基于PSR模型的城市生态安全评价与贡献度研究——以铜川市为例
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摘要
以铜川市为例进行城市生态安全评价和指标分析,采用压力-状态-响应模型和层次分析法构建出含有项目、因素、指标的铜川市生态安全评价体系。通过生态不安全指数定量表示城市的生态安全状况,对铜川市2014—2016年的生态安全状况进行了综合评价,并计算分析了各指标对城市总体生态不安全指数的贡献度。结果表明,铜川市的生态安全处于"临界安全"状态,并呈现逐渐向好的发展趋势。人均灌溉农田面积、地表水环境质量、环境空气质量和环保投资占GDP比例对铜川市生态不安全指数贡献度较大,应给予重视。
The paper intends to provide a scientific basis for the transition and sustainable development of the resource-based cities in China western area by taking Tongchuan as a case study sample. And,for the said purpose,we have conducted an ecological security evaluation over the city and analyzed the industrial and economic indicators of the city in the given paper,based on the characteristic analysis and the demands of its urban area development,in reference to the currently existing evaluation indicators of the urban ecological security via the pressure-state-response model. The city's urban ecological security evaluation system can be made up of 3 projects,8 factors and 29 indicators. With the population explosion and urbanization acceleration,more and more attention of the city has been paid to the urban ecological security improvement,which has now become an important issue to its economic and urban transition. What is more,the urban ecological security indicators have also been involved in and determined by the analytic hierarchical process,as well as the relative importance matrices of all the evaluation indicators. Hence,it comes just from the said ecological insecurity indexes that the paper has made a quantitative analysis of the current state of the ecological security of the city with its ecological security level from 2014 to 2016 through careful calculation and analysis of each indicator to the ecological insecurity of the city. The results demonstrate that the ecological insecurity indexes of the city have been reduced from 0. 310 in 2014 to 0. 303 in 2016,which suggests that the ecological security of the city has come to a "critical security" status-in-situ. It implies that the positive development tendency has mainly contributed to the improvement of the human environment in the recent years. For example,the top 4 contributive indicators,i. e. per capita area of the irrigated farmland,the surface water environment quality,the environmental air quality and the ratio of the environmental investment to the GDP prove to take up 15. 2%,13. 6%,11. 1% and 9. 7% of the ecological insecurity indexes of the city,respectively. Therefore,through the above analysis of the main indicators,the paper has also brought about corresponding measures and suggestions for its further development purposefully.
The paper intends to provide a scientific basis for the transition and sustainable development of the resource-based cities in China western area by taking Tongchuan as a case study sample. And,for the said purpose,we have conducted an ecological security evaluation over the city and analyzed the industrial and economic indicators of the city in the given paper,based on the characteristic analysis and the demands of its urban area development,in reference to the currently existing evaluation indicators of the urban ecological security via the pressure-state-response model. The city's urban ecological security evaluation system can be made up of 3 projects,8 factors and 29 indicators. With the population explosion and urbanization acceleration,more and more attention of the city has been paid to the urban ecological security improvement,which has now become an important issue to its economic and urban transition. What is more,the urban ecological security indicators have also been involved in and determined by the analytic hierarchical process,as well as the relative importance matrices of all the evaluation indicators. Hence,it comes just from the said ecological insecurity indexes that the paper has made a quantitative analysis of the current state of the ecological security of the city with its ecological security level from 2014 to 2016 through careful calculation and analysis of each indicator to the ecological insecurity of the city. The results demonstrate that the ecological insecurity indexes of the city have been reduced from 0. 310 in 2014 to 0. 303 in 2016,which suggests that the ecological security of the city has come to a "critical security" status-in-situ. It implies that the positive development tendency has mainly contributed to the improvement of the human environment in the recent years. For example,the top 4 contributive indicators,i. e. per capita area of the irrigated farmland,the surface water environment quality,the environmental air quality and the ratio of the environmental investment to the GDP prove to take up 15. 2%,13. 6%,11. 1% and 9. 7% of the ecological insecurity indexes of the city,respectively. Therefore,through the above analysis of the main indicators,the paper has also brought about corresponding measures and suggestions for its further development purposefully.
引文
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[9] CHEN Liang(陈亮),LI Aixian(李爱仙),LIU Mei(刘玫). The Regional Niche assessment of population complex ecosystems in China[J]. Urban Studies(城市发展研究),2008,15(6):33-36.
