北京地区负地闪回击转移的电荷量
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摘要
负地闪是闪电危害的主要来源,其对地转移电荷源特征和电荷量不仅对闪电放电机理的研究有重要意义,而且对雷电防护也具有重要的实际应用价值。为了研究具有典型城市下垫面环境的北京地区的闪电活动特征和放电强度,利用北京地区2011年两次雷暴过程的多站GPS(Global Position System)同步闪电地面电场变化定量观测资料,在考虑消除场地和环境因素对电场变化观测资料影响的基础上,基于蒙特卡洛数据处理方法和非线性最小二乘法拟合反演算法,定量研究了负地闪回击中和的电荷源位置和电荷量,并对回击特征与回击转移电荷源之间的关系进行了讨论,得到如下结果:(1)单次回击中和的电荷量为1.1~27.6 C,平均为8.6±5.2 C,不同序数回击转移电荷量的最小值基本不随回击序数的上升而变化,最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小;一次负地闪中和的总电荷量随着回击数的增加而增加。(2)负地闪回击数和回击时间间隔都呈对数正态分布,其中负地闪总数70.4%的多回击负地闪其回击间隔平均为99±95 ms,不同序数回击的时间间隔最小值随回击序数的上升基本不变,时间间隔最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小。(3)回击转移电荷量的均值随回击间隔的增加呈波动形式的逐渐上升;相邻回击转移电荷源的空间距离均值随回击间隔的增加而增大。
The characteristics and amount of charge transferred by negative cloud-to-ground(CG) lightning have not only become an important research field with respect to the mechanisms of lightning discharge, but also have important practical applications for lightning protection. In order to study the lightning discharge characteristics and intensity in the Beijing region over a typical urban surface environment, using the slow and fast antenna synchronized by GPS(Global Position System), quantitative observation data were obtained and analyzed to study the characteristics of negative return strokes. After eliminating the effect of the observation site and environmental factors on the electric field change as much as possible, the magnitude and locations of charge sources neutralized by strokes were fitted by using a Monte Carlo data processing method and nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm. In addition, the relations between the stroke characteristics and the charge magnitude and locations were also studied. The results were as follows:(1) The charge lowered by a discrete negative return stroke ranged from 1.1 to 27.6 C with an arithmetic mean of 8.6 ±5.2 C. The minimum of the stroke charge did not change significantly with the stroke order, while the maximum and the arithmetic mean of the stroke charge increased with the stroke order. The total charge lowered to the ground by a single negative flash increased with the number of strokes it contained.(2) The percentage of multi-stroke negative CG lightning flashes was 70.4%, and the stroke number and the interstroke interval both fitted a lognormal distribution. The interstroke interval ranged from 3 to 967 ms with an arithmetic mean of 99 ±95 ms. The minimum of the interstroke interval did not change significantly with the stroke order either, while the maximum and the arithmetic mean of the interstroke interval also increased with the stroke order.(3) The average charge lowered by a discrete stroke increased with the interstroke interval preceding it, and the average distance between the adjacent stroke sources showed a similar trend.
The characteristics and amount of charge transferred by negative cloud-to-ground(CG) lightning have not only become an important research field with respect to the mechanisms of lightning discharge, but also have important practical applications for lightning protection. In order to study the lightning discharge characteristics and intensity in the Beijing region over a typical urban surface environment, using the slow and fast antenna synchronized by GPS(Global Position System), quantitative observation data were obtained and analyzed to study the characteristics of negative return strokes. After eliminating the effect of the observation site and environmental factors on the electric field change as much as possible, the magnitude and locations of charge sources neutralized by strokes were fitted by using a Monte Carlo data processing method and nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm. In addition, the relations between the stroke characteristics and the charge magnitude and locations were also studied. The results were as follows:(1) The charge lowered by a discrete negative return stroke ranged from 1.1 to 27.6 C with an arithmetic mean of 8.6 ±5.2 C. The minimum of the stroke charge did not change significantly with the stroke order, while the maximum and the arithmetic mean of the stroke charge increased with the stroke order. The total charge lowered to the ground by a single negative flash increased with the number of strokes it contained.(2) The percentage of multi-stroke negative CG lightning flashes was 70.4%, and the stroke number and the interstroke interval both fitted a lognormal distribution. The interstroke interval ranged from 3 to 967 ms with an arithmetic mean of 99 ±95 ms. The minimum of the interstroke interval did not change significantly with the stroke order either, while the maximum and the arithmetic mean of the interstroke interval also increased with the stroke order.(3) The average charge lowered by a discrete stroke increased with the interstroke interval preceding it, and the average distance between the adjacent stroke sources showed a similar trend.
