基于熵权法的草原旅游点植被退化评价
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摘要
基于熵权法建立了草原旅游点植被退化评价流程,以甘肃夏河县桑科草原旅游点为例进行了实例研究。首先,建立了包括草群高度、植被密度和盖度以及物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数6个指标的草原旅游点植被退化评价体系。结果表明:桑科草原旅游点植物生长对旅游活动干扰的敏感性较高,植物物种对旅游活动干扰的敏感性较低;车辆碾压对植被破坏最为严重,各样区植被退化程度随着与破坏点(带/区)中心距离的增大而降低。随着草原旅游点植被退化程度的降低,植物科、属、种的数量均有较明显的增加,植物种间竞争关系增强;大车前(Plantago major)和鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)逐渐失去竞争优势,萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare)的竞争力得到显著增强。利用熵权法对桑科草原旅游点植被退化程度的评价结果与前人关于旅游点植被破坏的研究规律相符,且桑科草原旅游点干扰区植物群落特征与植被退化评价结果相一致,说明建立的草原旅游点植被退化评价方法是合理准确的。
Vegetation on grasslands has been disturbed distinctly by the development of tourist resources. In this paper,the assessment process of vegetation degeneration at tourist spots in grasslands was established,and a case study on assessment of vegetation degeneration in the Snankoh Grasslands was carried out. At first,the assessment system of vegetation degeneration in the grasslands was established,which included the height of grass group,density,coverage,richness index,diversity index and evenness index of plants. The results of assessment revealed that the vegetation growth at the tourist spots in the Snankoh Grasslands was highly sensitive to the disturbance of tourist activities. Vehicle rolling was the most serious damage to vegetation. As the increase of the distance to the center of inference,the degree of vegetation degeneration was decreased obviously. As the reduction of degree of vegetation degeneration,the quantities of plant species,genera and families were increased obviously,the competition among plant species was more significant,Plantago major and Potentilla anserine lost their competitiveness gradually,and the competitiveness of Polygonum aviculare was enhanced significantly. The assessed results of vegetation degeneration at the tourist spots in the grasslands based on entropy-weight method consisted with the previous study results.
Vegetation on grasslands has been disturbed distinctly by the development of tourist resources. In this paper,the assessment process of vegetation degeneration at tourist spots in grasslands was established,and a case study on assessment of vegetation degeneration in the Snankoh Grasslands was carried out. At first,the assessment system of vegetation degeneration in the grasslands was established,which included the height of grass group,density,coverage,richness index,diversity index and evenness index of plants. The results of assessment revealed that the vegetation growth at the tourist spots in the Snankoh Grasslands was highly sensitive to the disturbance of tourist activities. Vehicle rolling was the most serious damage to vegetation. As the increase of the distance to the center of inference,the degree of vegetation degeneration was decreased obviously. As the reduction of degree of vegetation degeneration,the quantities of plant species,genera and families were increased obviously,the competition among plant species was more significant,Plantago major and Potentilla anserine lost their competitiveness gradually,and the competitiveness of Polygonum aviculare was enhanced significantly. The assessed results of vegetation degeneration at the tourist spots in the grasslands based on entropy-weight method consisted with the previous study results.
引文
〔1〕牛莉芹,程占红.五台山旅游活动对山地草甸β多样性的影响〔J〕.干旱区研究,2011,28(5):826-831.〔Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong.Study on impact of tourist activities onβdiversity of mountain meadow in the Wutai Mountain〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2011,28(5):826-831.〕
〔2〕陆林,巩劼,晋秀龙,等.旅游干扰对黄山风景区土壤的影响〔J〕.地理研究,2011,30(2):209-223.〔Lu Lin,Gong Jie,Jin Xiulong,et al.Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil in Huangshan Mountain scenic area〔J〕.Geographical Research,2011,30(2):209-223.〕
〔3〕晋秀龙,陆林,巩劼,等.旅游活动对九华山风景区大型土壤动物群落影响〔J〕.地理研究,2011,30(1):103-114.〔Jin Xiulong,Lu Lin,Gong Jie,et al.Effects of tourism activities on soil macrofauna community in Mount Jiuhua scenic area〔J〕.Geographical Research,2011,30(1):103-114.〕
〔4〕韦大山,方凤满,杨仲元.黄山风景区步道土壤理化性质变化特征分析〔J〕.水土保持研究,2012,19(2):175-179.〔Wei Dashan,Fang Fengman,Yang Zhongyuan.Analysis on the change of soil physico-chemical properties of trails in Huangshan scenery district〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(2):175-179.〕
〔5〕Lankford S V.A comment concerning-developing and testing tourism impact scale〔J〕.Journal of Travel Research,2001,39(3):315-316.
