垃圾填埋场渗沥液击穿防渗系统的指示污染物研究
|
摘要
中国垃圾填埋场渗沥液中的污染物种类繁多,成分复杂,污染物击穿填埋场防渗系统,造成地下水以及土壤污染已成为填埋场环境安全问题中最为关注的问题之一。目前以什么标准判断击穿,以何种污染物作为指示污染物计算击穿时间并评价防渗系统的防污性能尚不明确。针对这一问题,以中国6个典型填埋场内代表性污染物的平均浓度为初始浓度,以中国相关环境标准中规定的各类污染物极限浓度作为污染浓度,建立污染物在复合防渗系统中的一维对流–弥散有限元模型。通过计算各类污染物在填埋场防渗系统中的击穿规律和击穿时间发现,相比重金属和持久性有机污染物,有机污染物(COD)最早击穿防渗系统,有机污染物(COD)可作为判定击穿的指示污染物,击穿HDPE土工膜单层和双层复合垫层的时间分别为84.2 a和122.6 a;而击穿时间主要受污染物的初始浓度、规定的污染浓度和污染物的迁移弥散参数共同影响。这一结果可为填埋场防渗系统击穿时间的计算和防污性能的评价提供参考。
The leachate of the landfills in China consists of different pollutants and has complex composition. Breaking through anti-seepage system and contaminating the underground water and soil by pollutants have become the concern of environmental safety for landfills. However, the criteria of breakthrough and the indicating pollutant used to calculate the time of breakthrough and evaluate the performance of the anti-seepage system are not clear. To solve this problem, based on the concentration of average pollutants in six typical landfills in China and the limit concentrations for different pollutants in environmental standards, one-dimensional advection-dispersion finite element models are established. Compared with heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants(POPs), COD breaks through the anti-seepage system first, and it can be regarded as the indicating pollutant to determine the breakthrough time. The time of breaking through the single and double HDPE composite liners is 84.2 years and 122.6 years. The breakthrough time is influenced by the initial pollutant concentration, limit pollutant concentration and parameters of pollutant migration together. The results can be a reference for calculating the breakthrough time and evaluating the performance of the anti-seepage system.
The leachate of the landfills in China consists of different pollutants and has complex composition. Breaking through anti-seepage system and contaminating the underground water and soil by pollutants have become the concern of environmental safety for landfills. However, the criteria of breakthrough and the indicating pollutant used to calculate the time of breakthrough and evaluate the performance of the anti-seepage system are not clear. To solve this problem, based on the concentration of average pollutants in six typical landfills in China and the limit concentrations for different pollutants in environmental standards, one-dimensional advection-dispersion finite element models are established. Compared with heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants(POPs), COD breaks through the anti-seepage system first, and it can be regarded as the indicating pollutant to determine the breakthrough time. The time of breaking through the single and double HDPE composite liners is 84.2 years and 122.6 years. The breakthrough time is influenced by the initial pollutant concentration, limit pollutant concentration and parameters of pollutant migration together. The results can be a reference for calculating the breakthrough time and evaluating the performance of the anti-seepage system.
引文
[1]陈云敏,施建勇,朱伟,等.环境岩土工程研究综述[J].土木工程学报,2012,45(4):165–182.(CHEN Yun-min,SHI Jian-yong,ZHU Wei,et al.A review of geoenvironmental engineering[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2012,45(4):165–182.(in Chinese))
[2]陈云敏,谢焰,詹良通.城市生活垃圾填埋场固液气耦合一维固结模型[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(2):184–190.(CHEN Yun-min,XIE Yan,ZHAN Liang-tong.Onedimensional consolidation model for landfills considering solid-liquid-gas interaction[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(2):184–190.(in Chinese))
[3]关驰.基于污染物运移的填埋场屏障系统服役性能评价方法研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.(GUANG Chi.A study on contaminant migration based performance of landfill barrier systems[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.(in Chinese))
[4]王松林.超声处理垃圾渗沥液及有机污染物的研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2006.(WANG Song-lin.Study on treatment of landfill leachate and organic pollutants by ultrasonic irradiation[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science&Technology,2006.(in Chinese))
[5]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.(DAI Shu-gui.Environmental chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2006.(in Chinese))
[6]张自杰.排水工程(下册)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.(ZHANG Zi-jie.Sewerage wasterwater engineering(Vol.2)[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[7]詹良通,陈如海,陈云敏,等.重金属在某简易垃圾填埋场底部及周边土层扩散勘查与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(6):853–861.(ZHAN Liang-tong,CHEN Ru-hai,CHEN Yun-min,et al.Migration of heavy metals in soil strata below and around a simple dump of MSWs[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(6):853–861.(in Chinese))
[8]罗泽娇,赵俊英,靳孟贵.武汉市某垃圾填埋场重金属对环境污染的研究[J].地质科技情报,2003,22(3):87–91.(LUO Ze-jiao,ZHAO Jun-ying,JIN Meng-gui.Study on heavy metal to environmental pollution from an old landfill in Wuhan,Hubei province[J].Geological science and technology Information,2003,22(3):87–91.(in Chinese))
[9]何厚波,熊杨,周敬超.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的特点及处理技术[J].环境卫生工程,2002,10(4):159–163.(HE Hou-bo,XIONG Yang,ZHOU Jing-chao.The characteristic and treatment technology of municipal solid waste landfill leachate[J].Environmental Sanitation Engineering,2002,10(4):159–163.(in Chinese))
[10]谢海建.成层介质污染物的运移机理及衬垫系统防污性能研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2008.(XIE Hai-jian.A study on contaminant transport in lavered media and the performance of landfill liner systems[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2008.(in Chinese))
[11]张兰英,张德安.垃圾渗沥液中有机污染物的污染及去除[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(2):184–188.(ZHANG Lan-ying,ZHANG De-an.Detection and removal of organic pollutants in refuse leaching[J].China Environmental Science,1998,18(2):184–188.(in Chinese))
[12]PARK J K,NIBRAS M.Mass flux of organic chemicals through polyethylene geomembranes[J].Water Environment Research,1993,65(3):227–237.
