春秋季节奶牛舍内外气载微生物的时空变化
|
摘要
【目的】旨在研究春秋两季奶牛舍内外气载细菌和真菌的时空分布规律,为奶牛舍环境改善提供参考。【方法】选择3种建筑类型的奶牛舍,采用定点采样和培养计数法,对春秋两季奶牛场内采样区(舍内、运动场、净道和凉棚)以及牛场外采样区(牛场围墙上风向和下风向5和50m处)的气载细菌和真菌含量进行检测,并进行比较与分析。【结果】春秋两季奶牛舍内细菌含量分别为1.16×103~1.30×104和2.71×103~4.89×103 CFU/m3,真菌含量分别为163~972和517~1 065CFU/m3;春季舍内细菌和真菌含量均表现出晚上高、上午低的变化规律,秋季上午、中午和晚上舍内细菌含量无显著性差异(P>0.05),而秋季真菌含量则表现为上午显著低于中午和晚上的规律(P<0.05);从奶牛舍内和场内净道微生物的空间分布上,春秋两季舍内细菌含量分别是净道的1.9~5.5和1.2~2.8倍;牛场外采样区的细菌和真菌含量均未表现出一致的空间分布规律,春秋两季大部分的场外采样区真菌含量与牛场内采样区未表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】奶牛舍的气载微生物含量与检测时间、建筑类型密切相关,部分奶牛场外的气载微生物含量高于场内。
【Objective】The objective of the study was to investigate the temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne bacteria and fungi of dairy cowsheds in spring and autumn so as to provide basis for improving environment of cowsheds.【Method】The fixed site sampling and plate counting methods were applied and the sampled sites included three styles of cowsheds.Exercise yards,net roads,sunshades,and 5or 50 m upwind or downwind areas outside the dairy farm were sampled.【Result】Indoor concentrations of airborne bacteria ranged from 1.16×103 to 1.30×104 CFU/m~3 in spring and from 2.71×103 to 4.89×103 CFU/m~3 in autumn,and indoor concentrations of fungi ranged from 163 to 972CFU/m~3 in spring and from 517 to 1 065CFU/m~3 in autumn.Among three time periods in spring,indoor concentrations of both bacteria and fungi were the highest in evening and lowest in morning,while the bacteria concentrations had no significant difference among three time periods in autumn(P>0.05),and the fungi concentrations in morning were significantly lower than that in evening and at noon in autumn.Indoor bacteriaconcentrations were higher than that at net roads in both seasons,reaching to 1.9-5.5folds of concentrations at net roads in spring and 1.2-2.8folds in autumn.The bacteria and fungi concentrations showed no consistent spatial variation,and the fungi concentration at major sampling sites outside farms had no significant difference from the inside concentrations in both seasons(P>0.05).【Conclusion】The microorganism concentrations were related to cowsheds style and detection time,and outside concentrations of some farms were higher than inside concentrations.
【Objective】The objective of the study was to investigate the temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne bacteria and fungi of dairy cowsheds in spring and autumn so as to provide basis for improving environment of cowsheds.【Method】The fixed site sampling and plate counting methods were applied and the sampled sites included three styles of cowsheds.Exercise yards,net roads,sunshades,and 5or 50 m upwind or downwind areas outside the dairy farm were sampled.【Result】Indoor concentrations of airborne bacteria ranged from 1.16×103 to 1.30×104 CFU/m~3 in spring and from 2.71×103 to 4.89×103 CFU/m~3 in autumn,and indoor concentrations of fungi ranged from 163 to 972CFU/m~3 in spring and from 517 to 1 065CFU/m~3 in autumn.Among three time periods in spring,indoor concentrations of both bacteria and fungi were the highest in evening and lowest in morning,while the bacteria concentrations had no significant difference among three time periods in autumn(P>0.05),and the fungi concentrations in morning were significantly lower than that in evening and at noon in autumn.Indoor bacteriaconcentrations were higher than that at net roads in both seasons,reaching to 1.9-5.5folds of concentrations at net roads in spring and 1.2-2.8folds in autumn.The bacteria and fungi concentrations showed no consistent spatial variation,and the fungi concentration at major sampling sites outside farms had no significant difference from the inside concentrations in both seasons(P>0.05).【Conclusion】The microorganism concentrations were related to cowsheds style and detection time,and outside concentrations of some farms were higher than inside concentrations.
引文
[1]Dungan R S.Fate and transport of bioaerosols associated with livestock operations and manures[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(11):3693-3706.