〔6〕Sun D,Walsh D.Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia〔J〕.Journal of Environmental Management,1998,53:323-338.
〔7〕程占红,张金屯,上官铁梁,等.芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境的关系Ⅰ.植被环境质量分析〔J〕.生态学报,2002,22(10):1 765-1 773.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Jintun,Shangguan Tieliang,et al.Relationship between tourism development and vegetation environment in Luya Mountain nature reserveⅠ.Quality analysis of vegetation environment〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(10):1 765-1 773.〕
〔8〕程占红,张金屯,吴必虎,等.芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境关系-植被景观的类型及其排序〔J〕.生态学报,2006,26(6):1 940-1 946.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Jintun,Wu Bihu,et al.Relationship between tourism development and vegetation environment in Luya Mountain nature reserve:Vegetation landscape types and ordination〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1 940-1 946.〕
〔9〕程占红,张金屯.芦芽山生态旅游植被景观特征与地理因子的相关分析〔J〕.生态学报,2002,22(2):278-284.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Jintun.Correlation analysis between landscape characteristics of ecotourist vegetation and geographical factors in Luya Mountain〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(2):278-284.〕
〔10〕程占红,赵蒙.旅游干扰对五台山植被景观区植物多样性的影响〔J〕.干旱区地理,2012,35(4):578-586.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhao Meng.Impact of tourism disturbance on plant diversity in vegetation areas on Wutai Mountains〔J〕.Arid Land Geography,2012,35(4):578-586.〕
〔11〕李文杰,乌铁红.旅游干扰对草原旅游点植被的影响:以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原金马鞍旅游点为例〔J〕.资源科学,2012,34(10):1 980-1 987.〔Li Wenjie,Wu Tiehong.Effect of tourism on grassland tourist locations:Gold Saddle tourist spots of Xilamuren Grassland,inner Mongolia〔J〕.Resources Science,2012,34(10):1 980-1 987.〕
〔12〕郑伟,朱进忠,潘存德,等.旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区草地土壤-植被系统的影响〔J〕.中国草地学报,2009,31(1):109-115.〔Zheng Wei,Zhu Jinzhong,Pan Cunde,et al.Effects of tourism disturbance on soil-plant system in Kanasi scenic area〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2009,31(1):109-115.〕
〔13〕张桂萍,张峰,茹文明,等.旅游干扰对历山亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响〔J〕.生态学报,2008,28(1):407-415.〔Zhang Guiping,Zhang Feng,Ru Wenming,et al.Effects of disturbanceby tourism on plant diversity in Lishan subalpine meadow,Shanxi Province〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(1):407-415.〕
〔14〕牛莉芹,程占红,张峰.五台山草甸多样性分析〔J〕.干旱区研究,2010,27(4):573-577.〔Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Feng.Analyse of meadow diversity in the Wutai Mountain〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2010,27(4):573-577.〕
〔15〕马玉娥,钱亦兵,段士民,等.艾比湖地区植被分布及物种多样性研究〔J〕.干旱区研究,2012,29(5):776-783.〔Ma Yu’e,Qian Yibing,Duan Shimin,et al.Study on vegetation distribution and species diversity in the Ebinur Lake Basin〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2012,29(5):776-783.〕
〔16〕马世震,陈桂琛,彭敏,等.青藏公路取土场高寒草原植被的恢复进程〔J〕.中国环境科学,2004,24(2):188-191.〔Ma Shizhen,Chen Guichen,Peng Min,et al.The alpine steppe vegetation restoration process of fountainhead region of Yangtze River〔J〕.China Environmental Science,2004,24(2):188-191.〕
〔17〕Ludwig J A.统计生态学〔M〕.李育中译.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,1991.〔Ludwig J A.Statistical Ecology〔M〕.Li Yuzhong Translated.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University Press,1991.〕
