滇池流域沉水植物衰退和消失驱动因子的研究
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摘要
为了研究滇池流域沉水植物衰退和消失的驱动因子,该文通过室内控制培养沉水植物黑藻、金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜,结合沉水植物野外调查数据、水质监测数据和相关数理统计分析结果,定量分析导致沉水植物死亡衰退的驱动因子及其浓度阈值。研究结果表明氨氮是驱动沉水植物分布和群落结构变化的主导因子,氨氮与沉水植物种类的相关性最大,且呈负相关。高浓度的氨氮导致沉水植物黑藻、金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜死亡,且p H值升高时导致沉水植物死亡的氨氮浓度阈值降低。随着p H值从7升至8.5,导致黑藻死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从12 mg/L下降到2 mg/L,且导致黑藻全部死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从高于16 mg/L下降至6 mg/L,导致金鱼藻死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从高于16 mg/L下降到3 mg/L,导致篦齿眼子菜死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从高于16 mg/L下降到8 mg/L,即氨氮和p H的协同作用加快了沉水植物死亡衰退的速率。因此,氨氮和p H的协同作用是沉水植物的衰退和消失的驱动因素,且p H值越高,驱动作用越明显。
To study the driving factors for the decline and disappearance of submerged macrophytes in Dianchi Lake basin,the driving factors leading to the decline and disappearance of submerged macrophytes and its concentration threshold were quantitatively analyzed, through cultivating submerged macrophytes(Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus) under the condition of indoor control and combining with field investigation data of submerged macrophytes, water quality monitoring data and related mathematical statistics analysis results. The results showed that ammonia nitrogen was the dominant factor driving the changes of distribution and community structure of submerged macrophytes, and the correlation between ammonia nitrogen and submerged macrophytes was the highest, and was negatively correlated. The experiments showed that the high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen led to the death of Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus, and the concentration threshold of ammonia nitrogend resulting in the deaths of submerged macrophytes was reduced when the p H increased. As the p H rises from 7 to 8.5, the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the death of Hydrilla verticillata is reduced from 12 mg/L to 2 mg/L, and the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the all death of Hydrilla verticillata is reduced from more than 16 mg/L to 6 mg/L, the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the deaths of Ceratophyllum demersum is reduced from more than 16 mg/L to 3 mg/L, and the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the deaths of Potamogeton pectinatus is reduced from more than 16 mg/L to 8 mg/L.That was, the synergistic effect of ammonia nitrogen and p H value accelerated the death rate of submerged macrophytes. Therefore, the synergistic effect of ammonia nitrogen and p H is driving factors for the decline and disappearance of submerged macrophytes, and the higher p H value, the more obvious the driving effect.
To study the driving factors for the decline and disappearance of submerged macrophytes in Dianchi Lake basin,the driving factors leading to the decline and disappearance of submerged macrophytes and its concentration threshold were quantitatively analyzed, through cultivating submerged macrophytes(Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus) under the condition of indoor control and combining with field investigation data of submerged macrophytes, water quality monitoring data and related mathematical statistics analysis results. The results showed that ammonia nitrogen was the dominant factor driving the changes of distribution and community structure of submerged macrophytes, and the correlation between ammonia nitrogen and submerged macrophytes was the highest, and was negatively correlated. The experiments showed that the high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen led to the death of Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus, and the concentration threshold of ammonia nitrogend resulting in the deaths of submerged macrophytes was reduced when the p H increased. As the p H rises from 7 to 8.5, the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the death of Hydrilla verticillata is reduced from 12 mg/L to 2 mg/L, and the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the all death of Hydrilla verticillata is reduced from more than 16 mg/L to 6 mg/L, the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the deaths of Ceratophyllum demersum is reduced from more than 16 mg/L to 3 mg/L, and the lowest ammonia nitrogen concentration resulting in the deaths of Potamogeton pectinatus is reduced from more than 16 mg/L to 8 mg/L.That was, the synergistic effect of ammonia nitrogen and p H value accelerated the death rate of submerged macrophytes. Therefore, the synergistic effect of ammonia nitrogen and p H is driving factors for the decline and disappearance of submerged macrophytes, and the higher p H value, the more obvious the driving effect.
引文
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[15]周虹霞,孔德平,范亦农,等.滇池大型水生植物研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(S2):187-202.Zhou Hongxia,Kong Deping,Fan Yinong,et al.Research progress of aquatic macrophytes in Dianchi Lake[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,36(S2):187-202.