[13]ROWE R K,HRAPOVIC L,KOSARIC N.Diffusion of chloride and dichloromethane through an HDPE geomembrane[J].Geosynthetics International,1995,2(3):507–536.
[14]孙晋伟,黄益宗,石孟春,等.土壤重金属生物毒性研究进展[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2861–2869.(SUN Jin-wei,HUANG Yi-zong,SHI Meng-chun,et al.The review of heavy metals biotoxicity in soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2861–2869.(in Chinese))
[15]刘庭发,张鹏伟,温庆博,等.填埋场防渗垫层服役性能数值模型研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(增刊1):275–281.(LIU Ting-fa,ZHANG Peng-wei,WEN Qing-bo,et al.Numerical study on performance of anti-seepage liner of landfills[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(S1):275–281.(in Chinese))
[16]FOOSE G J.A steady-state approach for evaluating the impact of solute transport through composite liners on groundwater quality[J].Waste Management,2010,30(8):1577–1586.
[17]谢海建,詹良通,陈云敏,等.中国四类衬垫系统防污性能的比较分析[J].土木工程学报,2011,44(7):133–141.(XIE Hai-jian,ZHAN Liang-tong,CHEN Yun-min,et al.Comparison of the performance of four types of liner systems in China[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2011,44(7):133–141.(in Chinese))
[18]詹良通,曾兴,李育超,等.高水头条件下氯离子击穿高岭土衬垫的离心模型试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,2012,29(2):83–89.(ZHAN Liang-tong,ZENG Xing,LI Yu-Chao,et al.Centrifuge modeling for chloridion breaking through kaolin clay liner with high hydraulic head[J].Journal of Yangtze River Research Institute.2012,29(2):83–89.(in Chinese))
[19]GB 5749—2006生活饮用水标准检验方法[S].2006.(GB5749—2006 Standard examination methods for drinking water[S].2006.(in Chinese))
[20]GB/T 14848—93地下水环境质量标准[S].1994.(GB/T14848—93 Quality standard for ground water[S].1994.(in Chinese))
[21]GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准.2002.(GB 3838—2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].2002.(in Chinese))
[22]NISHIGAKI M,HISHIYA T,HASHIMOTO N,et al.The numerical method for saturated-unsaturated fluid-density-dependent groundwater flow with mass transport[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,JSCE,1995,501(III-30):135–144.(in Japanese)
[23]CJJ 113—2007生活垃圾卫生填埋场防渗系统工程技术规范[S].2007.(CJJ 113—2007 Technical code for liner system of municipal solid waste landfill[S].2007.(in Chinese))
[24]GENUCHTEN M T v.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892–898.
[25]MUALEM Y.Hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media:generalized macroscopic approach[J].Water Resources Research,1978,14(2):325–334.
[26]朱伟,程南军,陈学东,等.浅谈非饱和渗流的几个基本问题[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(2):235–240.(ZHU Wei,CHENG Nan-jun,CHEN Xue-dong,et al.Some fundamental problems of unsaturated seepage[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(2):235–240.(in Chinese))
[27]詹良通,刘伟,陈云敏,等.某简易垃圾填埋场渗滤液在场底天然土层迁移模拟与长期预测[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(8):1714–1723.(ZHAN Liang-tong,LIU Wei,CHEN Yun-min,et al.Numerical simulation and prediction of migration of leachate into natural soil strata under a simple MSW dump[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(8):1714–1723.(in Chinese))
[28]XIE Hai-jian,LOU Zhang-hua,CHEN Yun-min,et al.An analytical solution to contaminant advection and dispersion through a GCL/AL liner system[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,56(8):811–818.
