荒漠绿洲区间作和密植对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
针对间作种植模式下密植潜力薄弱、水资源不足、生产实践中难以同步提高产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的问题,在河西荒漠绿洲区通过大田试验研究了4个(5.25、6.00、6.75、7.50万株·hm~(-2))玉米密度水平下玉米间作豌豆群体的产量和水分利用效率,以期为构建禾豆间作在密植条件下的高效节水技术提供理论依据。结果表明:玉米间作豌豆的土地当量比(LER)平均达到1.16,且LER随玉米密度的增大而增大。单位面积间作玉米的产量平均达到了相应单作的74.87%;随玉米密度的增大,作物产量的最大值均出现在高密度(6.75、7.50万株·hm~(-2))处理中。间作0~120cm土层平均土壤含水量平均低于单作玉米1.60%,但平均高于单作豌豆6.70%;两年内单作玉米和间作0~120cm土层平均土壤含水量均在高密度(7.50万株·hm~(-2))处理时最大。由于土壤贮水量、降雨量、灌水等诸多因素的影响,间作较单作增加了耗水量(ET),上述间作的ET比单作高19.23%~23.66%。与单作WUE加权平均相比较,间作的WUE分别高于单作11.08%、13.32%、18.86%和28.06%;不同玉米密度处理中,密度3(6.75万株·hm~(-2))的WUE表现出了优势。因此,在河西荒漠绿洲区,同步提高作物产量和水分利用效率的有效措施之一是间作和密植条件。
In order to provide theoretical basis for set up efficient water conservation technology under closeplanting of maize/pea intercropping system for the problem was close-planting potential weak research under the intercropping cultivation conditions,water resources deficit,the lack of improved yield and water use efficiency(WUE)together in production,a field experiment was conducted to investigate yield and WUEof4 planting density of maize(52 500,60 000,67 500 and 75 000 plant·hm~(-2))in the Desert Oasis region of Hexi Gansu,China.The results showed that the land equivalent ratios(LER)of different treatments reached 1.16 equally,and LER was raised with the increase of different maize density.In addition,the yield of maize in maize/pea intercropping attained 74.87% compared with mono-cropping maize in relative area,and the maximum of crop yield all appeared in the high density(67 500 and 75 000 plant·hm~(-2))treatments.Besides,soil moisture of 0~120 cm profile of intercropping pattern was lower than mono-cropping maize1.60% and higher than mono-cropping pea 6.70%.In two years,the largest soil moisture 0~120 cm profile of mono-cropping maize and intercropping pattern all assumed in the high density(75 000 plant·hm~(-2))treatment.Influenced by soil water stored capacity,rainfall capacity,irrigation,the ETof intercropping pattern was enhanced,and it was superior to mono-cropping 19.23% ~23.66%.Furthermore,compared to the WUE of mono-cropping maize and pea,the WUE of intercropping pattern was increased by 11.08%,13.32%,18.86%,28.06%,the density 3(75 000 plant·hm~(-2))putted up preponderance.In short,intercropping and close-planting is the one of best measures which can enhanced yield and WUE equally in the Desert Oasis region of Hexi.
In order to provide theoretical basis for set up efficient water conservation technology under closeplanting of maize/pea intercropping system for the problem was close-planting potential weak research under the intercropping cultivation conditions,water resources deficit,the lack of improved yield and water use efficiency(WUE)together in production,a field experiment was conducted to investigate yield and WUEof4 planting density of maize(52 500,60 000,67 500 and 75 000 plant·hm~(-2))in the Desert Oasis region of Hexi Gansu,China.The results showed that the land equivalent ratios(LER)of different treatments reached 1.16 equally,and LER was raised with the increase of different maize density.In addition,the yield of maize in maize/pea intercropping attained 74.87% compared with mono-cropping maize in relative area,and the maximum of crop yield all appeared in the high density(67 500 and 75 000 plant·hm~(-2))treatments.Besides,soil moisture of 0~120 cm profile of intercropping pattern was lower than mono-cropping maize1.60% and higher than mono-cropping pea 6.70%.In two years,the largest soil moisture 0~120 cm profile of mono-cropping maize and intercropping pattern all assumed in the high density(75 000 plant·hm~(-2))treatment.Influenced by soil water stored capacity,rainfall capacity,irrigation,the ETof intercropping pattern was enhanced,and it was superior to mono-cropping 19.23% ~23.66%.Furthermore,compared to the WUE of mono-cropping maize and pea,the WUE of intercropping pattern was increased by 11.08%,13.32%,18.86%,28.06%,the density 3(75 000 plant·hm~(-2))putted up preponderance.In short,intercropping and close-planting is the one of best measures which can enhanced yield and WUE equally in the Desert Oasis region of Hexi.
引文
[1]杨友琼,吴伯志.作物间套作种植方式间作效应研究[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(11):192-196.
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[3]魏玉杰,张金文,赵永平,等.不同种植方式下丁香酚对2种作物根系形态的影响[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(2):413-418.
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[9]汤文光,肖小平,唐海明,等.不同种植模式对南方丘陵旱地土壤水分利用与作物周年生产力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(18):3606-3617.
[10]陈国栋,柴强.根系分隔和供水水平对玉米间作豌豆产量和耗水特征的影响[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(12):25-30.
[11]齐万海,柴强.不同隔根方式下间作小麦玉米的竞争力及产量响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):31-34.