引文
Baranski P,Loboda M,Wiszniowski J,et al.2012.Evaluation of multiple ground flash charge structure from electric field measurements using the local lightning detection network in the region of Warsaw[J].Atmospheric Research,117:99-110,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.011.
Brook M,Nakano M,Krehbiel P,et al.1982.The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms[J].J.Geophys.Res.,87(C2):1207-1215,doi:10.1029/JC087i C02p01207.
Cooray V,Pérez H.1994.Some features of lightning flashes observed in Sweden[J].J.Geophys.Res.,99(D5):10683-10688,doi:10.1029/93JD02366.
De Miranda F J,Pinto O Jr,Saba M M F.2003.A study of the time interval between return strokes and K-changes of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Brazil[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,65(3):293-297,doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00313-9.
范祥鹏,张广庶,王彦辉,等.2011.高原复杂地形条件下慢天线测量值的订正[J].高原气象,30(4):1046-1051.Fan Xiangpeng,Zhang Guangshu,Wang Yanhui,et al.2011.Revision of the measured value of slow antenna under the complex terrain condition of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),30(4):1046-1051.
耿雪莹,张其林,刘明远.2012.地面建筑物(群)对雷暴云大气电场影响的模拟研究[J].气象科技,40(5):828-833.Geng Xueying,Zhang Qilin,Liu Mingyuan.2012.Effect of tall buildings on thunderstorm electric field[J].Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),40(5):828-833,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6345.2012.05.025.
Krehbiel P R.1981.An analysis of the electric field change produced by lightning[D].Ph.D.dissertation,Univ.of Manchester Inst.of Sci.and Technol.
Krehbiel P R,Brook M,Mc Crory R A.1979.An analysis of the charge structure of lightning discharges to ground[J].J.Geophys.Res.,84(C5):2432-2456,doi:10.1029/JC084i C05p02432.
Krider E P.1989.Electric field changes and cloud electrical structure[J].J.Geophys.Res.,94(D11):13145-13149,doi:10.1029/JD094i D11p13145.
Liu X S,Krehbiel P R.1985.The initial streamer of intracloud lightning flashes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,90(D4):6211-6218,doi:10.1029/JD090i D04p06211.
Lu G,Cummer S A,Li J,et al.2009.Charge transfer and in-cloud structure of large-charge-moment positive lightning strokes in a mesoscale convective system[J].Geophys Res Lett,36(L15805),doi:10.1029/2009GL038880.
Michishita K,Sato H,Yokoyama S,et al.2015.Negative first return-stroke current peaks and impulse charge transfer[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan,190(3):37-44,doi:10.1002/eej.22667.
Nag A,Rakov V A,Schulz W,et al.2008.First versus subsequent returnstroke current and field peaks in negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges[J].J.Geophys.Res.,113(D19):D19112,doi:10.1029/2007JD009729.
Pinto O Jr.,Pinto I R C A,Diniz J H,et al.2003.A seven-year study about the negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in southeastern Brazil[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,65(6):739-748,doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(03)00077-4.
郄秀书,郭昌明,刘欣生.1990.北京与兰州地区的地闪特征[J].高原气象,9(4):388-394.Qie Xiushu,Guo Changming,Liu Xinsheng.1990.The characteristics of ground flashes in Beijing and Lanzhou regions[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),9(4):388-394.
郄秀书,余晔,王怀斌,等.2001.中国内陆高原地闪特征的统计分析[J].高原气象,20(4):395-401.Qie Xiushu,Yu Ye,Wang Huaibin,et al.2001.Analyese on some features of ground flashes in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),20(4):395-401,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2001.04.008.
