畜禽草耦合模式探索——牧鸡对退化草地植物物种多样性的影响
|
摘要
将牧鸡引入草地畜牧业形成畜禽草耦合新型草地利用方式,能够促进退化草地生态和生产功能的双提升.但牧鸡对退化草地物种多样性有何影响尚不清楚.为探明牧鸡对退化草地植物群落的影响,本研究在浑善达克沙地开展了退化草地典型植物饲喂鸡实验和牧鸡控制实验.通过选取10种典型代表植物对鸡进行饲喂实验发现,鸡对藜科植物(如灰绿藜)的喜食度较高,其次喜食豆科(如花苜蓿和斜茎黄耆)和菊科植物(如蒲公英),不喜食禾本科植物.鸡对草地植物的喜食度与其粗纤维含量显著负相关,与其粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量显著正相关.鸡对草地植物的采食量极低,日采食量在3～9 g干物质之间,约占日总采食量的4%～11%.通过对比牧鸡(MJ)和不放牧(CK)实验区的植物群落特征,发现MJ对退化草地物种多样性无显著影响,植物群落的物种丰富度维持在10种左右, MJ的多样性指数和均匀度指数分别维持在1.5左右和0.7左右; MJ显著降低植物群落高度,实验第二年和第三年MJ的群落高度分别比CK降低了19.1%和27.2%;但MJ显著提高了植物群落的净初级生产力(NPP),实验第三年MJ的NPP达到464.3 g m~(-2)yr~(-1),是CK的1.7倍; MJ的植被盖度在第三年也达到74.3%,是CK的1.5倍.因此,将牧鸡引入传统草地畜牧业形成畜禽草耦合模式不会对物种多样性带来负面影响.但在实际生产中应注意牧鸡方法,持续关注牧鸡对物种多样性的影响及其可能引发的级联反应.
Livestock-poultry-grassland(LPG), a novel land use that couples chicken farming and livestock grazing in the grasslands of northern China, has great potential in improving both ecological and productive functions of degraded grasslands. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the influences of chicken farming on grassland production and herder income while ignoring their influences on species diversity. We carried out two experiments to clarify how chicken farming influences the plant communities in degraded grasslands. First, we selected 10 typical plants for a chicken feeding experiment, and results showed that plants in the Chenopodiaceae family, such as Chenopodium glaucum, were the favorite forage, followed by plants in the Leguminosae family, such as Medicago ruthenica and Astragalus adsurgens, and plants in the Compositae family, such as Taraxacum mongolicum. Plants in Gramineae family were rarely consumed. When chickens were farmed in grasslands, their total intake amount was significantly negatively correlated with plant crude fiber content and was significantly positively correlated with both plant crude fat and crude protein contents. Chickens consumed plants in very low amounts, typically between 3–9 g dry matter per chicken per day, accounting for 4%–11% of the total food intake. In the second experiment, we compared chicken farming(MJ) with zero grazing(CK) in degraded grasslands over 3 years, and results showed that species richness did not significantly differ between treatments or years.There were around 10 species in the plant communities of both MJ and CK during the 3-year period. The Shannon Wiener diversity and evenness indexes of the plant community were maintained at approximately 1.5 and 0.7, respectively. In MJ, plant height in the community was significantly reduced. In the second and third years, compared to CK, the plant height in MJ decreased by 19.1% and27.2%, respectively. However, in MJ, the net primary production improved, reaching 464.3 g m-2 yr-1 in the third year, 1.7 times that in CK. Vegetation cover in MJ reached 74.3%, 1.5 times that in CK. Overall, chicken farming had no negative impacts on species diversity. However, if LPG is employed in the future in degraded grasslands, we should pay continuous attention to choosing suitable chicken farming methods and monitoring biodiversity changes and their consequences.
