碳磷添加对黄土区农田土壤呼吸及温度敏感性的影响
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摘要
黄土区耕地面积占全国耕地面积的15%以上,该区域降水资源贫乏,是我国土壤生产力和土壤有机碳储量最低的区域之一。营养的大量投入可以极大地提高土壤生产力,但对于营养添加下土壤CO_2排放有何变化以及是如何改变黄土区土壤环境,进而影响土壤呼吸及温度敏感性还尚不清楚。本文以长武实验田的黑垆土作为研究对象,分别对N12(施氮量120 kg?hm~(-2))土样设置不添加、添加磷源以及CK(长期连作不施肥)土样设置不添加、添加磷源、碳源、碳磷源(共计6个处理),比较分析在15℃和25℃培养下土壤呼吸速率的变化,以及培养周期内土壤温度敏感性Q_(10)(即温度每升高10℃,温室气体排放速率变化的倍数)的变化趋势。通过对呼吸前后土壤pH值、全碳全磷、有机碳、速效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮以及微生物生物量碳磷(MBC、MBP)的测定,分析其影响因素。碳磷添加在一定程度上提高了土壤的呼吸速率,其中碳源的添加明显增强了土壤呼吸速率以及土壤Q_(10)值。碳磷添加大幅度提高了土壤全碳、速效磷含量以及微生物活性,15℃条件培养后,土壤微生物生物量最高。碳磷添加后,土壤呼吸速率与土壤pH、全碳、铵态氮、MBC呈极显著相关关系。该研究为黄土区土壤生产力的提高以及降低温室气体的排放、恢复和改善生态环境提供理论依据。
Background,aim,and scope The cultivated land area in the loess area accounts for more than 15%of the total cultivated land area in China.The rainfall resources in this area are poor,soil erosion and desertification are serious,and productivity is low.Agricultural operation and management in dry land is relatively backward;it is one of the lowest areas of productivity and soil organic carbon storage in China.In recent years,there are many researches on loess area.Studies have found that a large amount of nutrition can greatly increase soil productivity.However,it is not clear about the change in CO_2 emissions after nutrition is added,and how nutrient additions change the soil environment in loess area,and then affect soil respiration and temperature sensitivity.Materials and methods In this paper,the N12 soil samples are divided into two treatments:black and phosphorus addition,and CK soil samples are divided into four treatments:black,phosphorus addition,carbon addition,and carbon and phosphorus addition(6 treatments in total),soil basic respiration rate at 15℃and 25℃is compared and analyzed as well as the change trend of Q_(10) during the period of culture.Influencing factors are analyzed by comparing the changes of soil pH,total carbon and total phosphorus,organic carbon,available phosphorus,nitrate nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus(MBC and MBP)around respiration.Results Carbon and phosphorus increase the respiration rate of soil to a certain extent,the addition of carbon source significantly enhance soil respiration rate and Q_(10).The addition of carbon and phosphorus has increase effect on the total carbon,available phosphorus content and microbial activity,the soil microbial biomass is the highest after 15℃.After the addition of carbon and phosphorus,the soil respiration rate has a very significant correlation with soil pH,total carbon,ammonium nitrogen content and MBC.Discussion Soil respiration is an important biological indicator of soil quality and fertility,in particular,the basic soil respiration partly reacts the biological activity of the soil and the strength of soil material metabolism,which reflects the transformation and supply of soil nutrients.The addition of nutrients changes the soil environment and fertility,and then increases the respiration rate and Q_(10).Carbon content in soil is a quick-acting substrate for microbial growth,so the addition of carbon promotes the activity and growth of microbes and then increases the respiration.In addition,soil pH also affects soil carbon,nitrogen and other nutrients then influences CO_2 emissions.Conclusions To sum up,the addition of carbon and phosphorus changes soil environment,such as soil pH,total carbon,ammonium nitrogen and MBC,which changes soil respiration rate and Q_(10).Recommendations and perspectives The sensitivity of soil respiration rate to temperature change directly affects the estimation of carbon cycling and carbon accumulation,and predicts the carbon balance and global warming degree of the terrestrial ecosystem in the future.Therefore,the study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of soil productivity and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,recovery and improvement of the ecological environment in the loess region.