Qie X S,Yu Y,Liu X,et al.2000.Charge analysis on lightning discharges to the ground in Chinese inland plateau(close to Tibet)[J].Annales Geophysicae,18(10):1340-1348,doi:10.1007/s00585-000-1340-z.
Qie X S,Yu Y,Wang D H,et al.2002.Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in Chinese inland plateau[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,80(4):745-754,doi:10.2151/jmsj.80.745.
Qie X S,Zhang T L,Zhang G S,et al.2009.Electrical characteristics of thunderstorms in different plateau regions of China[J].Atmospheric Research,91(2-4):244-249,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.04.014.
Rakov V A,Huffines G R.2003.Return-stroke multiplicity of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,42(10):1455-1462,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1455:RMONCL>2.0.CO;2.
Rakov V A,Uman M A.2007.Lightning:Physics and Effects[M].Cambridge,UK and New York,USA:Cambridge University Press.
Saba M M F,Ballarotti M G,Junior O P.2006.Negative cloud-to ground lightning properties from high-speed video observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,111(D3):D03101,doi:10.1029/2005JD006415.
Saraiva A C V,Saba M M F,Pinto O Jr.,et al.2010.A comparative study of negative cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics in S?o Paulo(Brazil)and Arizona(United States)based on high-speed video observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,115(D11):D11102,doi:10.1029/2009JD012604.
Schulz W,Cummins K,Diendorfer G,et al.2004.Cloud-to-ground lightning in Austria:A 10-year study using data from a lightning location system[J].J.Geophys.Res.,110(D9):D09101,doi:10.1029/2004JD005332.
Thomson E M,Galib M A,Uman M A,et al.1984.Some features of stroke occurrence in Florida lightning flashes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,89(D3):4910-4916,doi:10.1029/JD089i D03p04910.
Thottappillil R,Rakov V A,Uman M A,et al.1992.Lightning subsequent-stroke electric field peak greater than the first stroke peak and multiple ground terminations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,97(D7):7503-7509,doi:10.1029/92JD00557.
王东方,宣越健,刘继明,等.2011.大兴安岭林区地闪放电特征的观测与分析[J].大气科学,35(1):147-156.Wang Dongfang,Xuan Yuejian,Liu Jiming,et al.2011.Analyses on the characteristic of cloud-to-ground lightning flash in Da Hinggan Ling forest region[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),35(1):147-156,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.01.12.
王宇,郄秀书,王东方,等.2014.正地闪和负地闪预击穿脉冲序列的统计分析与对比[J].大气科学,38(1):21-31.Wang Yu,Qie Xiushu,Wang Dongfang,et al.2014.Comparisons of preliminary breakdown pulse trains in positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),38(1):21-31,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12167.
武智君,郄秀书,王东方,等.2013.大兴安岭林区负地闪电荷源的反演[J].气象学报,71(4):783-796.Wu Zhijun,Qie Xiushu,Wang Dongfang,et al.2013.Retrieval of the charge sources neutralized by negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the Daxing’anling Forest region[J].Acta Meteorological Sinica(in Chinese),71(4):783-796,doi:10.11676/qxxb2013.057.
薛秋芳,孟青,葛润生.1999.北京地区闪电活动及其与强对流天气的关系[J].气象,25(11):15-20.Xue Qiufang,Meng Qing,Ge Runsheng.1999.The relationship between lightning activity and severe convection weather in Beijing area in summer from 1995 to 1997[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),25(11):15-20,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.1999.11.003.
张廷龙,郄秀书,袁铁,等.2008.中国内陆高原地区典型雷暴过程的地闪特征及电荷结构反演[J].大气科学,32(5):1221-1228.Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yuan Tie,et al.2008.The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and charge structure of a typical thunderstorm in Chinese inland plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),32(5):1221-1228,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.05.19.
张伟伟,田杨萌,王彩霞,等.2011.北京地区的雷电物理特征[J].北京信息科技大学学报,26(3):53-57.Zhang Weiwei,Tian Yangmeng,Wang Caixia,et al.2011.The physical characteristics of lightning flashes occurred in Beijing[J].Journal of Beijing Information Science and Technology University(in Chinese),26(3):53-57,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6864.2011.03.011.