[16]沈亚强,王海军,刘学勤.滇中五湖水生植物区系与沉水植物群落特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(S1):111-119.Shen Yaqiang,Wang Haijun,Liu Xueqin.Aquatic flora and assemblage characteristics of submerged macrophytes in five lakes of the central Yunnan Province[J].Resource and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(S1):111-119.
[17]陈洪达.武汉东湖水生维管束植物群落的结构和动态[J].海洋与湖沼,1980,11(3):275-283.Chen Hongda.Structure and dynamics of aquatic vascular plants in East Lake,Wuhan[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1980,11(3):275-283.
[18]崔心红,陈家宽,李伟.长江中下游湖泊水生植被调查方法[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(4):357-361.Cui Xinhong,Chen Jiakuan,Li Wei.Survey methods on aquatic macrophyte vegetation in lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River[J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,1999,17(4):357-361.
[19]文航,蔡佳亮,苏玉,等.利用水生生物指标识别滇池流域入湖河流水质污染因子及其空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(1):69-80.Wen Hang,Cai Jialiang,Su Yu,et al.Identification of water pollution factors and their spatial distribution with aquatic bioindicators in streams of Lake Dianchi watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(1):69-80.
[20]施海彬,多重环境压力下云南典型湖泊枝角类群落变化的时空模式识别[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2016.Shi Haibin.Temporal and Spatial Pattern Recognition of Cladocera Community Change under Multiple Environmental Pressure in Yunnan Typical Lake[D].Kunming:Yunnan Normal University,2016.
[21]Ter Braak,CJF,Smilauer P.CANOCO Reference Manual and User’S Guide to Canoco for Windows(Version 4)[R].New York:Centre for Biometry Wageningen,1998.
[22]赖江山.数量生态学—R语言的运用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.Lai Jiangshan.Numerical Ecology with R[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2014.
[23]颜昌宙,曾阿妍,金相灿,等.不同浓度氨氮对轮叶黑藻的生理影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(3):1051-1055.Yan Changzhou,Zeng Ayan,Jin Xiangcan,et al.Physiological effects of ammonia-nitrogen concentrations on Hydrilla verticillata[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(3):1051-1055.
[24]金相灿,郭俊秀,许秋瑾,等.不同质量浓度氨氮对轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻抗氧化酶系统的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(1):1-5.Jin Xiangcan,Guo Junxiu,Xu Qiujin,et al.Effects of different concentrations of NH4+on antioxidant system of Hydrilla verticillata and Myriophyllum spicatum[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(1):1-5.
[25]陈小林.云南高原湖泊硅藻群落与生物多样性的分布特征研究[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2016.Chen Xiaolin.The Study on Distribution Characteristics of Diatom Communities and Biodiversity in Yunnan Plateau Lakes[D].Kunming:Yunnan Normal University,2016.
[2]王圣瑞.滇池水环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.Wang Shengrui.Water Environment in Lake Dianchi[M].Beijing:Science Press Ltd,2015.
[3]Melzer A.Aquatic macrophytes as tools for lake management[J].Hydrobiologia,1999,395/396:181-190.
[4]Moss B.Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration for eutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities are important components[J].Hydrobilolgia,1990,200/201:367-377.
[5]李文朝,连光华.几种沉水植物营养繁殖体萌发的光需求研究[J].湖泊科学,1996,8(S):25-29.Li Wenchao,Lian Guanghua.Light demand for brood-bud germination of submerged plant[J].Journal of Lake Science,1996,8(S):25-29.
[6]任久长,周红,孙亦彤.滇池光照强度的垂直分布与沉水植物的光补偿深度[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,1997,33(2):211-214.Ren Jiuchang,Zhou Hong,Sun Yitong.Vertical distribution of light intensity and light compensation depth of submerged macrophyte in Lake Dianchi[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,1997,33(2):211-214.
[7]包先明,陈开宁,范成新,等.种植沉水植物和疏浚底泥对氮磷营养水平的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(5):932-935.Bao Xianming,Chen Kaining,Fan Chengxin,et al.Effects of growth of submerged macrophytes on nutrient level of dredged sediments of a eutrophic lake[J].Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(5):932-935.
[8]Comin F A,Menendez M,Lucena J K.Proposal for macrophyte restoration in eutrophic costal lagoons[J].Hydrobiologia,1990,200/201:427-436.
[9]黎尚豪,余敏娟,李光正,等.云南高原湖泊调查[J].海洋与湖沼,1963,5(2):87-114.Li Shanghao,Yu Minjuan,Li Guangzheng,et al.Limnological survey of the lakes of Yunnan Plateau[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1963,5(2):87-114.