〔18〕林坤,焦峰.基于熵权法的黄土丘陵区贺庄沟流域土壤水分分析〔J〕.水土保持研究,2011,18(3):191-193.〔Lin Kun,Jiao Feng.Analysis of soil moisture based on entropy method in the Hezhuanggou Basin on the loess hilly region〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(3):191-193.〕
〔19〕贾艳红,赵军,南忠仁,等.基于熵权法的草原生态安全评价:以甘肃牧区为例〔J〕.生态学杂志,2006,25(8):1 003-1 008.〔Jia Yanhong,Zhao Jun,Nan Zhongren,et al.Ecological safety assessment of grassland based on entropy-right method:A case study of Gansu pastoral area〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):1 003-1 008.〕
〔20〕李秀霞,张希.基于熵权法的城市化进程中土地生态安全研究〔J〕.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(9):13-17.〔Li Xiuxia,Zhang Xi.The land ecological security in the process of urbanization based on entropy〔J〕.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(9):13-17.〕
〔21〕孟庆生.信息论〔M〕.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1989.〔Meng Qingsheng.Information Theory〔M〕.Xi’an:Xi’an Jiaotong University Press,1989.〕
〔22〕邱宛华.管理决策与应用熵学〔M〕.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.〔Qiu Wanhua.Management Decision and Application of Entropy〔M〕.Beijing:Mechanical Industry Press,2002.〕
〔23〕樊红艳,刘学录.基于综合评价法的各种无量纲化方法的比较和优选:以兰州市永登县的土地开发为例〔J〕.湖南农业科学,2010(17):163-166.〔Fan Hongyan,Liu Xuelu.Comparison and optimization of various non-dimensionalized methods based on comprehensive evaluation method:A case study of land development in Yongdeng county of Lanzhou city〔J〕.Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2010(17):163-166.〕
〔24〕鲜力群.甘肃农村年鉴〔M〕.北京:中国统计出版社,2009.〔Xian Liqun.Gansu Rural Yearbook〔M〕.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2009.〕
〔25〕李虎.甘肃年鉴〔M〕.兰州:甘肃文化出版社,2012.〔Li Hu.Gansu Yearbook〔M〕.Lanzhou:Gansu Culture Press,2012.〕
〔26〕肖光明,黄忠良.旅游活动对鼎湖山生物圈保护区植被的影响〔J〕.地理研究,2010,29(6):1 005-1 016.〔Xiao Guangming,Huang Zhongliang.Impacts of tourist activity on vegetation in Dinghu Mountain biosphere reserve〔J〕.Geographical Research,2010,29(6):1 005-1 016.〕
〔27〕孙澜,苏智先,严贤春,等.金城山植物群落优势种群的种间关系〔J〕.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(3):314-318.〔Sun Lan,Su Zhixian,Yan Xianchun,et al.Interspecific relations of the dominant plant populations at Mt.Jincheng,Sichuan,China〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(3):314-318.〕
〔28〕赵永全,何彤慧,程志,等.银川平原湿地常见植物种间关系研究〔J〕.干旱区研究,2013,30(5):838-844.〔Zhao Yongquan,He Tonghui,Cheng Zhi,et al.Interspecific relationships among common plant species in wetlands in the Yinchuan Plain〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2013,30(5):838-844.〕
〔2〕陆林,巩劼,晋秀龙,等.旅游干扰对黄山风景区土壤的影响〔J〕.地理研究,2011,30(2):209-223.〔Lu Lin,Gong Jie,Jin Xiulong,et al.Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil in Huangshan Mountain scenic area〔J〕.Geographical Research,2011,30(2):209-223.〕
〔3〕晋秀龙,陆林,巩劼,等.旅游活动对九华山风景区大型土壤动物群落影响〔J〕.地理研究,2011,30(1):103-114.〔Jin Xiulong,Lu Lin,Gong Jie,et al.Effects of tourism activities on soil macrofauna community in Mount Jiuhua scenic area〔J〕.Geographical Research,2011,30(1):103-114.〕
〔4〕韦大山,方凤满,杨仲元.黄山风景区步道土壤理化性质变化特征分析〔J〕.水土保持研究,2012,19(2):175-179.〔Wei Dashan,Fang Fengman,Yang Zhongyuan.Analysis on the change of soil physico-chemical properties of trails in Huangshan scenery district〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(2):175-179.〕
〔5〕Lankford S V.A comment concerning-developing and testing tourism impact scale〔J〕.Journal of Travel Research,2001,39(3):315-316.