[10] LI Feng(李锋),WANG Rusong(王如松). Characteristic and ecological counter measures of urban complex ecosystem in west China[J]. China Population,Resources and Environmental(中国人口·资源与环境),2003,13(6):72-75.
[11] DU Yanchun(杜艳春),JIANG Pan(姜畔),MAO Jiansu(毛建素). Evaluation on the ecological security of Jiaozuo City based on P-S-R model[J]. Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2011,34(6G):280-285.
[12] LI Peiwu(李佩武),LI Guicai(李贵才),ZHANG Jinhua(张金花),et al. Ecological security assessment and prediction for Shenzhen[J]. Progress in Geography(地理科学进展),2009,28(2):245-252.
[13] XIAO Yali(肖亚丽),YAO Wengang(姚文刚). Ecological security assessment of Shanghai by PSR model[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute(上海船舶运输科学研究所学报),2015,38(3):1-5.
[14] ZHOU Wenhua(周文华),WANG Rusong(王如松).Methodology assessment of urban ecological security—a case study of Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2005,24(7):848-852.
[15] YANG Yong(杨勇),REN Zhiyuan(任志远),ZHAO Xin(赵昕),et al. Ecological safety assessment and counter measures of resources-based cities in West China:a case study of Tongchuan City[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2006,25(9):1109-1113.
[16] TAO Xiaoyan(陶晓燕). Urban ecological safety evaluation and trend analysis for resource-exhausted city:a case of Jiaozuo City[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2014,28(2):53-59.
[17] GUO Bin(郭斌),REN Zhiyuan(任志远). Urban ecological security dynamic research based on RS,GIS-Taking Xi'an as example[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2009,23(10):64-70.
[18] DU Zhongchao(杜忠潮),LUO Huazhong(骆华忠).Based on PSR model of urban ecological security evaluation the comparative analysis of the provincial capital cities in northwest china[J]. Journal of Xianyang Normal University(咸阳师范学院学报),2009,24(2):68-73.
[19] GUO Xiurui(郭秀锐),YANG Ying(杨莹),CHEN Dongsheng(陈东升),et al. Study on ecological evaluation of Beijing City[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2009,9(2):74-78.
[20] National Bureau of Statistics of China(中华人民共和国国家统计局). Annual data statistics of China from 2014to 2016(国家2014—2016年度数据统计)[DB].[2014—2016]. http://www. stats. gov. cn.
[21] Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国环境保护部). Indicators of ecological county,ecological city and ecological province(revised draft)(生态县、生态市、生态省建设指标(修订稿))[EB/OL].[2008-01-15]. https://max.book118. com/html/2013/0607/4105311. shtm.
[22] ZHANG Fengtai(张凤太),SU Weici(苏维词),ZHOU Jixia(周继霞). Assessment of urban ecological security based on entropy-weighted gray correlation analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2008,27(7):1249-1254.
[23] GAO Changbo(高长波),CHEN Xingeng(陈新庚),WEI Chaohai(韦朝海),et al. Application of entropy weight and fuzzy synthetic evaluation in urban ecological security assessment[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(10):1923-1927.
[24] YANG Ying(杨莹). Methodology assessment of urban ecological security—a case study of Beijing(城市生态安全评价方法研究———以北京市为例)[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2009.
[25] LI Kai(李恺). Application of analytical hierarchy process to integrate evaluation of eco-environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2009,32(2):183-185.
[26] LIANG P,DU L,YUE G. Ecological security assessment of Beijing based on PSR model[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2(2):832-841.
[2] ZHAO chunrong(赵春荣),ZHAO Wanmin(赵万民).Application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to urban eco-security assessment[J]. Enviromental Science and Technology(环境科学技术),2010,33(3):179-183.
[3] JIA Liangqing(贾良清),OUYANG Zhiyun(欧阳志云),ZHAO Tongqian(赵同谦),et al. Ecological security assessment of an urban ecosystem[J]. Ecology and Environment(生态环境),2004,1(4):592-596.
[4] QU Geping(曲格平). Focus on eco-security(I):the problems of ecological environmental have become a popular subject of country safety[J]. Environmental Protection(环境保护),2002(5):3-5.
[5] LI Peiwu(李佩武),LI Guicai(李贵才),ZHANG Jinhua(张金花),et al. Several assessment models and application analysis of urban ecological security[J]. Geographical Research(地理研究),2009,28(2):293-302.
