江苏省小麦草谷比及麦秸垂直空间分布特征
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摘要
为了明确江苏省小麦秸秆资源总量及其空间分布特征,对江苏省13个春性和19个半冬性小麦品种的秸秆资源进行调查,将秸秆从基部向上依次截取4段长度为5 cm的秸秆,剩余部分为第5段(分别用0~5、>5~10、>10~15、>15~20和>20 cm表示),对穗部单独进行脱粒处理,分别进行烘干称质量,在此基础上分析了品种类型和产量水平对小麦草谷比以及不同部位秸秆质量占秸秆总质量比例的影响。结果表明:春性品种草谷比极显著低于半冬性品种(P<0.01),春性品种草谷比平均为1.05~1.07,半冬性品种草谷比平均为1.38~1.40。2种生态型小麦品种的草谷比均呈随产量增加而减少的趋势,春性品种草谷比变化范围为0.96~1.42,半冬性品种草谷比变化范围为1.21~1.77,但年际间有所不同。2010—2011年,在中低产水平(4 000~6 250 kg·hm-2)条件下2种类型小麦品种草谷比显著大于超高产水平(>8 500 kg·hm-2,P<0.05);而在2012—2013年,2种类型小麦品种草谷比在各产量水平间皆无显著差异。不同生态类型小麦品种秸秆在空间分布上有所不同,就0~5、>5~10、>10~15、>15~20和>20 cm以及穗轴颖壳6个部位秸秆质量占植株秸秆总质量的比例而言,春性品种依次为8.00%、7.06%、6.64%、6.57%、48.00%和23.75%,半冬性品种依次为10.11%、8.07%、7.39%、7.06%、44.53%和22.85%。当籽粒产量区间为>4 750~8 500 kg·hm-2时,随产量的增加,植株从下至上各个部位秸秆质量占秸秆总质量的比例总体没有显著变化,而超高产水平(>8 500 kg·hm-2)时穗轴颖壳质量占秸秆总质量的比例显著低于较低产量水平(4 000~4 750 kg·hm-2,P<0.05)。江苏省小麦草谷比和麦秸空间分布受品种生态类型和籽粒产量水平的影响较大。
In order to define total and characteristics of spatial distribution of the wheat straw resources in Jiangsu Province,investigations were done of straw resources of 13 varieties of spring wheat and 19 varieties of semi-winter wheat,commonly cultivated in Jiangsu Province. Samples of wheat straw were cut generally into 5 sections,5 cm each,beginning from the basal node,0-5,>5-10,> 10- 15,> 15- 20 and > 20 cm,dried and weighed separately and the spikes were threshed,leaving hull and rachis( Section 6),which were dried and weighed,too. On such a basis,analysis was done of straw/grain ratio and proportion of each section of straw to the whole wheat straw in biomass in relation to wheat variety and yield. Results show that the varieties of spring wheat were much lower than those of semi-winter wheat in straw/grain( S /G) ratio. The former was 1. 05-1. 07 and the latter was 1. 38-1. 40 on average. However,both the two ecological types of wheat decreased in S/G ratio with increasing yield. The varieties of spring wheat varied in the range of 0. 96-1. 42,while those of semi-winter wheat did in the range of 1. 21- 1. 77. The variation differed from year to year. In the 2010- 2011 wheat season,the crops low in yield( 4 000-6 250 kg·hm-2) were significantly higher in S/G than those super-high in yield( > 8 500 kg·hm-2),while in the 2012—2013 wheat season,no significant difference in S/G between crops high or low in yield. The two varieties of wheat,different in eco-type,differed,too,in spatial distribution of straw. The proportion of the six parts( 5 sections of straw and spike) was 8. 00%,7. 06%,6. 64%,6. 57%,48. 00% and 23. 75%,respectively,of the total of a whole spring wheat plant,and 10. 11%,8. 07%,7. 39%,7. 06%,44. 53% and 22. 85%,respectively,of the total of a whole semi-winter wheat plant. When the crop varied within the range from 4 750 to 8 500 kg·hm-2in yield,the proportions of the six parts of plant did not change much,but when the crop was super high in yield( >8 500 kg·hm-2),the proportion of Section 6 was significantly lower than that when the crop was low in yield( 4 000-4 750 kg·hm-2). The S/G and straw distribution of wheat in Jiangsu Province are much affected by eco-type and grain yield level of the wheat.
In order to define total and characteristics of spatial distribution of the wheat straw resources in Jiangsu Province,investigations were done of straw resources of 13 varieties of spring wheat and 19 varieties of semi-winter wheat,commonly cultivated in Jiangsu Province. Samples of wheat straw were cut generally into 5 sections,5 cm each,beginning from the basal node,0-5,>5-10,> 10- 15,> 15- 20 and > 20 cm,dried and weighed separately and the spikes were threshed,leaving hull and rachis( Section 6),which were dried and weighed,too. On such a basis,analysis was done of straw/grain ratio and proportion of each section of straw to the whole wheat straw in biomass in relation to wheat variety and yield. Results show that the varieties of spring wheat were much lower than those of semi-winter wheat in straw/grain( S /G) ratio. The former was 1. 05-1. 07 and the latter was 1. 38-1. 40 on average. However,both the two ecological types of wheat decreased in S/G ratio with increasing yield. The varieties of spring wheat varied in the range of 0. 96-1. 42,while those of semi-winter wheat did in the range of 1. 21- 1. 77. The variation differed from year to year. In the 2010- 2011 wheat season,the crops low in yield( 4 000-6 250 kg·hm-2) were significantly higher in S/G than those super-high in yield( > 8 500 kg·hm-2),while in the 2012—2013 wheat season,no significant difference in S/G between crops high or low in yield. The two varieties of wheat,different in eco-type,differed,too,in spatial distribution of straw. The proportion of the six parts( 5 sections of straw and spike) was 8. 00%,7. 06%,6. 64%,6. 57%,48. 00% and 23. 75%,respectively,of the total of a whole spring wheat plant,and 10. 11%,8. 07%,7. 39%,7. 06%,44. 53% and 22. 85%,respectively,of the total of a whole semi-winter wheat plant. When the crop varied within the range from 4 750 to 8 500 kg·hm-2in yield,the proportions of the six parts of plant did not change much,but when the crop was super high in yield( >8 500 kg·hm-2),the proportion of Section 6 was significantly lower than that when the crop was low in yield( 4 000-4 750 kg·hm-2). The S/G and straw distribution of wheat in Jiangsu Province are much affected by eco-type and grain yield level of the wheat.