Background,aim,and scope The cultivated land area in the loess area accounts for more than 15%of the total cultivated land area in China.The rainfall resources in this area are poor,soil erosion and desertification are serious,and productivity is low.Agricultural operation and management in dry land is relatively backward;it is one of the lowest areas of productivity and soil organic carbon storage in China.In recent years,there are many researches on loess area.Studies have found that a large amount of nutrition can greatly increase soil productivity.However,it is not clear about the change in CO_2 emissions after nutrition is added,and how nutrient additions change the soil environment in loess area,and then affect soil respiration and temperature sensitivity.Materials and methods In this paper,the N12 soil samples are divided into two treatments:black and phosphorus addition,and CK soil samples are divided into four treatments:black,phosphorus addition,carbon addition,and carbon and phosphorus addition(6 treatments in total),soil basic respiration rate at 15℃and 25℃is compared and analyzed as well as the change trend of Q_(10) during the period of culture.Influencing factors are analyzed by comparing the changes of soil pH,total carbon and total phosphorus,organic carbon,available phosphorus,nitrate nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus(MBC and MBP)around respiration.Results Carbon and phosphorus increase the respiration rate of soil to a certain extent,the addition of carbon source significantly enhance soil respiration rate and Q_(10).The addition of carbon and phosphorus has increase effect on the total carbon,available phosphorus content and microbial activity,the soil microbial biomass is the highest after 15℃.After the addition of carbon and phosphorus,the soil respiration rate has a very significant correlation with soil pH,total carbon,ammonium nitrogen content and MBC.Discussion Soil respiration is an important biological indicator of soil quality and fertility,in particular,the basic soil respiration partly reacts the biological activity of the soil and the strength of soil material metabolism,which reflects the transformation and supply of soil nutrients.The addition of nutrients changes the soil environment and fertility,and then increases the respiration rate and Q_(10).Carbon content in soil is a quick-acting substrate for microbial growth,so the addition of carbon promotes the activity and growth of microbes and then increases the respiration.In addition,soil pH also affects soil carbon,nitrogen and other nutrients then influences CO_2 emissions.Conclusions To sum up,the addition of carbon and phosphorus changes soil environment,such as soil pH,total carbon,ammonium nitrogen and MBC,which changes soil respiration rate and Q_(10).Recommendations and perspectives The sensitivity of soil respiration rate to temperature change directly affects the estimation of carbon cycling and carbon accumulation,and predicts the carbon balance and global warming degree of the terrestrial ecosystem in the future.Therefore,the study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of soil productivity and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,recovery and improvement of the ecological environment in the loess region.
引文
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翁伯琦,郑祥洲,丁洪,等.2013.植被恢复对土壤碳氮循环的影响研究进展[J].应用生态学报,24(12):3610-3616.[Weng B Q,Zheng X Z,Ding H,et al.2013.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(12):3610-3616.]
杨玲,廖允成,高茂盛,等.2011.不同耕作措施下旱作麦田CO2排放速率与土壤水热关系分析[J].西北农业学报,20(1):70-75.[Yang L,Liao Y C,Gao M S,et al.2011.Relationship analysis of CO2 emission fluxes and soil temperature and moisture in rainfed wheat field with different tillage[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,20(1):70-75.]
杨庆朋,徐明,刘洪升,等.2011.土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响因素和不确定性[J].生态学报,31(8):2301-2311.[Yang Q P,Xu M,Liu H S,et al.2011.Impact factors and uncertainties of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(8):2301-2311.]
杨毅,黄玫,刘洪升,等.2011.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性和适应性研究进展[J].自然资源学报,26(10):1811-1822.[Yang Y,Huang M,Liu H S,et al.2011.The interrelation between temperature sensitivity and adaptability of soil respiration[J].Journal of Natural Resources,26(10):1811-1822.]