[6] ZHOU Wenhua(周文华),WANG Rusong(王如松).An entropy weight approach on the fuzzy synthetic assessment of Beijing urban ecosystem health,China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报), 2005, 25(12):3244-3251.
[7] HAMMOND A,ADRIAANSE A,RODENBURG E,et al. Environmental indicators:a systematic approach to measuring and reporting on environmental policy performance in the context of sustainable development[M].Washrington:World Resource Institute,1995.
[8] WANG Jiayang(汪嘉杨),SONG Peizheng(宋培争),ZHANG Bi(张碧),et al. An ecological niche evaluation model of social,economic,and natural complex ecosystems:a case study in Sichuan Province[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2016,36(20):6628-6635.
[9] CHEN Liang(陈亮),LI Aixian(李爱仙),LIU Mei(刘玫). The Regional Niche assessment of population complex ecosystems in China[J]. Urban Studies(城市发展研究),2008,15(6):33-36.
[10] LI Feng(李锋),WANG Rusong(王如松). Characteristic and ecological counter measures of urban complex ecosystem in west China[J]. China Population,Resources and Environmental(中国人口·资源与环境),2003,13(6):72-75.
[11] DU Yanchun(杜艳春),JIANG Pan(姜畔),MAO Jiansu(毛建素). Evaluation on the ecological security of Jiaozuo City based on P-S-R model[J]. Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2011,34(6G):280-285.
[12] LI Peiwu(李佩武),LI Guicai(李贵才),ZHANG Jinhua(张金花),et al. Ecological security assessment and prediction for Shenzhen[J]. Progress in Geography(地理科学进展),2009,28(2):245-252.
[13] XIAO Yali(肖亚丽),YAO Wengang(姚文刚). Ecological security assessment of Shanghai by PSR model[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute(上海船舶运输科学研究所学报),2015,38(3):1-5.
[14] ZHOU Wenhua(周文华),WANG Rusong(王如松).Methodology assessment of urban ecological security—a case study of Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2005,24(7):848-852.
[15] YANG Yong(杨勇),REN Zhiyuan(任志远),ZHAO Xin(赵昕),et al. Ecological safety assessment and counter measures of resources-based cities in West China:a case study of Tongchuan City[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2006,25(9):1109-1113.
[16] TAO Xiaoyan(陶晓燕). Urban ecological safety evaluation and trend analysis for resource-exhausted city:a case of Jiaozuo City[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2014,28(2):53-59.
[17] GUO Bin(郭斌),REN Zhiyuan(任志远). Urban ecological security dynamic research based on RS,GIS-Taking Xi'an as example[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2009,23(10):64-70.
[18] DU Zhongchao(杜忠潮),LUO Huazhong(骆华忠).Based on PSR model of urban ecological security evaluation the comparative analysis of the provincial capital cities in northwest china[J]. Journal of Xianyang Normal University(咸阳师范学院学报),2009,24(2):68-73.
[19] GUO Xiurui(郭秀锐),YANG Ying(杨莹),CHEN Dongsheng(陈东升),et al. Study on ecological evaluation of Beijing City[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2009,9(2):74-78.
[20] National Bureau of Statistics of China(中华人民共和国国家统计局). Annual data statistics of China from 2014to 2016(国家2014—2016年度数据统计)[DB].[2014—2016]. http://www. stats. gov. cn.
[21] Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国环境保护部). Indicators of ecological county,ecological city and ecological province(revised draft)(生态县、生态市、生态省建设指标(修订稿))[EB/OL].[2008-01-15]. https://max.book118. com/html/2013/0607/4105311. shtm.
[22] ZHANG Fengtai(张凤太),SU Weici(苏维词),ZHOU Jixia(周继霞). Assessment of urban ecological security based on entropy-weighted gray correlation analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2008,27(7):1249-1254.
[23] GAO Changbo(高长波),CHEN Xingeng(陈新庚),WEI Chaohai(韦朝海),et al. Application of entropy weight and fuzzy synthetic evaluation in urban ecological security assessment[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(10):1923-1927.
[24] YANG Ying(杨莹). Methodology assessment of urban ecological security—a case study of Beijing(城市生态安全评价方法研究———以北京市为例)[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2009.
[25] LI Kai(李恺). Application of analytical hierarchy process to integrate evaluation of eco-environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology(环境科学与技术),2009,32(2):183-185.
[26] LIANG P,DU L,YUE G. Ecological security assessment of Beijing based on PSR model[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2(2):832-841.