(5):59-66.[Zhang C Z, Ma L, Wang X X, et al. Semiotic authenticity and commercializatio heritage tourism destinations:Based on a case study of Wuzhen and Zhouzhuang[J]. Tourism Science, 2008, 22(5):59-66.]
[17] Xu H, Wan X, Fan X. Rethinking authenticity in the implementa?tion of China's heritage conservation:The case of Hongcun Village[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2014, 27(1):107-112.
[18]林敏慧,保继刚.中国历史村镇的旅游商业化:创造性破坏模型的应用检验[J].旅游学刊, 2015, 30(4):12-22.[Lin M H, Bao J G. Tourism commodification in China's historic towns and villag?es:Re-examining the creative destruction model[J]. Tourism Tri?bune, 2015, 30(4):12-22.]
[19] Mitchell C J A. Entrepreneurialism, commodification and creative destruction:A model of post-modern community development[J].Journal of Rural Studies, 1998, 14(3):273-286.
[20] Mitchell C J A, Atkinson R G, Clark A. The creative destruction of Niagara-on-the-lake[J]. Canadian Geographer, 2001, 45(2):285-299.
[21] Mitchell C J A, Coghill C. The creation of a heritage townscape:Elora, Ontario[J]. The Great Lakes Geographer, 2000, 7(2):88-105.
[22] Yi H, Huang B, Wall G, et al. Creative destruction:Zhujiajiao,China[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2007, 34(4):1033-1055.
[23] Fan C N, Wall G, Mitchell C J A. Creative destruction and the wa?ter town of Luzhi, China[J]. Tourism Management, 2008, 29(4):648-660.
[24]姜辽,苏勤.周庄古镇创造性破坏与地方身份转化[J].地理学报, 2013, 68(8):1131-1142.[Jiang L, Su Q. Creative destruction and transformation of place:Based identity in ancient town of Zhouzhuang[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(8):1131-1142.]
[25]黄睿,曹芳东,黄震方.新型城镇化背景下文化古镇旅游商业化用地空间格局演化:以同里为例[J].人文地理, 2014, 29(6):67-73, 66.[Huang R, Cao F D, Huang Z H. Spatial pattern evolution of cultural town tourism commercial land with the background about new urbanization:A case study of Tongli[J]. Human Geogra?phy, 2014, 29(6):67-73, 66.]
[26]保继刚,林敏慧.历史村镇的旅游商业化控制研究[J].地理学报, 2014, 69(2):268-277.[Bao J G, Lin M H. Study on control of tourism commercialization in historic town and village[J]. Acta Geo?graphica Sinica, 2014, 69(2):268-277.]
[27]戴湘毅,阙维民.浙江矾山矾矿遗产的遗产价值与保护建议[J].矿业研究与开发, 2013, 33(2):77-83.[Dai X Y, Que W M. Heri?tage value and conservation proposals on Fanshan Alunite Mining in Zhejiang Province[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2013,33(2):77-83.]
[28]王昕,陈社英.社区精英的概念、分类及发展路径[J].佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版), 2016, 34(4):7-11.[Wang X, Chen S Y. Concept, classification and development of community elites[J]. Journal of Foshan University(Social Science Edition), 2016, 34(4):7-11.]
[29]李向阳,余怀东,张炳钩.苍南拿出5个亿把矾矿建成公园[EB/OL].(2005-05-02)[2018-09-12]. http://news.sohu.com/20050502/n225425634.shtml.[Li X Y, Yu H D, Zhang B G. Cangnan County Will Spend￥500 Million to Build Fanshan Alunite Mining as a Park[EB/OL].(2005-05-02)[2018-09-12]. http://news.sohu.com/20050502/n225425634.shtml.]
[30]王星.福德湾:世界矾都“活遗址”[EB/OL].(2016-10-03)[2018-09-12]. http://www.cnxw.com.cn/system/2016/10/03/012517699.shtml.[Wang X. Fudewan:Living Heritage of World Alunite Capi?tal[EB/OL].(2016-10-03)[2018-09-12]. http://www.cnxw.com.cn/system/2016/10/03/012517699.shtml.]
[31]汪冲.资本集聚、税收互动与纵向税收竞争[J].经济学(季刊),2012, 11(1):19-38.[Wang C. Capital agglomeration, strategic tax interaction and vertical tax competition[J]. China Economic Quar?terly, 2012, 11(1):19-38.]
[32]王华.旅游引导的新型农村城镇化研究:以丹霞山瑶塘村与断石村为例[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(6):863-870.[Wang H. Tour?ism-driven new rural urbanization:A case study of Yaotang Vil?lage and Duanshi Village in the Danxia Mountain in 1980-2014[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(6):863-870.]
[33]钟晓华.“嵌入”还是“搅动”:外部精英介入社区营造的路径[J].南京社会科学, 2018,(7):87-93.[Zhong X H. Embeddedness or agitation:Research on the external elites intervention modes in community empowerment[J]. Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences,2018,(7):87-93.]