引文
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[2]YANG S J,HE H P,LU S L,et al.Quantification of Crop Residue Burning in the Field and Its Influence on Ambient Air Quality in Suqian,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(9):1961-1969.
[3]YAN X,OHARA T,AKIMOTO H.Bottom-up Estimate of Biomass Burning in Main Land China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(27):5262-5273.
[4]曹国良,张小曳,王丹,等.秸秆露天焚烧排放的TSP等污染物清单[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(4):800-804.
[5]钟华平,岳燕珍,樊江文.中国作物秸秆资源及其利用[J].资源科学,2003,25(4):62-67.
[6]王丽,李雪明,许妍.中国大陆秸秆露天焚烧的经济损失研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(2):170-175.
[7]汪海波,秦元萍,余康.我国农作物秸秆资源的分布、利用与开发策略[J].国土与自然资源研究,2008(2):92-93.
[8]崔明,赵立欣,田宜水,等.中国主要农作物秸秆资源能源化利用分析评价[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):291-296.
[9]毕于运,高春雨,王亚静.中国秸秆资源数量估算[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):211-217.
[10]顾克军,杨四军,张斯梅,等.不同生产条件下留茬高度对水稻秸秆可收集量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(4):831-835.
[11]顾克军,张斯梅,许博,等.江苏省水稻秸秆资源量及其可收集量估算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(1):32-36.
[12]毕于运,王道龙,高春雨,等.中国秸秆资源评价与利用[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2008:5-16.
[13]王雪萍,高建峰.江苏省吴江市秸秆资源调查与评价报告[J].科技信息,2010(1):1031-1033.
[14]蒋斌.楚州区小麦秸秆资源调查与分析[J].安徽农学通报,2010,16(11):201-202.
[15]顾克军,顾东祥,张斯梅,等.耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻茬麦草谷比及麦秸可收集系数的影响[J].江西农业学报,2014,26(4):6-9.
[16]郭绍铮,彭永欣,钱维朴,等.江苏麦作科学[M].南京:江苏科技出版社,1994:14-17.
[17]许世蛟,熊小丽,王艳艳,等.江苏省小麦品种更替过程中主要农艺性状的演变[J].西南农业学报,2009,22(5):1242-1247.
[18]季书勤,吕印谱,宋保谦.不同生态型小麦品种生长发育特性的研究[J].华北农学报,2000,15(3):24-28.
[19]张勇,张伯桥,高德荣,等.江苏淮南麦区小麦品种观察比较试验[J].农学学报,2012,2(5):11-16.
[20]温明星,李东升,曲朝喜,等.镇麦系列小麦品种育种实践及探讨[J].江西农业学报,2013,25(11):47-49.
[21]程顺和,郭文善,王龙俊,等.中国南方小麦[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2012:255-256.
[22]袁秋勇,李庚生,郭万胜,等.淮南稻茬小麦大面积超高产栽培技术研究[J].江苏农业科学,1997(6):11-13.
[23]张敏,刘智全.苏北地区小麦产量构成因素特点分析及高产策略[J].农业科技通讯,2012(6):76-78.
[24]周羊梅,顾正中,王安邦.江苏淮北地区不同类型晚播稻茬小麦产量形成特点[J].江西农业学报,2012,24(5):21-23.
[25]郭程瑾,肖凯,李雁鸣,等.不同生态型小麦品种旗叶光合性能的研究[J].麦类作物学报,2002,22(3):42-46.
[26]王小燕,于振文.大穗型和中穗型小麦品种光合特性的差异及其与粒重和产量的关系[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(10):1976-1982.
[27]杜永,王艳,王学红,等.稻麦两熟区超高产小麦株型特征研究[J].麦类作物学报,2008,28(6):1075-1079.
[28]郭天财,王之杰,胡廷积,等.不同穗型小麦品种群体光合特性及产量性状的研究[J].作物学报,2001,27(5):633-638.
[29]毕常锐,白志英,杨訸,等.种植密度对小麦群体光能资源利用的调控效应[J].华北农学报,2010,25(5):171-176.
[30]吴洪颜,高苹,徐为根,等.江苏省冬小麦湿渍害的风险区划[J].生态学报,2012,32(6):1871-1879.
[31]周玲,王朝辉,李富翠,等.不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异分析[J].生态学报,2012,32(13):4123-4131.
[32]曹树青,赵永强,温家立,等.高产小麦旗叶光合作用及与籽粒灌浆进程关系的研究[J].中国农业科学,2000,33(6):19-25.
[33]郭天财,冯伟,赵会杰,等.水氮运筹对干旱年型冬小麦旗叶生理性状及产量的交互效应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(3):453-457.
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