[2]张红双,秦梅,柴同杰,等.不同养殖环境对商品肉鸡免疫功能的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2011,30(1):34-38.Zhang H S,Qin M,Chai T J,et al.Effects of different breeding environments on broilers’immune function[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2011,30(1):34-38.
[3]Cambra-Lopez M,Aarnink A J A,Zhao Y,et al.Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems:a review of an air pollution problem[J].Environment Pollution,2010,158(1):1-17.
[4]Matkovic K,Vucemilo M,Vinkovic B,et al.Airborne fungi in a dairy barn with emphasis on microclimate and emissions[J].Veterinarski Arhiv,2009,79(3):207-218.
[5]Schartz J.Is there harvesting in the association of airborne particles with daily deaths and hospital admissions[J].Epidemiology,2001,12(1):55-61.
[6]Robinson N E,Derksen F J,Olzeweski M A,et al.The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses[J].British Veterinary Journal,1996,152(3):283-306.
[7]柴同杰,张绍学,Wolfgang M.乳牛舍内外环境空气中需氧菌、厌氧菌以及产气荚膜杆菌[J].中国兽医学报,1999,19(6):612-615.Chai T J,Zhang S X,Wolfgang M.Concentration of airborne anaerobic bacteria in cow stable and its vicinity in preference to clostridium perfringens[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science,1999,19(6):612-615.
[8]段会勇,朱永红,梁岩.牛舍内微生物气溶胶含量检测[J].中国草食动物科学,2013,33(3):47-50.Duan H Y,Zhu Y H,Liang Y.Detection of microbiological aerosol concentration in cow houses[J].China Herbivore Science,2013,33(3):47-50.
[9]Dungan R S,Leytem A B,Bjorneberg D L.Concentrations of airborne endotoxin and microorganisms at a 10 000-cow openfreestall dairy[J].Journal Animal Science,2011,89(10):3300-3309.
[10]Joo H S,Ndegwa P M,Heber A J,et al.Particulate matter dynamics in naturally ventilated freestall dairy barns[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,69(3):182-190.
[11]Silvana P,Cristin B,Diugan E A.Microbiological air quality in tie-stall dairy barns and some factors that influence it[J].African Journal Agricultural Research,2011,6(32):6726-6734.
[12]刘敬博,柴同杰,苗增民,等.奶牛舍环境中气载微生物含量的检测[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):56-60.Liu J B,Chai T J,Miao Z M,et al.Concentration detection of airborne microbes in cow environments[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2010,38(5):56-60.
[13]钟召兵,王宁.养殖环境细菌微生物气溶胶粒径分布及其健康危害评价[J].中国动物检疫,2014,31(11):101-105.Zhong Z B,Wang N.The size distrition and health risk assessment of microbe bacterial aerosol in livestock and poultry house[J].China Animal Health Inspection,2014,31(11):101-105.
[14]Duchaine C,Meriaux A,Brochu G,et al.Airborne microflora in Quebec dairy farms:back effect of bacterial hay preservatives[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1999,60(1):89-95.
[15]Matkovic K,Vucemilo M,Vinkovic B,et al.Qualitative structure of airborne bacteria and fungi in dairy barn and nearby environment[J].Czech Journal Animal Science,2007,52(8):249-254.
[16]宋志文,王琳,任杰,等.青岛市区春、夏季生物气溶胶浓度分布及特征[J].青岛理工大学学报,2014,35(3):1-6.Song Z W,Wang L,Ren J,et al.Concentration distribution and characteristics of airborne microbes in springand summer in Qingdao[J].Journal of Qingdao Technological University,2014,35(3):1-6.
[17]Giorgio C D,Krempff A,Guifaud H,et al.Atmospheric pollution by airborne microorganism in the city of Marseilles[J].Atomospheric Enviornment,1996,10(1):155-160.
[18]武静.呼和浩特市气传致敏真菌曝皿调查分析[J].现代预防医学,2015,42(3):418-419.Wu J.The survey and analysis of airborne fungi in Hohhot[J].Modern Preventive Medicine,2015,42(3):418-419.
[19]高玉红,曹玉凤,于海川,等.不同类型肉牛舍内外空气中细菌含量的比较研究[J].家畜生态学报,2013,34(2):49-52.Gao Y H,Cao Y F,Yu H C,et al.Evaluation on bacteria concentration in air inside and outside beef buildings[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology,2013,34(2):49-52.
