黑河流域汉代垦殖绿洲空间分布重建
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摘要
综合运用多学科研究方法和3S手段,基于遥感影像解译确定绿洲最大分布范围,结合土壤、海拔、坡度自然条件,合理推断了垦殖绿洲的总体范围.以历史文献、古遗迹、历史地图为基本资料,在开展多次深入细致地实地考察的基础上,获得对汉代垦殖绿洲进行重建的证据.以这些论据为基础,复原出了垦殖绿洲的空间分布范围并量算出了数量,从而获得了详尽的垦殖绿洲分布情况.重建结果表明:汉代垦殖绿洲在全流域都有分布,但主要集中分布在黑河干流和几条支流的下游;汉代上游和中游绿洲面积小而分散,下游相对集中,主要分布在古居延地区,黑河流域汉代垦殖绿洲面积达到1 755 km~2.黑河流域汉代垦殖绿洲能够得到大规模和全区域的开发是由国家政策、农业技术、丝绸之路、自然环境因素共同促成的.
The spatial range of the largest probable cultivated oasis was obtained by an visual interpretation of remote sensing images and the overall range was obtained by the use of soil type,altitude and slope.Then evidence for reconstructing cultivated oasis spatial distribution in Han-Dynasty was obtained based on multidisciplinary research methods,3S technique,historical documents,ancient sites and historical maps and the implementation of several detailed fieldworks.Finally,the space range and number of cultivated oases were reconstructed and a detailed distribution of cultivated oases was also acquired.The reconstruction results show that Han-Dynasty cultivated oases were distributed in the whole basin but mainly in the mainstream of Heihe and also in the downstreams of several tributaries.The total area of Han-Dynasty cultivated oases reached 1 755 km~2 and was scattered with small areas in the upstream and midstream while being relatively concentrated in downstream,mainly in ancient Juyan region.The cultivated oases of Heihe River basin in the Han-Dynasty were of a large scale and were a product of the then national policy,advanced agricultural technology,the flourishing the silk road and good natural environment.
The spatial range of the largest probable cultivated oasis was obtained by an visual interpretation of remote sensing images and the overall range was obtained by the use of soil type,altitude and slope.Then evidence for reconstructing cultivated oasis spatial distribution in Han-Dynasty was obtained based on multidisciplinary research methods,3S technique,historical documents,ancient sites and historical maps and the implementation of several detailed fieldworks.Finally,the space range and number of cultivated oases were reconstructed and a detailed distribution of cultivated oases was also acquired.The reconstruction results show that Han-Dynasty cultivated oases were distributed in the whole basin but mainly in the mainstream of Heihe and also in the downstreams of several tributaries.The total area of Han-Dynasty cultivated oases reached 1 755 km~2 and was scattered with small areas in the upstream and midstream while being relatively concentrated in downstream,mainly in ancient Juyan region.The cultivated oases of Heihe River basin in the Han-Dynasty were of a large scale and were a product of the then national policy,advanced agricultural technology,the flourishing the silk road and good natural environment.
引文
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[29]吴礽骧,李永良,马建华.敦煌汉简释文[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1991.
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[32]胡春元,李玉宝,高永,等.黑河下游生态环境变化及其与人类活动的关系[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2000,14(5):10-14.
[33]石亮.明清及民国时期黑河流域中游地区绿洲化荒漠化时空过程研究[D].兰州:兰州大学资源环境学院,2010.
[2]齐陈骏.河西史研究[M].兰州:甘肃教育出版社, 1989:6-41.46-70.
[3]吴廷桢,郭厚安.河西开发史研究[M].兰州:甘肃教育出版社,1996:29-91.
[4]赵俪生.古代西北屯田开发史[M].兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1997:20-70.
[5]张泽成.汉唐间河西走廊地区农牧生产述略[J].中国史研究,1998(1):38-52.
[6]李并成.河西走廊汉唐古绿洲沙漠化的调查研究[J].地理学报,1998,53(2):106-115.
[7]俞飞,靳立亚,张肖剑,等.6 kaBP中东亚气候对植被变化的响应[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2011,47(2):24-31.
[8]王录仓,程国栋,赵雪雁.内陆河流域城镇发展的历史过程与机制:以黑河流域为例[J].冰川冻土, 2005,27(4):598-607.
[9]肖生春,肖洪浪,宋耀选,等.2000年来黑河中下游水土资源利用与下游环境演变[J].中国沙漠,2004, 24(4):405-408.
[10]肖生春,肖洪浪.两千年来黑河流域水资源平衡估算与下游水环境演变驱动分析[J].冰川冻土,2008, 30(5):733-739.
[11]肖生春,肖洪浪.黑河流域绿洲环境演变因素研究[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(4):385-390.
[12]赵晓囧,李琳琳,颉耀文.1986-2009年高台县绿洲化荒漠化时空过程[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2012,48(1):49-54.
[13]高荣.河西通史[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,2011: 23-45.
[14]方步和.张掖史略[M].兰州:甘肃文化出版社, 2002:109-193.
[15]李并成.河西走廊汉唐古绿洲沙漠化的调查研究[J].地理学报,1998,53(2):106-115.
[16]王乃昂,赵强,胡刚,等.近2ka河西走廊及毗邻地区沙漠化过程的气候与人文背景[J].中国沙漠, 2003,23(1):95-100.
[1 7]孙颔,石玉林.中国农业土地利用[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2003:3-84.
[18]赵永复.历史时期河西走廊的农牧业变迁[J].历史地理,1986(4):75-87.
[19]程弘毅.河西地区历史时期沙漠化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学资源环境学院,2007.
[20]陈梦家.汉简缀述[M].上海:中华书局,1980:4.
[21]梁方仲.中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1980:7-16.
[22]吴慧.中国历代粮食亩产研究[M].北京:农业出版社.1985:12-34.
[23]曹贯一.中国农业经济史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989.
[24]余也非.中国历代粮食平均亩产量考略[J].重庆师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,1980(3):8-20.
[25]吴存浩.中国农业史[M].北京:警官教育出版社, 1996.
[26]赵冈.农业经济史论集:产权、人口与农业生产[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001:15-23.
[27]郑正,王兴平.古代中国人寿命与人均粮食占有量[J].江苏社会科学,2000(1):131-135.
[28]赵俪生.汉屯田劳动者所受剥削之性质与数额上的差异[J].西北师大学报:社会科学版,1982,19(2): 39-42.
[29]吴礽骧,李永良,马建华.敦煌汉简释文[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1991.
[30]宁可.有关汉代农业生产的几个数字[J].北京师范学院学报:社会科学版,1980,84(3):76-89.
[31]Mischke S,Dellske D,Schudack M E.Hydrologic and climatic implications of a multidisciplinary study of the mid to late holocene Lake Eastern Juyanze[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2003,48:1 411-1 417.
[32]胡春元,李玉宝,高永,等.黑河下游生态环境变化及其与人类活动的关系[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2000,14(5):10-14.
[33]石亮.明清及民国时期黑河流域中游地区绿洲化荒漠化时空过程研究[D].兰州:兰州大学资源环境学院,2010.