西藏高原拉萨河流域生态风险评估
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摘要
随着我国西部崛起战略的实施,社会经济发展所引发的生态风险逐渐引起生态学者和政府管理部门的高度关注。拉萨河流域作为高原生物多样性的维持基地,也是我国及东亚的重要生态安全屏障区,为有效管控其社会经济发展中产生的生态环境风险,通过适合高寒流域特征的风险评估方法,识别了研究区风险源,选择风险受体,采用相对风险模型计算了各研究单元的风险等级。结果表明:城关区的生态风险最高,主要风险来源于城镇扩张和旅游娱乐;当雄县生态风险最低,风险来源于畜牧养殖;林周县、曲水县、达孜县、堆龙德庆区以及墨竹工卡县的首要风险源是农业污染。水体和湿地的风险值明显高于其他生态系统。风险值的空间分布表现为南高北低的特征,且风险等级以城关区为中心向外围逐渐降低。
With the implementation of the Great Western Development Strategy,the ecological risks associated with social and economic development have attracted the attention of ecologists and government departments. As an important base for maintaining plateau biodiversity,Lhasa River Basin is also an important ecological safety barrier zone for China and East Asia more broadly. To effectively control the ecological risks in the process of urbanizing Lhasa River Basin,this study identified the source of risks,selected risk receptors,and used a relative risk model to calculate the risk level in each research unit. The results show that the Chengguan District has the highest ecological risk level,with the primary risk coming from urban expansion and tourism; and Dangxiong County has the lowest level of ecological risk,with the risk coming from livestock husbandry. The primary source of risk in Linzhou County, Qushui County, Dazi County,Dulongdeqing District, and Mozhugongka County is agricultural pollution. The risk value for water and wetland is significantly higher than that of the other habitats. The spatial distribution of risk value is generally higher in the south of Lhasa River Basin,and the risk level decreases gradually around the Chengguan District.
With the implementation of the Great Western Development Strategy,the ecological risks associated with social and economic development have attracted the attention of ecologists and government departments. As an important base for maintaining plateau biodiversity,Lhasa River Basin is also an important ecological safety barrier zone for China and East Asia more broadly. To effectively control the ecological risks in the process of urbanizing Lhasa River Basin,this study identified the source of risks,selected risk receptors,and used a relative risk model to calculate the risk level in each research unit. The results show that the Chengguan District has the highest ecological risk level,with the primary risk coming from urban expansion and tourism; and Dangxiong County has the lowest level of ecological risk,with the risk coming from livestock husbandry. The primary source of risk in Linzhou County, Qushui County, Dazi County,Dulongdeqing District, and Mozhugongka County is agricultural pollution. The risk value for water and wetland is significantly higher than that of the other habitats. The spatial distribution of risk value is generally higher in the south of Lhasa River Basin,and the risk level decreases gradually around the Chengguan District.
引文
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[24]刘晓,苏维词,王铮,黄一民,邓吉祥.基于RRM模型的三峡库区重庆开县消落区土地利用生态风险评价.环境科学学报,2012,32(1):248-256.
[25] Solomon K R,Giesy J P,Lapoint T W,Giddings J M,Richards R P. Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2013,32(1):10-11.
[26]秦泗国,钟国辉,王景升.那曲草地气候格局对草地NPP的影响及载畜量研究.干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(7):159-164.
[27]方广玲,香宝,杜加强,王宝良,张立坤,胡钰,徐杰.拉萨河流域非点源污染输出风险评估.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):247-254.
[28]骆诗霞,梁兵,吴启凡,冯艺.拉萨市城市化过程中土地利用变化预测.辽宁农业科学,2016,(4):6-11.
[29]刘凤,李梅,张荣飞,崔益斌.拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价.环境化学,2012,31(5):580-585.
[30]多吉顿珠.高寒半干旱地区人工草地建设中存在问题及对策——以西藏那曲地区为例.安徽农业科学,2016,44(5):63-64,67-67.
[2]张思锋,刘晗梦.生态风险评价方法述评.生态学报,2010,30(10):2735-2744.
[3]陈春丽,吕永龙,王铁宇,史雅娟,胡文友,李静,张翔,耿静.区域生态风险评价的关键问题与展望.生态学报,2010,30(3):808-816.
