以色列反恐策略及启示
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摘要
以色列在长期与恐怖主义威胁斗争实践中形成了较为完善的应对恐怖事件的预防与应急体系,包括制定反恐法、搜集情报、安全防范和去极端化等反恐策略。对《预防恐怖主义条例》进行文本分析,可知其明确了反恐标准,规定和统一了反恐的对象,以及对恐怖分子和组织的打击方式和惩戒标准。从以色列反恐历史中可以归纳概括出其多重反恐策略:设立多个情报机构,形成分工较为明确又完善的情报搜集体系;采取军事或准军事行动、斩首行动、封锁边境、经济封锁等手段,构筑全方位的安全防范体系;采取多重手段消除针对以色列的极端势力和犹太极端势力。系统综合地研究以色列反恐策略既可探析其成败得失,也可供其他国家借鉴。
引文
[1]古丽阿扎提·吐尔逊.以色列反恐机制及其对我国的启示[J].新疆警察学院学报,2015(4):10-12.
[2]Marc A. Celmer,Terrorism,U.S. Strategy,and Regan Politics[M].New York:Greenwood Press,1987:85.
[3]Richard Charles Baffa.Israel Prepares to Take on Iran andHezbollah in Syria[EB/OL].(2018-02-19)[2018-05-17]. https://www.rand.org/blog/2018/02/israel-prepares-to-take-on-iran-and-hezbollah-in-syria.html.
[4]张金平.国际恐怖主义与反恐策略[M].北京:人民出版社,2012:222.
[5]中新网.以色列导弹“定点清除”行动全纪录[EB/OL].(2004-03-22)[2018-03-09].http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/yxsw/521703.htm.
[6]吴昊昙.争议中的以色列“定点清除”政策[J].阿拉伯世界研究,2018(1):73-85.
[7]Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Statement in the Knessetby Defense Minister Rabin on Terrorism[EB/OL].(1985-10-21)[2017-11-10].http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook7/Pages/101%20Statement%20in%20the%20Knesset%20by%20Defense%20Minister%20R.aspx.
[8]The Canadian Jewish News. Netanyahu Unveils Plan to Surroundall of Israel with Fence[EB/OL].(2016-02-09)[2017-11-10].http://www.cjnews.com/news/israel/netanyahu-unveils-plan-to-surround-all-of-israel-with-fence.
[9]Michael Chandler,RohanGunaratna. Countering Terrorism:CanWe Meet the Threat of Global Violence?[M].London:ReaktionBooks Ltd.,2007:150.
[10]范万栋,试论当前恐怖融资运作方式与反恐怖融资对策[J].中国刑警学院学报,2014(4):12-15.
[11]王泽东,陈静.以色列危机教育初探[J].世界教育信息,2009(1):68-71.
[12]Ben Sheppard. The Psychology of Strategic Terrorism:Public and Government Responses to Attack[M].Oxon:Routledge,2009:175.
[13]范小林.以色列:把大数据变成反恐利器[J].军事文摘,2017(4):17-19.
[14]Alastair Finlan.Warfare by Other Means:Special Forces,Terrorism and Grand Strategy[C]//Thomas RM,Paul BR.Grand Strategy in the War against Terrorism.London:FRANKCASS,2003:91.
[15]何牧,任延涛.恐怖分子极端化影响因素述评[J].中国刑警学院学报,2017(4):54-57.
(1)该条例是英国受国际联盟委托管理巴勒斯坦地区期间制定并实施的。
[2]Marc A. Celmer,Terrorism,U.S. Strategy,and Regan Politics[M].New York:Greenwood Press,1987:85.
[3]Richard Charles Baffa.Israel Prepares to Take on Iran andHezbollah in Syria[EB/OL].(2018-02-19)[2018-05-17]. https://www.rand.org/blog/2018/02/israel-prepares-to-take-on-iran-and-hezbollah-in-syria.html.
[4]张金平.国际恐怖主义与反恐策略[M].北京:人民出版社,2012:222.
[5]中新网.以色列导弹“定点清除”行动全纪录[EB/OL].(2004-03-22)[2018-03-09].http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/yxsw/521703.htm.
[6]吴昊昙.争议中的以色列“定点清除”政策[J].阿拉伯世界研究,2018(1):73-85.
[7]Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Statement in the Knessetby Defense Minister Rabin on Terrorism[EB/OL].(1985-10-21)[2017-11-10].http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook7/Pages/101%20Statement%20in%20the%20Knesset%20by%20Defense%20Minister%20R.aspx.
[8]The Canadian Jewish News. Netanyahu Unveils Plan to Surroundall of Israel with Fence[EB/OL].(2016-02-09)[2017-11-10].http://www.cjnews.com/news/israel/netanyahu-unveils-plan-to-surround-all-of-israel-with-fence.
[9]Michael Chandler,RohanGunaratna. Countering Terrorism:CanWe Meet the Threat of Global Violence?[M].London:ReaktionBooks Ltd.,2007:150.
[10]范万栋,试论当前恐怖融资运作方式与反恐怖融资对策[J].中国刑警学院学报,2014(4):12-15.
[11]王泽东,陈静.以色列危机教育初探[J].世界教育信息,2009(1):68-71.
[12]Ben Sheppard. The Psychology of Strategic Terrorism:Public and Government Responses to Attack[M].Oxon:Routledge,2009:175.
[13]范小林.以色列:把大数据变成反恐利器[J].军事文摘,2017(4):17-19.
[14]Alastair Finlan.Warfare by Other Means:Special Forces,Terrorism and Grand Strategy[C]//Thomas RM,Paul BR.Grand Strategy in the War against Terrorism.London:FRANKCASS,2003:91.
[15]何牧,任延涛.恐怖分子极端化影响因素述评[J].中国刑警学院学报,2017(4):54-57.
(1)该条例是英国受国际联盟委托管理巴勒斯坦地区期间制定并实施的。