祝宝友,陶善昌,刘亦风.2002.合肥地区地闪特征[J].高原气象,21(3):296-302.Zhu Baoyou,Tao Shanchang,Liu Yifeng.2002.Characteristics of ground flashes in Hefei region[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),21(3):296-302,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2002.03.011.
Brook M,Nakano M,Krehbiel P,et al.1982.The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms[J].J.Geophys.Res.,87(C2):1207-1215,doi:10.1029/JC087i C02p01207.
Cooray V,Pérez H.1994.Some features of lightning flashes observed in Sweden[J].J.Geophys.Res.,99(D5):10683-10688,doi:10.1029/93JD02366.
De Miranda F J,Pinto O Jr,Saba M M F.2003.A study of the time interval between return strokes and K-changes of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Brazil[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,65(3):293-297,doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00313-9.
范祥鹏,张广庶,王彦辉,等.2011.高原复杂地形条件下慢天线测量值的订正[J].高原气象,30(4):1046-1051.Fan Xiangpeng,Zhang Guangshu,Wang Yanhui,et al.2011.Revision of the measured value of slow antenna under the complex terrain condition of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),30(4):1046-1051.
耿雪莹,张其林,刘明远.2012.地面建筑物(群)对雷暴云大气电场影响的模拟研究[J].气象科技,40(5):828-833.Geng Xueying,Zhang Qilin,Liu Mingyuan.2012.Effect of tall buildings on thunderstorm electric field[J].Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),40(5):828-833,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6345.2012.05.025.
Krehbiel P R.1981.An analysis of the electric field change produced by lightning[D].Ph.D.dissertation,Univ.of Manchester Inst.of Sci.and Technol.
Krehbiel P R,Brook M,Mc Crory R A.1979.An analysis of the charge structure of lightning discharges to ground[J].J.Geophys.Res.,84(C5):2432-2456,doi:10.1029/JC084i C05p02432.
Krider E P.1989.Electric field changes and cloud electrical structure[J].J.Geophys.Res.,94(D11):13145-13149,doi:10.1029/JD094i D11p13145.
Liu X S,Krehbiel P R.1985.The initial streamer of intracloud lightning flashes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,90(D4):6211-6218,doi:10.1029/JD090i D04p06211.
Lu G,Cummer S A,Li J,et al.2009.Charge transfer and in-cloud structure of large-charge-moment positive lightning strokes in a mesoscale convective system[J].Geophys Res Lett,36(L15805),doi:10.1029/2009GL038880.
Michishita K,Sato H,Yokoyama S,et al.2015.Negative first return-stroke current peaks and impulse charge transfer[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan,190(3):37-44,doi:10.1002/eej.22667.
Nag A,Rakov V A,Schulz W,et al.2008.First versus subsequent returnstroke current and field peaks in negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges[J].J.Geophys.Res.,113(D19):D19112,doi:10.1029/2007JD009729.
Pinto O Jr.,Pinto I R C A,Diniz J H,et al.2003.A seven-year study about the negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in southeastern Brazil[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,65(6):739-748,doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(03)00077-4.
郄秀书,郭昌明,刘欣生.1990.北京与兰州地区的地闪特征[J].高原气象,9(4):388-394.Qie Xiushu,Guo Changming,Liu Xinsheng.1990.The characteristics of ground flashes in Beijing and Lanzhou regions[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),9(4):388-394.
郄秀书,余晔,王怀斌,等.2001.中国内陆高原地闪特征的统计分析[J].高原气象,20(4):395-401.Qie Xiushu,Yu Ye,Wang Huaibin,et al.2001.Analyese on some features of ground flashes in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),20(4):395-401,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2001.04.008.
Qie X S,Yu Y,Liu X,et al.2000.Charge analysis on lightning discharges to the ground in Chinese inland plateau(close to Tibet)[J].Annales Geophysicae,18(10):1340-1348,doi:10.1007/s00585-000-1340-z.
Qie X S,Yu Y,Wang D H,et al.2002.Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in Chinese inland plateau[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,80(4):745-754,doi:10.2151/jmsj.80.745.