张春霞,郝明德,谢佰承.2006.不同化肥用量对土壤碳库的影响[J].土壤通报,37(5):861-864.[Zhang C X,Hao M D,Xie B C.2006.Effect of application amounts of different chemical fertilizers on soil carbon pool[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,37(5):861-864.]
张东秋,石培礼,张宪洲.2005.土壤呼吸主要影响因素的研究进展[J].地理科学进展,20(7):778-785.[Zhang D Q,Shi P L,Zhang X Z.2005.Some advance in the main factors controlling soil respiration[J].Advances in Earth Science,20(7):778-785.]
张俊丽,Sikander Khan Tanveer,温晓霞,等.2012.不同耕作方式下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸及其影响因素[J].农业工程学报,28(18):192-199.[Zhang J L,Sikander Khan Tanveer,Wen X X,et al.2012.Soil respiration and its affecting factors in dry-land maize field under different tillage systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,28(18):192-199.]
张宇,张海林,陈继康,等.2009.耕作措施对华北农田CO2排放影响及水热关系分析[J].农业工程学报,25(4):47-52.[Zhang Y,Zhang H L,Chen J K,et al.2009.Effects of different tillage practices on CO2 emission fluxes from farmland in North China Plain and the analysis of soil temperature and moisture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,25(4):47-53.]
赵吉.2006.土壤健康的生物学监测与评价[J].土壤,38(2):136-142.[Zhao J.2006.Biological monitoring and assessment of soil health[J].Soils,38(2):136-142.]
Brookes P C,Landman A,Pruden G,et al.1985.Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,17(6):837-842.
Davidson E A,Janssens I A,Luo Y Q.2006.On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems:moving beyond Q10[J].Global Change Biology,12(2):154-164.
Liu Z P,Shao M A,Wang Y Q.2011.Effect of environmental factors on regional soil organic carbon stocks across the Loess Plateau region,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,142(3/4):184-194.
Tang J W,Baldocchi D D,Xu L K.2005.Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale[J].Global Change Biology,11(8):1298-1304.
Vance E D,Brookes P C,Jenkinson D S.1987.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,19(6):703-707.
蔡祖聪.2001.氮形态转化途径研究的新进展--厌气铵氧化及其应用前景[J].应用生态学报,12(5):795-798.[Cai Z C.2001.A research progress in nitrogen conversionanammox and prospects of its application[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,12(5):795-798.]
郭胜利,吴金水,党廷辉.2008.轮作和施肥对半干旱区作物地上部生物量与土壤有机碳的影响[J].中国农业科学,41(3):744-751.[Guo S L,Wu J S,Dang T H.2008.Effects of crop rotation and fertilization on aboveground biomass and soil organic C in semi-arid region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,41(3):744-751.]
韩广轩,周广胜,许振柱.2008.玉米生长季土壤呼吸的时间变异性及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,7(10):1698-1705.[Han G X,Zhou G S,Xu Z Z.2008.Temporal variation of soil respiration and its affecting factors in a maize field during maize growth season[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,27(10):1698-1705.]
姜继韶,郭胜利,王蕊,等.2015.施氮对黄土旱塬区春玉米土壤呼吸和温度敏感性的影响[J].环境科学,36(5):1802-1809.[Jiang J S,Guo S L,Wang R,et al.2015.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration and temperature sensitivity in spring maize field in semiarid regions on Loess Plateau[J].Environmental Science,36(5):1802-1809.]
李晓莎,武宁,刘玲,等.2015.不同秸秆还田和耕作方式对夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,26(6):1765-1771.[Li X S,Wu N,Liu L,et al.2015.Effects of different straw recycling and tillage methods on soil respiration and microbial activity[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,26(6):1765-1771.]