[4]王春梅,王金达,刘景双,张学林,严登华.东北地区森林资源生态风险评价研究.应用生态学报,2003,14(6):863-866.
[5]付在毅,许学工,林辉平,王宪礼.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价.生态学报,2001,21(3):365-373.
[6]刘梦琪.基于RS和GIS技术的典型滨海湿地保护区生态风险评价方法及应用研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2016.
[7]李晓敏,张杰,曹金芳,马毅.广东省川山群岛开发利用生态风险评价.生态学报,2015,35(7):2265-2276.
[8]王小龙.海岛生态系统风险评价方法及应用研究[D].青岛:中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所),2006.
[9]李耀明,王玉杰,王云琦.基于GIS的北京地区生态风险评价.中国水土保持科学,2017,15(2):100-106.
[10]肖琳,田光进.天津市土地利用生态风险评价.生态学杂志,2014,33(2):469-476.
[11]王小莉,陈志凡,魏张东,范礼东,张新胜,裴锦程.开封市城乡交错区农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价.环境化学,2018,37(3):513-522.
[12]吕乐婷,张杰,孙才志,王晓蕊,郑德凤.基于土地利用变化的细河流域景观生态风险评估.生态学报,2018,38(16):5952-5960.
[13]李宝海,余耀斌,达娃,邱城,林斌,周建设.拉萨河流域拉萨市段农业面源污染情况浅析.农业环境与发展,2012,29(4):74-77.
[14]周晨霓,潘刚.西藏拉萨河流域湿地水质分析与评价.贵州农业科学,2014,42(9):249-252.
[15]杨荣,何佳,周旗.拉萨市近36年气候变化特征分析.宝鸡文理学院学报:自然科学版,2017,37(2):68-73.
[16]张核真,卓玛,向飞,卓嘎,格桑. 1981-2013年气候因子变化对西藏拉萨河径流的影响.冰川冻土,2015,37(5):1304-1311.
[17]张船红,何政伟,仇文侠,姜兰,刘敏红.拉萨市城关区土地利用与土壤侵蚀变化分析.水土保持研究,2010,17(3):73-78.
[18]除多.基于NOAA AVHRR NDVI的西藏拉萨地区植被季节变化.高原气象,2003,22(S1):145-151.
[19]姚帅臣,王景升,丁陆彬,包小婷,李超,王彤,刘文婧,李妍妍.拉萨河谷草地群落的数量分类与排序.生态学报,2018,38(13):4779-4788.
[20]吴建普,罗红,朱雪林,李炳章,吕永磊,陈越.西藏湿地分布特点分析.湿地科学,2015,13(5):559-562.
[21] Xie H L,Wang P,Huang H S. Ecological risk assessment of land use change in the Poyang lake eco-economic zone,China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2013,10(1):328-346.
[22]徐镜波,王咏.生态风险评价.松辽学刊:自然科学版,1999,(2):10-13.
[23]拉萨市统计局.拉萨市2015年国民经济和社会发展统计公报.拉萨:拉萨市统计局,2015.
[24]刘晓,苏维词,王铮,黄一民,邓吉祥.基于RRM模型的三峡库区重庆开县消落区土地利用生态风险评价.环境科学学报,2012,32(1):248-256.
[25] Solomon K R,Giesy J P,Lapoint T W,Giddings J M,Richards R P. Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2013,32(1):10-11.
[26]秦泗国,钟国辉,王景升.那曲草地气候格局对草地NPP的影响及载畜量研究.干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(7):159-164.
[27]方广玲,香宝,杜加强,王宝良,张立坤,胡钰,徐杰.拉萨河流域非点源污染输出风险评估.农业工程学报,2015,31(1):247-254.
[28]骆诗霞,梁兵,吴启凡,冯艺.拉萨市城市化过程中土地利用变化预测.辽宁农业科学,2016,(4):6-11.
[29]刘凤,李梅,张荣飞,崔益斌.拉萨河流域重金属污染及健康风险评价.环境化学,2012,31(5):580-585.
[30]多吉顿珠.高寒半干旱地区人工草地建设中存在问题及对策——以西藏那曲地区为例.安徽农业科学,2016,44(5):63-64,67-67.