[29]席永慧,任杰,胡中雄.污染物离子在黏土介质中扩散系数的测定[J].同济大学学报,2003,31(5):595–599.(XI Yong-hui,REN Jie,HU Zhong-xiong.Determination of diffusion coefficients of contaminant ions in clay soil[J].Journal of Tongji University,2003,31(5):595–599.(in Chinese))
[30]詹良通,刘伟,曾兴,等.垃圾填埋场污染物击穿竖向防渗帷幕时间的影响因素分析及设计厚度的简化计算公式[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(11):1988–1996.(ZHAN Liang-tong,LIU Wei,ZENG Xing,et al.Parametric study on breakthrough time of vertical cutoff wall for MSW landfills and simplified design formula for wall thickness[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(11):1988–1996.(in Chinese))
[31]张振营,吴世明,陈云敏.天子岭垃圾填埋场有机物降解规律的研究[J].岩土力学,2002,23(1):60–62.(ZHANG Zhen-ying,WU Shi-ming,CHEN Yun-min.Study on degradation law of organic substance of Tianziling MSW landfill[J].Roch and Soil Mechanics,2002,23(1):60–62.(in Chinese))
[32]ROBINSON H D,LUO M M H.Characterization and treatment of leachates from Hong Kong landfill sites[J].Water&Environment Journal,1991,5(3):326–335.
[33]CJJ 17—2004生活垃圾卫生填埋技术规范[S].2007.(CJJ17—2004 Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill[S].2007.(in Chinese))
[2]陈云敏,谢焰,詹良通.城市生活垃圾填埋场固液气耦合一维固结模型[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(2):184–190.(CHEN Yun-min,XIE Yan,ZHAN Liang-tong.Onedimensional consolidation model for landfills considering solid-liquid-gas interaction[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(2):184–190.(in Chinese))
[3]关驰.基于污染物运移的填埋场屏障系统服役性能评价方法研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.(GUANG Chi.A study on contaminant migration based performance of landfill barrier systems[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.(in Chinese))
[4]王松林.超声处理垃圾渗沥液及有机污染物的研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2006.(WANG Song-lin.Study on treatment of landfill leachate and organic pollutants by ultrasonic irradiation[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science&Technology,2006.(in Chinese))
[5]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.(DAI Shu-gui.Environmental chemistry[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2006.(in Chinese))
[6]张自杰.排水工程(下册)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.(ZHANG Zi-jie.Sewerage wasterwater engineering(Vol.2)[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2000.(in Chinese))
[7]詹良通,陈如海,陈云敏,等.重金属在某简易垃圾填埋场底部及周边土层扩散勘查与分析[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(6):853–861.(ZHAN Liang-tong,CHEN Ru-hai,CHEN Yun-min,et al.Migration of heavy metals in soil strata below and around a simple dump of MSWs[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(6):853–861.(in Chinese))
[8]罗泽娇,赵俊英,靳孟贵.武汉市某垃圾填埋场重金属对环境污染的研究[J].地质科技情报,2003,22(3):87–91.(LUO Ze-jiao,ZHAO Jun-ying,JIN Meng-gui.Study on heavy metal to environmental pollution from an old landfill in Wuhan,Hubei province[J].Geological science and technology Information,2003,22(3):87–91.(in Chinese))
[9]何厚波,熊杨,周敬超.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的特点及处理技术[J].环境卫生工程,2002,10(4):159–163.(HE Hou-bo,XIONG Yang,ZHOU Jing-chao.The characteristic and treatment technology of municipal solid waste landfill leachate[J].Environmental Sanitation Engineering,2002,10(4):159–163.(in Chinese))
[10]谢海建.成层介质污染物的运移机理及衬垫系统防污性能研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2008.(XIE Hai-jian.A study on contaminant transport in lavered media and the performance of landfill liner systems[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2008.(in Chinese))
[11]张兰英,张德安.垃圾渗沥液中有机污染物的污染及去除[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(2):184–188.(ZHANG Lan-ying,ZHANG De-an.Detection and removal of organic pollutants in refuse leaching[J].China Environmental Science,1998,18(2):184–188.(in Chinese))
[12]PARK J K,NIBRAS M.Mass flux of organic chemicals through polyethylene geomembranes[J].Water Environment Research,1993,65(3):227–237.
[13]ROWE R K,HRAPOVIC L,KOSARIC N.Diffusion of chloride and dichloromethane through an HDPE geomembrane[J].Geosynthetics International,1995,2(3):507–536.