[2]张红双,秦梅,柴同杰,等.不同养殖环境对商品肉鸡免疫功能的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2011,30(1):34-38.Zhang H S,Qin M,Chai T J,et al.Effects of different breeding environments on broilers’immune function[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2011,30(1):34-38.
[3]Cambra-Lopez M,Aarnink A J A,Zhao Y,et al.Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems:a review of an air pollution problem[J].Environment Pollution,2010,158(1):1-17.
[4]Matkovic K,Vucemilo M,Vinkovic B,et al.Airborne fungi in a dairy barn with emphasis on microclimate and emissions[J].Veterinarski Arhiv,2009,79(3):207-218.
[5]Schartz J.Is there harvesting in the association of airborne particles with daily deaths and hospital admissions[J].Epidemiology,2001,12(1):55-61.
[6]Robinson N E,Derksen F J,Olzeweski M A,et al.The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses[J].British Veterinary Journal,1996,152(3):283-306.
[7]柴同杰,张绍学,Wolfgang M.乳牛舍内外环境空气中需氧菌、厌氧菌以及产气荚膜杆菌[J].中国兽医学报,1999,19(6):612-615.Chai T J,Zhang S X,Wolfgang M.Concentration of airborne anaerobic bacteria in cow stable and its vicinity in preference to clostridium perfringens[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science,1999,19(6):612-615.
[8]段会勇,朱永红,梁岩.牛舍内微生物气溶胶含量检测[J].中国草食动物科学,2013,33(3):47-50.Duan H Y,Zhu Y H,Liang Y.Detection of microbiological aerosol concentration in cow houses[J].China Herbivore Science,2013,33(3):47-50.
[9]Dungan R S,Leytem A B,Bjorneberg D L.Concentrations of airborne endotoxin and microorganisms at a 10 000-cow openfreestall dairy[J].Journal Animal Science,2011,89(10):3300-3309.
[10]Joo H S,Ndegwa P M,Heber A J,et al.Particulate matter dynamics in naturally ventilated freestall dairy barns[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,69(3):182-190.
[11]Silvana P,Cristin B,Diugan E A.Microbiological air quality in tie-stall dairy barns and some factors that influence it[J].African Journal Agricultural Research,2011,6(32):6726-6734.
[12]刘敬博,柴同杰,苗增民,等.奶牛舍环境中气载微生物含量的检测[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(5):56-60.Liu J B,Chai T J,Miao Z M,et al.Concentration detection of airborne microbes in cow environments[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2010,38(5):56-60.
[13]钟召兵,王宁.养殖环境细菌微生物气溶胶粒径分布及其健康危害评价[J].中国动物检疫,2014,31(11):101-105.Zhong Z B,Wang N.The size distrition and health risk assessment of microbe bacterial aerosol in livestock and poultry house[J].China Animal Health Inspection,2014,31(11):101-105.
[14]Duchaine C,Meriaux A,Brochu G,et al.Airborne microflora in Quebec dairy farms:back effect of bacterial hay preservatives[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1999,60(1):89-95.
[15]Matkovic K,Vucemilo M,Vinkovic B,et al.Qualitative structure of airborne bacteria and fungi in dairy barn and nearby environment[J].Czech Journal Animal Science,2007,52(8):249-254.
[16]宋志文,王琳,任杰,等.青岛市区春、夏季生物气溶胶浓度分布及特征[J].青岛理工大学学报,2014,35(3):1-6.Song Z W,Wang L,Ren J,et al.Concentration distribution and characteristics of airborne microbes in springand summer in Qingdao[J].Journal of Qingdao Technological University,2014,35(3):1-6.
[17]Giorgio C D,Krempff A,Guifaud H,et al.Atmospheric pollution by airborne microorganism in the city of Marseilles[J].Atomospheric Enviornment,1996,10(1):155-160.
[18]武静.呼和浩特市气传致敏真菌曝皿调查分析[J].现代预防医学,2015,42(3):418-419.Wu J.The survey and analysis of airborne fungi in Hohhot[J].Modern Preventive Medicine,2015,42(3):418-419.
[19]高玉红,曹玉凤,于海川,等.不同类型肉牛舍内外空气中细菌含量的比较研究[J].家畜生态学报,2013,34(2):49-52.Gao Y H,Cao Y F,Yu H C,et al.Evaluation on bacteria concentration in air inside and outside beef buildings[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology,2013,34(2):49-52.