〔6〕Sun D,Walsh D.Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia〔J〕.Journal of Environmental Management,1998,53:323-338.
〔7〕程占红,张金屯,上官铁梁,等.芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境的关系Ⅰ.植被环境质量分析〔J〕.生态学报,2002,22(10):1 765-1 773.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Jintun,Shangguan Tieliang,et al.Relationship between tourism development and vegetation environment in Luya Mountain nature reserveⅠ.Quality analysis of vegetation environment〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(10):1 765-1 773.〕
〔8〕程占红,张金屯,吴必虎,等.芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境关系-植被景观的类型及其排序〔J〕.生态学报,2006,26(6):1 940-1 946.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Jintun,Wu Bihu,et al.Relationship between tourism development and vegetation environment in Luya Mountain nature reserve:Vegetation landscape types and ordination〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1 940-1 946.〕
〔9〕程占红,张金屯.芦芽山生态旅游植被景观特征与地理因子的相关分析〔J〕.生态学报,2002,22(2):278-284.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Jintun.Correlation analysis between landscape characteristics of ecotourist vegetation and geographical factors in Luya Mountain〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(2):278-284.〕
〔10〕程占红,赵蒙.旅游干扰对五台山植被景观区植物多样性的影响〔J〕.干旱区地理,2012,35(4):578-586.〔Cheng Zhanhong,Zhao Meng.Impact of tourism disturbance on plant diversity in vegetation areas on Wutai Mountains〔J〕.Arid Land Geography,2012,35(4):578-586.〕
〔11〕李文杰,乌铁红.旅游干扰对草原旅游点植被的影响:以内蒙古希拉穆仁草原金马鞍旅游点为例〔J〕.资源科学,2012,34(10):1 980-1 987.〔Li Wenjie,Wu Tiehong.Effect of tourism on grassland tourist locations:Gold Saddle tourist spots of Xilamuren Grassland,inner Mongolia〔J〕.Resources Science,2012,34(10):1 980-1 987.〕
〔12〕郑伟,朱进忠,潘存德,等.旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区草地土壤-植被系统的影响〔J〕.中国草地学报,2009,31(1):109-115.〔Zheng Wei,Zhu Jinzhong,Pan Cunde,et al.Effects of tourism disturbance on soil-plant system in Kanasi scenic area〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2009,31(1):109-115.〕
〔13〕张桂萍,张峰,茹文明,等.旅游干扰对历山亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响〔J〕.生态学报,2008,28(1):407-415.〔Zhang Guiping,Zhang Feng,Ru Wenming,et al.Effects of disturbanceby tourism on plant diversity in Lishan subalpine meadow,Shanxi Province〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(1):407-415.〕
〔14〕牛莉芹,程占红,张峰.五台山草甸多样性分析〔J〕.干旱区研究,2010,27(4):573-577.〔Niu Liqin,Cheng Zhanhong,Zhang Feng.Analyse of meadow diversity in the Wutai Mountain〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2010,27(4):573-577.〕
〔15〕马玉娥,钱亦兵,段士民,等.艾比湖地区植被分布及物种多样性研究〔J〕.干旱区研究,2012,29(5):776-783.〔Ma Yu’e,Qian Yibing,Duan Shimin,et al.Study on vegetation distribution and species diversity in the Ebinur Lake Basin〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2012,29(5):776-783.〕