[10]李恒.云南高原湖泊水生植被研究[J].云南植物研究,1980,2(2):113-141.Li Heng.A study on the lake vegetation of Yunnan Plateau[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1980,2(2):113-141.
[11]曲仲湘.滇池污染和水生生物[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1983.Qu Zhongxiang.Pollution and Aquatic Organisms in Lake Dianchi[M].Kunming:Yunnan People’s Publishing House,1983.
[12]戴全裕.云南扶仙湖、洱海、滇池水生植被的生态特征[J].生态学报,1985,5(4):324-335.Dai Quanyu.The ecological characteristics of the aquatic vegetations in the lakes of Fuxianhu,Erhai and Dianchi in Yunnan Planteau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinic,1985,5(4):324-335.
[13]赵晟,吴学灿,夏峰.滇池水生植被研究概述[J].云南环境科学,1999,18(3):4-8.Zhao Sheng,Wu Xuecan,Xia Feng.On aquatic plant in Dianchi Lake[J].Yunnan Environmental Science,1999,18(3):4-8.
[14]余国营,刘永定,丘昌强.滇池水生植被演替及其与水环境的关系[J].湖泊科学,2000(3):34-36.Yu Guoying,Liu Yongding,Qiu Changqiang.Macrophyte succession in Dianchi Lake and relations with the environment[J].Journal of Lake Science,2000(3):34-36.
[15]周虹霞,孔德平,范亦农,等.滇池大型水生植物研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(S2):187-202.Zhou Hongxia,Kong Deping,Fan Yinong,et al.Research progress of aquatic macrophytes in Dianchi Lake[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,36(S2):187-202.
[16]沈亚强,王海军,刘学勤.滇中五湖水生植物区系与沉水植物群落特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(S1):111-119.Shen Yaqiang,Wang Haijun,Liu Xueqin.Aquatic flora and assemblage characteristics of submerged macrophytes in five lakes of the central Yunnan Province[J].Resource and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(S1):111-119.
[17]陈洪达.武汉东湖水生维管束植物群落的结构和动态[J].海洋与湖沼,1980,11(3):275-283.Chen Hongda.Structure and dynamics of aquatic vascular plants in East Lake,Wuhan[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1980,11(3):275-283.
[18]崔心红,陈家宽,李伟.长江中下游湖泊水生植被调查方法[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(4):357-361.Cui Xinhong,Chen Jiakuan,Li Wei.Survey methods on aquatic macrophyte vegetation in lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River[J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,1999,17(4):357-361.
[19]文航,蔡佳亮,苏玉,等.利用水生生物指标识别滇池流域入湖河流水质污染因子及其空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(1):69-80.Wen Hang,Cai Jialiang,Su Yu,et al.Identification of water pollution factors and their spatial distribution with aquatic bioindicators in streams of Lake Dianchi watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(1):69-80.
[20]施海彬,多重环境压力下云南典型湖泊枝角类群落变化的时空模式识别[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2016.Shi Haibin.Temporal and Spatial Pattern Recognition of Cladocera Community Change under Multiple Environmental Pressure in Yunnan Typical Lake[D].Kunming:Yunnan Normal University,2016.
[21]Ter Braak,CJF,Smilauer P.CANOCO Reference Manual and User’S Guide to Canoco for Windows(Version 4)[R].New York:Centre for Biometry Wageningen,1998.
[22]赖江山.数量生态学—R语言的运用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.Lai Jiangshan.Numerical Ecology with R[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2014.
[23]颜昌宙,曾阿妍,金相灿,等.不同浓度氨氮对轮叶黑藻的生理影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(3):1051-1055.Yan Changzhou,Zeng Ayan,Jin Xiangcan,et al.Physiological effects of ammonia-nitrogen concentrations on Hydrilla verticillata[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(3):1051-1055.
[24]金相灿,郭俊秀,许秋瑾,等.不同质量浓度氨氮对轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻抗氧化酶系统的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(1):1-5.Jin Xiangcan,Guo Junxiu,Xu Qiujin,et al.Effects of different concentrations of NH4+on antioxidant system of Hydrilla verticillata and Myriophyllum spicatum[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(1):1-5.
[25]陈小林.云南高原湖泊硅藻群落与生物多样性的分布特征研究[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2016.Chen Xiaolin.The Study on Distribution Characteristics of Diatom Communities and Biodiversity in Yunnan Plateau Lakes[D].Kunming:Yunnan Normal University,2016.