[2]杨丽霞,喻学才.中国文化遗产保护利用研究综述[J].旅游学刊, 2004, 19(4):85-91.[Yang L X, Yu X C. A summary of Chi?na's researches on the protection and utilization of cultural heri?tage[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2004, 19(4):85-91.]
[3]唐晓云,闵庆文,吴忠军.社区型农业文化遗产旅游地居民感知及其影响:以广西桂林龙脊平安寨为例[J].资源科学, 2010, 32(6):1035-1041.[Tang X Y, Min Q W, Wu Z J. An investigation of residents’perception on tourism in agro-cultural heritage commu?nity:A case study on Ping’an Village of Guilin City, Guangxi[J].Resources Science, 2010, 32(6):1035-1041.]
[4]李伯华,周鑫,刘沛林,等.城镇化进程中张谷英村功能转型与空间重构[J].地理科学, 2018, 38(8):1310-1318.[Li B H, Zhou X, Liu P L, et al. Function transformation and spatial reconstruc?turing of Zhangguying Village in urbanization[J]. Scientia Geo?graphica Sinica, 2018, 38(8):1310-1318.]
[5]孔翔,卓方勇,苗长松.旅游业发展状况对古村落文化保护的影响:基于对宏村、呈坎、许村居民的调研[J].热带地理, 2016, 36(2):216-224.[Kong X, Zhou F Y, Miao C S. Influence of tourism development on traditional local culture preservation:Based on the field Work in Hongcun, Chengkan and Xucun villages[J]. Trop?ical Geography, 2016, 36(2):216-224.]
[6] Aas C, Ladkin A, Fletcher J. Stakeholder collaboration and heri?tage management[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2005, 32(1):28-48.
[7] Prompayuk S, Chairattananon P. Preservation of cultural heritage community:Cases of Thailand and developed countries[J]. Proce?dia(Social and Behavioral Sciences), 2016, 234:239-243.
[8]李倩,吴小根,汤澍.古镇旅游开发及其商业化现象初探[J].旅游学刊, 2006, 21(12):52-57.[Li Q, Wu X G, Tang S. Prelimi?nary study on tourism development and commercialization in an?cient towns[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2006, 21(12):52-57.]
[9]徐红罡.文化遗产旅游商业化的路径依赖理论模型[J].旅游科学, 2005, 19(3):74-78.[Xu H G. A theoretical model of path de?pendence for cultural heritage tourism commercialization[J]. Tour?ism Science, 2005, 19(3):74-78.]
[10]吴骁骁,苏勤,姜辽.旅游商业化影响下的古镇居住空间变迁研究:以周庄为例[J].旅游学刊, 2015, 30(7):26-36.[Wu X X, Su Q, Jiang L. Residential space evolution under tourism commercial?ization:A case of Zhouzhuang[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(7):26-36.]
[11]林锦屏,周鸿,何云红.纳西东巴民族文化传统传承与乡村旅游发展研究:以云南丽江三元村乡村旅游开发为例[J].人文地理, 2005, 20(5):78-80.[Lin J P, Zhou H, He Y H. A study on the inheritance and passing on of the Naxi Dongba ethnic culture tra?dition and development of rural tourism:A case study of rural eth?nic cultural tourist development in Sanyuan Village of Lijiang[J].Human Geography, 2005, 20(5):78-80.]
[12]熊礼明,李映辉.古镇旅游商业化探讨:以凤凰古镇为例[J].资源开发与市场, 2012, 28(3):285-288.[Xiong L M, Li Y H. Study on tourism commercialization of Fenghuang ancient town[J]. Re?source Development&Market, 2012, 28(3):285-288.]
[13]陶伟,戴光全.区域旅游发展的“竞合模式”探索:以苏南三镇为例[J].人文地理, 2002, 17(4):29-33.[Tao W, Dai G Q. The coop?eration-competition model of regional tourism development:A case study on three ancient towns in southern Jiangsu Province[J].Human Geography, 2002, 17(4):29-33.]
[14] Mitchell C J A, de Waal S B. Revisiting the model of creative de?struction:St. Jacobs, Ontario, a decade later[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2009, 25(1):156-167.
[15]保继刚,苏晓波.历史城镇的旅游商业化研究[J].地理学报,2004, 59(3):427-436.[Bao J G, Su X B. Studies on tourism com?mercialization in historic towns[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004,59(3):427-436.]
[16]张朝枝,马凌,王晓晓,等.符号化的“原真”与遗产地商业化:基于乌镇、周庄的案例研究[J].旅游科学, 2008, 22(5):59-66.[Zhang C Z, Ma L, Wang X X, et al. Semiotic authenticity and commercializatio heritage tourism destinations:Based on a case study of Wuzhen and Zhouzhuang[J]. Tourism Science, 2008, 22(5):59-66.]