Livestock-poultry-grassland(LPG), a novel land use that couples chicken farming and livestock grazing in the grasslands of northern China, has great potential in improving both ecological and productive functions of degraded grasslands. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the influences of chicken farming on grassland production and herder income while ignoring their influences on species diversity. We carried out two experiments to clarify how chicken farming influences the plant communities in degraded grasslands. First, we selected 10 typical plants for a chicken feeding experiment, and results showed that plants in the Chenopodiaceae family, such as Chenopodium glaucum, were the favorite forage, followed by plants in the Leguminosae family, such as Medicago ruthenica and Astragalus adsurgens, and plants in the Compositae family, such as Taraxacum mongolicum. Plants in Gramineae family were rarely consumed. When chickens were farmed in grasslands, their total intake amount was significantly negatively correlated with plant crude fiber content and was significantly positively correlated with both plant crude fat and crude protein contents. Chickens consumed plants in very low amounts, typically between 3–9 g dry matter per chicken per day, accounting for 4%–11% of the total food intake. In the second experiment, we compared chicken farming(MJ) with zero grazing(CK) in degraded grasslands over 3 years, and results showed that species richness did not significantly differ between treatments or years.There were around 10 species in the plant communities of both MJ and CK during the 3-year period. The Shannon Wiener diversity and evenness indexes of the plant community were maintained at approximately 1.5 and 0.7, respectively. In MJ, plant height in the community was significantly reduced. In the second and third years, compared to CK, the plant height in MJ decreased by 19.1% and27.2%, respectively. However, in MJ, the net primary production improved, reaching 464.3 g m-2 yr-1 in the third year, 1.7 times that in CK. Vegetation cover in MJ reached 74.3%, 1.5 times that in CK. Overall, chicken farming had no negative impacts on species diversity. However, if LPG is employed in the future in degraded grasslands, we should pay continuous attention to choosing suitable chicken farming methods and monitoring biodiversity changes and their consequences.
引文
1 Zhang Y J, Zhang X Q, Wang X Y, et al. Establishing the carrying capacity of the grasslands of China:A review. Rangel J, 2014, 36:1–9
2 Kang L, Han X, Zhang Z, et al. Grassland ecosystems in China:Review of current knowledge and research advancement. Philos Trans R Soc BBiol Sci, 2007, 362:997–1008
3 Zou J R, Zhao X Q. Effects of livestock exclosure and grazing on carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystem(in Chinese). Pratacul Sci, 2015,32 :1748–1756[邹婧汝,赵新全.围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响.草业科学, 2015, 32:1748–1756]
4 Li W, Xu F, Zheng S, et al. Patterns and thresholds of grazing-induced changes in community structure and ecosystem functioning:Species-level responses and the critical role of species traits. J Appl Ecol, 2017, 54:963–975
5 Zhang Y Z, Wang Z Q, Yang Y, et al. Research on the quantitative evaluation of grassland degradation and spatial and temporal distribution on the Mongolia Plateau(in Chinese). Pratacul Sci, 2018, 35:233–243[张艳珍,王钊齐,杨悦,等.蒙古高原草地退化程度时空分布定量研究.草业科学, 2018, 35:233–243]
6 Bai Y, Wu J, Clark C M, et al. Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:Evidence from Inner Mongolia grasslands. Glob Change Biol, 2010, 16:358–372
7 Yu Z, Zeng D, Jiang F, et al. Responses of biomass to the addition of water, nitrogen and phosphorus in Keerqin sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia,China. J Forry Res, 2009, 20:23–26