刘爽,严昌荣,何文清,等.2010.不同耕作措施下旱地农田土壤呼吸及其影响因素[J].生态学报,30(11):2919-2924.[Liu S,Yan C R,He W Q,et al.2010.Soil respiration and it’s affected factors under different tillage systems in dryland production systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(11):2919-2924.]
王立刚,邱建军,李维炯.2002.黄淮海平原地区夏玉米农田土壤呼吸的动态研究[J].土壤肥料,(6):13-17.[Wang L G,Qiu J J,Li W J.2002.Study on the dynamics of soil respiration in the field of summer-corn in Huanghuaihai region in China[J].Soils and Fertilizers,(6):13-17.]
翁伯琦,郑祥洲,丁洪,等.2013.植被恢复对土壤碳氮循环的影响研究进展[J].应用生态学报,24(12):3610-3616.[Weng B Q,Zheng X Z,Ding H,et al.2013.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(12):3610-3616.]
杨玲,廖允成,高茂盛,等.2011.不同耕作措施下旱作麦田CO2排放速率与土壤水热关系分析[J].西北农业学报,20(1):70-75.[Yang L,Liao Y C,Gao M S,et al.2011.Relationship analysis of CO2 emission fluxes and soil temperature and moisture in rainfed wheat field with different tillage[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,20(1):70-75.]
杨庆朋,徐明,刘洪升,等.2011.土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响因素和不确定性[J].生态学报,31(8):2301-2311.[Yang Q P,Xu M,Liu H S,et al.2011.Impact factors and uncertainties of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(8):2301-2311.]
杨毅,黄玫,刘洪升,等.2011.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性和适应性研究进展[J].自然资源学报,26(10):1811-1822.[Yang Y,Huang M,Liu H S,et al.2011.The interrelation between temperature sensitivity and adaptability of soil respiration[J].Journal of Natural Resources,26(10):1811-1822.]
张春霞,郝明德,谢佰承.2006.不同化肥用量对土壤碳库的影响[J].土壤通报,37(5):861-864.[Zhang C X,Hao M D,Xie B C.2006.Effect of application amounts of different chemical fertilizers on soil carbon pool[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,37(5):861-864.]
张东秋,石培礼,张宪洲.2005.土壤呼吸主要影响因素的研究进展[J].地理科学进展,20(7):778-785.[Zhang D Q,Shi P L,Zhang X Z.2005.Some advance in the main factors controlling soil respiration[J].Advances in Earth Science,20(7):778-785.]
张俊丽,Sikander Khan Tanveer,温晓霞,等.2012.不同耕作方式下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸及其影响因素[J].农业工程学报,28(18):192-199.[Zhang J L,Sikander Khan Tanveer,Wen X X,et al.2012.Soil respiration and its affecting factors in dry-land maize field under different tillage systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,28(18):192-199.]
张宇,张海林,陈继康,等.2009.耕作措施对华北农田CO2排放影响及水热关系分析[J].农业工程学报,25(4):47-52.[Zhang Y,Zhang H L,Chen J K,et al.2009.Effects of different tillage practices on CO2 emission fluxes from farmland in North China Plain and the analysis of soil temperature and moisture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,25(4):47-53.]
赵吉.2006.土壤健康的生物学监测与评价[J].土壤,38(2):136-142.[Zhao J.2006.Biological monitoring and assessment of soil health[J].Soils,38(2):136-142.]
Brookes P C,Landman A,Pruden G,et al.1985.Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,17(6):837-842.
Davidson E A,Janssens I A,Luo Y Q.2006.On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems:moving beyond Q10[J].Global Change Biology,12(2):154-164.
Liu Z P,Shao M A,Wang Y Q.2011.Effect of environmental factors on regional soil organic carbon stocks across the Loess Plateau region,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,142(3/4):184-194.
Tang J W,Baldocchi D D,Xu L K.2005.Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale[J].Global Change Biology,11(8):1298-1304.
Vance E D,Brookes P C,Jenkinson D S.1987.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,19(6):703-707.