Qie X S,Zhang T L,Zhang G S,et al.2009.Electrical characteristics of thunderstorms in different plateau regions of China[J].Atmospheric Research,91(2-4):244-249,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.04.014.
Rakov V A,Huffines G R.2003.Return-stroke multiplicity of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,42(10):1455-1462,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1455:RMONCL>2.0.CO;2.
Rakov V A,Uman M A.2007.Lightning:Physics and Effects[M].Cambridge,UK and New York,USA:Cambridge University Press.
Saba M M F,Ballarotti M G,Junior O P.2006.Negative cloud-to ground lightning properties from high-speed video observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,111(D3):D03101,doi:10.1029/2005JD006415.
Saraiva A C V,Saba M M F,Pinto O Jr.,et al.2010.A comparative study of negative cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics in S?o Paulo(Brazil)and Arizona(United States)based on high-speed video observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,115(D11):D11102,doi:10.1029/2009JD012604.
Schulz W,Cummins K,Diendorfer G,et al.2004.Cloud-to-ground lightning in Austria:A 10-year study using data from a lightning location system[J].J.Geophys.Res.,110(D9):D09101,doi:10.1029/2004JD005332.
Thomson E M,Galib M A,Uman M A,et al.1984.Some features of stroke occurrence in Florida lightning flashes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,89(D3):4910-4916,doi:10.1029/JD089i D03p04910.
Thottappillil R,Rakov V A,Uman M A,et al.1992.Lightning subsequent-stroke electric field peak greater than the first stroke peak and multiple ground terminations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,97(D7):7503-7509,doi:10.1029/92JD00557.
王东方,宣越健,刘继明,等.2011.大兴安岭林区地闪放电特征的观测与分析[J].大气科学,35(1):147-156.Wang Dongfang,Xuan Yuejian,Liu Jiming,et al.2011.Analyses on the characteristic of cloud-to-ground lightning flash in Da Hinggan Ling forest region[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),35(1):147-156,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.01.12.
王宇,郄秀书,王东方,等.2014.正地闪和负地闪预击穿脉冲序列的统计分析与对比[J].大气科学,38(1):21-31.Wang Yu,Qie Xiushu,Wang Dongfang,et al.2014.Comparisons of preliminary breakdown pulse trains in positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),38(1):21-31,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12167.
武智君,郄秀书,王东方,等.2013.大兴安岭林区负地闪电荷源的反演[J].气象学报,71(4):783-796.Wu Zhijun,Qie Xiushu,Wang Dongfang,et al.2013.Retrieval of the charge sources neutralized by negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the Daxing’anling Forest region[J].Acta Meteorological Sinica(in Chinese),71(4):783-796,doi:10.11676/qxxb2013.057.
薛秋芳,孟青,葛润生.1999.北京地区闪电活动及其与强对流天气的关系[J].气象,25(11):15-20.Xue Qiufang,Meng Qing,Ge Runsheng.1999.The relationship between lightning activity and severe convection weather in Beijing area in summer from 1995 to 1997[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),25(11):15-20,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.1999.11.003.
张廷龙,郄秀书,袁铁,等.2008.中国内陆高原地区典型雷暴过程的地闪特征及电荷结构反演[J].大气科学,32(5):1221-1228.Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yuan Tie,et al.2008.The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and charge structure of a typical thunderstorm in Chinese inland plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),32(5):1221-1228,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.05.19.
张伟伟,田杨萌,王彩霞,等.2011.北京地区的雷电物理特征[J].北京信息科技大学学报,26(3):53-57.Zhang Weiwei,Tian Yangmeng,Wang Caixia,et al.2011.The physical characteristics of lightning flashes occurred in Beijing[J].Journal of Beijing Information Science and Technology University(in Chinese),26(3):53-57,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6864.2011.03.011.
祝宝友,陶善昌,刘亦风.2002.合肥地区地闪特征[J].高原气象,21(3):296-302.Zhu Baoyou,Tao Shanchang,Liu Yifeng.2002.Characteristics of ground flashes in Hefei region[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),21(3):296-302,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2002.03.011.