[14]孙晋伟,黄益宗,石孟春,等.土壤重金属生物毒性研究进展[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2861–2869.(SUN Jin-wei,HUANG Yi-zong,SHI Meng-chun,et al.The review of heavy metals biotoxicity in soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2861–2869.(in Chinese))
[15]刘庭发,张鹏伟,温庆博,等.填埋场防渗垫层服役性能数值模型研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(增刊1):275–281.(LIU Ting-fa,ZHANG Peng-wei,WEN Qing-bo,et al.Numerical study on performance of anti-seepage liner of landfills[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(S1):275–281.(in Chinese))
[16]FOOSE G J.A steady-state approach for evaluating the impact of solute transport through composite liners on groundwater quality[J].Waste Management,2010,30(8):1577–1586.
[17]谢海建,詹良通,陈云敏,等.中国四类衬垫系统防污性能的比较分析[J].土木工程学报,2011,44(7):133–141.(XIE Hai-jian,ZHAN Liang-tong,CHEN Yun-min,et al.Comparison of the performance of four types of liner systems in China[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2011,44(7):133–141.(in Chinese))
[18]詹良通,曾兴,李育超,等.高水头条件下氯离子击穿高岭土衬垫的离心模型试验研究[J].长江科学院院报,2012,29(2):83–89.(ZHAN Liang-tong,ZENG Xing,LI Yu-Chao,et al.Centrifuge modeling for chloridion breaking through kaolin clay liner with high hydraulic head[J].Journal of Yangtze River Research Institute.2012,29(2):83–89.(in Chinese))
[19]GB 5749—2006生活饮用水标准检验方法[S].2006.(GB5749—2006 Standard examination methods for drinking water[S].2006.(in Chinese))
[20]GB/T 14848—93地下水环境质量标准[S].1994.(GB/T14848—93 Quality standard for ground water[S].1994.(in Chinese))
[21]GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准.2002.(GB 3838—2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].2002.(in Chinese))
[22]NISHIGAKI M,HISHIYA T,HASHIMOTO N,et al.The numerical method for saturated-unsaturated fluid-density-dependent groundwater flow with mass transport[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,JSCE,1995,501(III-30):135–144.(in Japanese)
[23]CJJ 113—2007生活垃圾卫生填埋场防渗系统工程技术规范[S].2007.(CJJ 113—2007 Technical code for liner system of municipal solid waste landfill[S].2007.(in Chinese))
[24]GENUCHTEN M T v.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892–898.
[25]MUALEM Y.Hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media:generalized macroscopic approach[J].Water Resources Research,1978,14(2):325–334.
[26]朱伟,程南军,陈学东,等.浅谈非饱和渗流的几个基本问题[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(2):235–240.(ZHU Wei,CHENG Nan-jun,CHEN Xue-dong,et al.Some fundamental problems of unsaturated seepage[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(2):235–240.(in Chinese))
[27]詹良通,刘伟,陈云敏,等.某简易垃圾填埋场渗滤液在场底天然土层迁移模拟与长期预测[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(8):1714–1723.(ZHAN Liang-tong,LIU Wei,CHEN Yun-min,et al.Numerical simulation and prediction of migration of leachate into natural soil strata under a simple MSW dump[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(8):1714–1723.(in Chinese))
[28]XIE Hai-jian,LOU Zhang-hua,CHEN Yun-min,et al.An analytical solution to contaminant advection and dispersion through a GCL/AL liner system[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,56(8):811–818.
[29]席永慧,任杰,胡中雄.污染物离子在黏土介质中扩散系数的测定[J].同济大学学报,2003,31(5):595–599.(XI Yong-hui,REN Jie,HU Zhong-xiong.Determination of diffusion coefficients of contaminant ions in clay soil[J].Journal of Tongji University,2003,31(5):595–599.(in Chinese))
[30]詹良通,刘伟,曾兴,等.垃圾填埋场污染物击穿竖向防渗帷幕时间的影响因素分析及设计厚度的简化计算公式[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(11):1988–1996.(ZHAN Liang-tong,LIU Wei,ZENG Xing,et al.Parametric study on breakthrough time of vertical cutoff wall for MSW landfills and simplified design formula for wall thickness[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(11):1988–1996.(in Chinese))
[31]张振营,吴世明,陈云敏.天子岭垃圾填埋场有机物降解规律的研究[J].岩土力学,2002,23(1):60–62.(ZHANG Zhen-ying,WU Shi-ming,CHEN Yun-min.Study on degradation law of organic substance of Tianziling MSW landfill[J].Roch and Soil Mechanics,2002,23(1):60–62.(in Chinese))
[32]ROBINSON H D,LUO M M H.Characterization and treatment of leachates from Hong Kong landfill sites[J].Water&Environment Journal,1991,5(3):326–335.
[33]CJJ 17—2004生活垃圾卫生填埋技术规范[S].2007.(CJJ17—2004 Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill[S].2007.(in Chinese))