[12]郭丽琢,张虎天,何亚慧,等.根瘤菌接种对豌豆/玉米间作系统作物生长及氮素营养的影响[J].草业学报,2012,21(1):43
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[14]Bandyopadhyay P K,Mallick S,Rana S K.Water balance and crop coefficients of summer-grown peanut(Arachishypogaea L.)in a humid tropical region of India[J].Irrigation Science,2005,23:161-169.
[15]Zhang H,Wang X,You M,et al.Water-yield relations and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plant[J].Irrigation Science,1999,19:37-45.
[16]吴科生,宋尚有,李隆,等.氮肥和接种根瘤菌对豌豆/玉米间作产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(11):1274-1280.
[17]刘广才,杨祁峰.小麦/玉米间作优势及地上部与地下部因素的相对贡献[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(2):477-484.
[18]谢飞,魏慧,张凯,等.间作时期和种植密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统光能利用效率的影响[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(3):652-657.
[19]张永科,孙茂,张雪君.玉米密植和营养改良之研究Ⅲ.玉米营养和产量的相关分析[J].玉米科学,2006,14(3):29-132.
[20]Neumann A,werner J,Rauber R.Evaluation of yield-density relationships and optimization of intercrop compositions of field-grown pea-oat intercrops using the replacement series and the response surface design[J].Field Crops Research,2009,114(2):286-294.
[21]孙长青.玉米密植品种增产的有效措施[J].农技服务,2012,29(3):276.
[22]Snaydon R W,Harris P M.Interaction below-ground-the use of nutrients and water[M]//Willey R W.Proceedings of International Workshop on Intercropping,ICRISAT.1981:188-201.
[23]Morris R A,Garrity D P.Resource capture and utilization in intercropping:water[J].Field Crops Research,1993,34:303-317.
[24]黄高宝,张恩和.调亏灌溉条件下春小麦玉米间套农田水、肥与根系的时空协调性研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(1):53-56.
[25]Johannes L,Inka P,Claudia S,et al.Below-ground interactions in dryland agroforestry[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1998,111:157-169.
[2]Li L,Sun J H,Zhang F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercroppingⅠ.Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71(2):123-137.
[3]魏玉杰,张金文,赵永平,等.不同种植方式下丁香酚对2种作物根系形态的影响[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(2):413-418.
[4]Tilman D,Cassman K G,Matson P A,et al.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J].Nature,2002,418(6898):671-677.
[5]周旭梅,高旭东,何晶.种植密度对玉米产量及植株性状的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(3):107-110.
[6]柴强,杨彩红,黄高宝.干旱区绿洲不同种植模式作物的耗水特征[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1153-1159.
[7]Yang C H,Huang G B,Chai Q,et al.Water use and yield of wheat/maize intercropping under alternate irrigation in the oasis field of northwest China[J].Field Crops Research,2011,124:426-432.
[8]齐付国,刘小飞,孙景生,等.棉花甜瓜间作棵间蒸发及水分利用效率研究[J].农学学报,2012,2(8):68-73.
[9]汤文光,肖小平,唐海明,等.不同种植模式对南方丘陵旱地土壤水分利用与作物周年生产力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(18):3606-3617.
[10]陈国栋,柴强.根系分隔和供水水平对玉米间作豌豆产量和耗水特征的影响[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(12):25-30.
[11]齐万海,柴强.不同隔根方式下间作小麦玉米的竞争力及产量响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):31-34.
[12]郭丽琢,张虎天,何亚慧,等.根瘤菌接种对豌豆/玉米间作系统作物生长及氮素营养的影响[J].草业学报,2012,21(1):43
[13]Willey R,Osiru D.Studies on mixtures of maize and beans(Pharsalus vulgaris)with particular reference to plant population[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1972,29(03):517-529.
[14]Bandyopadhyay P K,Mallick S,Rana S K.Water balance and crop coefficients of summer-grown peanut(Arachishypogaea L.)in a humid tropical region of India[J].Irrigation Science,2005,23:161-169.
[15]Zhang H,Wang X,You M,et al.Water-yield relations and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plant[J].Irrigation Science,1999,19:37-45.
[16]吴科生,宋尚有,李隆,等.氮肥和接种根瘤菌对豌豆/玉米间作产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(11):1274-1280.
[17]刘广才,杨祁峰.小麦/玉米间作优势及地上部与地下部因素的相对贡献[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(2):477-484.
[18]谢飞,魏慧,张凯,等.间作时期和种植密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统光能利用效率的影响[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(3):652-657.
[19]张永科,孙茂,张雪君.玉米密植和营养改良之研究Ⅲ.玉米营养和产量的相关分析[J].玉米科学,2006,14(3):29-132.
[20]Neumann A,werner J,Rauber R.Evaluation of yield-density relationships and optimization of intercrop compositions of field-grown pea-oat intercrops using the replacement series and the response surface design[J].Field Crops Research,2009,114(2):286-294.
[21]孙长青.玉米密植品种增产的有效措施[J].农技服务,2012,29(3):276.
[22]Snaydon R W,Harris P M.Interaction below-ground-the use of nutrients and water[M]//Willey R W.Proceedings of International Workshop on Intercropping,ICRISAT.1981:188-201.
[23]Morris R A,Garrity D P.Resource capture and utilization in intercropping:water[J].Field Crops Research,1993,34:303-317.
[24]黄高宝,张恩和.调亏灌溉条件下春小麦玉米间套农田水、肥与根系的时空协调性研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(1):53-56.
[25]Johannes L,Inka P,Claudia S,et al.Below-ground interactions in dryland agroforestry[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1998,111:157-169.