〔16〕马世震,陈桂琛,彭敏,等.青藏公路取土场高寒草原植被的恢复进程〔J〕.中国环境科学,2004,24(2):188-191.〔Ma Shizhen,Chen Guichen,Peng Min,et al.The alpine steppe vegetation restoration process of fountainhead region of Yangtze River〔J〕.China Environmental Science,2004,24(2):188-191.〕
〔17〕Ludwig J A.统计生态学〔M〕.李育中译.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,1991.〔Ludwig J A.Statistical Ecology〔M〕.Li Yuzhong Translated.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University Press,1991.〕
〔18〕林坤,焦峰.基于熵权法的黄土丘陵区贺庄沟流域土壤水分分析〔J〕.水土保持研究,2011,18(3):191-193.〔Lin Kun,Jiao Feng.Analysis of soil moisture based on entropy method in the Hezhuanggou Basin on the loess hilly region〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(3):191-193.〕
〔19〕贾艳红,赵军,南忠仁,等.基于熵权法的草原生态安全评价:以甘肃牧区为例〔J〕.生态学杂志,2006,25(8):1 003-1 008.〔Jia Yanhong,Zhao Jun,Nan Zhongren,et al.Ecological safety assessment of grassland based on entropy-right method:A case study of Gansu pastoral area〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):1 003-1 008.〕
〔20〕李秀霞,张希.基于熵权法的城市化进程中土地生态安全研究〔J〕.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(9):13-17.〔Li Xiuxia,Zhang Xi.The land ecological security in the process of urbanization based on entropy〔J〕.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(9):13-17.〕
〔21〕孟庆生.信息论〔M〕.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1989.〔Meng Qingsheng.Information Theory〔M〕.Xi’an:Xi’an Jiaotong University Press,1989.〕
〔22〕邱宛华.管理决策与应用熵学〔M〕.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.〔Qiu Wanhua.Management Decision and Application of Entropy〔M〕.Beijing:Mechanical Industry Press,2002.〕
〔23〕樊红艳,刘学录.基于综合评价法的各种无量纲化方法的比较和优选:以兰州市永登县的土地开发为例〔J〕.湖南农业科学,2010(17):163-166.〔Fan Hongyan,Liu Xuelu.Comparison and optimization of various non-dimensionalized methods based on comprehensive evaluation method:A case study of land development in Yongdeng county of Lanzhou city〔J〕.Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2010(17):163-166.〕
〔24〕鲜力群.甘肃农村年鉴〔M〕.北京:中国统计出版社,2009.〔Xian Liqun.Gansu Rural Yearbook〔M〕.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2009.〕
〔25〕李虎.甘肃年鉴〔M〕.兰州:甘肃文化出版社,2012.〔Li Hu.Gansu Yearbook〔M〕.Lanzhou:Gansu Culture Press,2012.〕
〔26〕肖光明,黄忠良.旅游活动对鼎湖山生物圈保护区植被的影响〔J〕.地理研究,2010,29(6):1 005-1 016.〔Xiao Guangming,Huang Zhongliang.Impacts of tourist activity on vegetation in Dinghu Mountain biosphere reserve〔J〕.Geographical Research,2010,29(6):1 005-1 016.〕
〔27〕孙澜,苏智先,严贤春,等.金城山植物群落优势种群的种间关系〔J〕.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(3):314-318.〔Sun Lan,Su Zhixian,Yan Xianchun,et al.Interspecific relations of the dominant plant populations at Mt.Jincheng,Sichuan,China〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(3):314-318.〕
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