[17] Xu H, Wan X, Fan X. Rethinking authenticity in the implementa?tion of China's heritage conservation:The case of Hongcun Village[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2014, 27(1):107-112.
[18]林敏慧,保继刚.中国历史村镇的旅游商业化:创造性破坏模型的应用检验[J].旅游学刊, 2015, 30(4):12-22.[Lin M H, Bao J G. Tourism commodification in China's historic towns and villag?es:Re-examining the creative destruction model[J]. Tourism Tri?bune, 2015, 30(4):12-22.]
[19] Mitchell C J A. Entrepreneurialism, commodification and creative destruction:A model of post-modern community development[J].Journal of Rural Studies, 1998, 14(3):273-286.
[20] Mitchell C J A, Atkinson R G, Clark A. The creative destruction of Niagara-on-the-lake[J]. Canadian Geographer, 2001, 45(2):285-299.
[21] Mitchell C J A, Coghill C. The creation of a heritage townscape:Elora, Ontario[J]. The Great Lakes Geographer, 2000, 7(2):88-105.
[22] Yi H, Huang B, Wall G, et al. Creative destruction:Zhujiajiao,China[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2007, 34(4):1033-1055.
[23] Fan C N, Wall G, Mitchell C J A. Creative destruction and the wa?ter town of Luzhi, China[J]. Tourism Management, 2008, 29(4):648-660.
[24]姜辽,苏勤.周庄古镇创造性破坏与地方身份转化[J].地理学报, 2013, 68(8):1131-1142.[Jiang L, Su Q. Creative destruction and transformation of place:Based identity in ancient town of Zhouzhuang[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(8):1131-1142.]
[25]黄睿,曹芳东,黄震方.新型城镇化背景下文化古镇旅游商业化用地空间格局演化:以同里为例[J].人文地理, 2014, 29(6):67-73, 66.[Huang R, Cao F D, Huang Z H. Spatial pattern evolution of cultural town tourism commercial land with the background about new urbanization:A case study of Tongli[J]. Human Geogra?phy, 2014, 29(6):67-73, 66.]
[26]保继刚,林敏慧.历史村镇的旅游商业化控制研究[J].地理学报, 2014, 69(2):268-277.[Bao J G, Lin M H. Study on control of tourism commercialization in historic town and village[J]. Acta Geo?graphica Sinica, 2014, 69(2):268-277.]
[27]戴湘毅,阙维民.浙江矾山矾矿遗产的遗产价值与保护建议[J].矿业研究与开发, 2013, 33(2):77-83.[Dai X Y, Que W M. Heri?tage value and conservation proposals on Fanshan Alunite Mining in Zhejiang Province[J]. Mining Research and Development, 2013,33(2):77-83.]
[28]王昕,陈社英.社区精英的概念、分类及发展路径[J].佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版), 2016, 34(4):7-11.[Wang X, Chen S Y. Concept, classification and development of community elites[J]. Journal of Foshan University(Social Science Edition), 2016, 34(4):7-11.]
[29]李向阳,余怀东,张炳钩.苍南拿出5个亿把矾矿建成公园[EB/OL].(2005-05-02)[2018-09-12]. http://news.sohu.com/20050502/n225425634.shtml.[Li X Y, Yu H D, Zhang B G. Cangnan County Will Spend￥500 Million to Build Fanshan Alunite Mining as a Park[EB/OL].(2005-05-02)[2018-09-12]. http://news.sohu.com/20050502/n225425634.shtml.]
[30]王星.福德湾:世界矾都“活遗址”[EB/OL].(2016-10-03)[2018-09-12]. http://www.cnxw.com.cn/system/2016/10/03/012517699.shtml.[Wang X. Fudewan:Living Heritage of World Alunite Capi?tal[EB/OL].(2016-10-03)[2018-09-12]. http://www.cnxw.com.cn/system/2016/10/03/012517699.shtml.]
[31]汪冲.资本集聚、税收互动与纵向税收竞争[J].经济学(季刊),2012, 11(1):19-38.[Wang C. Capital agglomeration, strategic tax interaction and vertical tax competition[J]. China Economic Quar?terly, 2012, 11(1):19-38.]
[32]王华.旅游引导的新型农村城镇化研究:以丹霞山瑶塘村与断石村为例[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(6):863-870.[Wang H. Tour?ism-driven new rural urbanization:A case study of Yaotang Vil?lage and Duanshi Village in the Danxia Mountain in 1980-2014[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(6):863-870.]
[33]钟晓华.“嵌入”还是“搅动”:外部精英介入社区营造的路径[J].南京社会科学, 2018,(7):87-93.[Zhong X H. Embeddedness or agitation:Research on the external elites intervention modes in community empowerment[J]. Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences,2018,(7):87-93.]