8 He X, Ma W H, Liang C Z, et al. Effects of nutrients additions on community biomass varied among different grassland ecosystems of Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Sci Nat-Univ Pekinensis, 2015, 51:657–666[贺星,马文红,梁存柱,等.养分添加对内蒙古不同草地生态系统生物量的影响.北京大学学报:自然科学版, 2015, 51:657–666]
9 Zhao M, Chen X H, Zhao Z Y, et al. Releasing of N, P and K of orgranic fertilizers and their effects on the contents of available Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in soil(in Chinese). Chin J Eco-Agric, 2007, 15:47–50[赵明,陈雪辉,赵征宇,等.鸡粪等有机肥料的养分释放及土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响.中国生态农业学报, 2007, 15:47–50]
10 Mcbride M B. Cadmium uptake by crops estimated from soil total Cd and pH. Soil Sci, 2002, 167:62–67
11 Zhang N N, Jia S G, Kang H, et al. Effects of the fresh chicken manure and bio-orgranic fertilizer on the nutrient deposition of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium from rapeseed and soil(in Chinese). Heilongjiang Anim Sci Vet Med, 2014,(11):98–100[张楠楠,贾淑庚,陈辉,等.鲜鸡粪和生物有机肥对油菜和土壤N、P、K养分沉积的影响.黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2014,(11):98–100]
12 Su H, Liu W, Xu H, et al. Introducing chicken farming into traditional ruminant-grazing dominated production systems for promoting ecological restoration of degraded rangeland in northern China. Land Degrad Dev, 2018, 29:240–249
13 Xu H, Su H, Su B, et al. Restoring the degraded grassland and improving sustainability of grassland ecosystem through chicken farming:A case study in northern China. Agr Ecosyst Environ, 2014, 186:115–123
14 Zhang X L, Su H, Li Y G, et al. Effects of different chicken grazing densities on soil nutrients of sandy grassland(in Chinese). J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2015, 46:42–47[张显龙,苏华,李永庚,等.不同牧鸡密度对沙草地土壤养分状况的影响.沈阳农业大学学报, 2015, 46:42–47]
15 Sun T, Liu X, Sun G, et al. Grasshopper plague control in the alpine rangelands of the Qilian Mountains, China. A socio-economic and biological approach. Land Degrad Dev, 2016, 27:1763–1770
16 Wang D L, Wang L. Interactions between herbivores and plant diversity(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2011, 19:699–704[王德利,王岭.草食动物与草地植物多样性的互作关系研究进展.草地学报, 2011, 19:699–704]
17 Cardinale B J, Palmer M A, Collins S L. Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation. Nature, 2002, 415:426 –429
18 Bai Y, Han X, Wu J, et al. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Nature, 2004, 431:181–184
19 Ding G D, Li S Y, Cai J Y, et al. Pasture resources evaluation and stocking denstiy in Hunshandake Sandy Land:Case study of Zhenglan Banner,Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Chin J Ecol, 2005, 24:1038–1042[丁国栋,李素艳,蔡京艳,等.浑善达克沙地草场资源评价与载畜量研究—以内蒙古正蓝旗沙地区为例.生态学杂志, 2005, 24:1038–1042]
20 Su H, Li Y, Liu W, et al. Changes in water use with growth in Ulmus pumila in semiarid sandy land of northern China. Trees, 2014, 28:41–52
21 Zhang L Y. Feed Analysis and Quality Test Technology(in Chinese). Beijing:China Agriculture University Press, 2007[张丽英.饲料分析及饲料品质检测技术.北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2007]
22 Li N, Yu W L, Hu X L, et al. Effect of fencing on community characteristics of degenerated grassland in Hunshandake Sandy Land(in Chinese). J Arid Land Res Environ, 2009, 23:157–160[李那何芽,余伟莅,胡小龙,等.围栏禁牧对浑善达克沙地退化草场植物群落特征的影响.干旱区资源与环境, 2009, 23:157–160]
23 Dong M. Survey, Observation and Analysis of Terrestrial Biocommunities(in Chinese). Beijing:Standards Press of China, 1997[董鸣.陆地生物群落调查观测与分析.北京:中国标准出版社出版, 1997]
24 Guo J X, Li J S, Tand S M, et al. Comparative study on flora of seed plant of steppe in the Loess Plateau and the Inner Mongolia Plateau(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2018, 26:298–305[郭建鑫,李金升,唐士明,等.黄土高原与内蒙古高原草原种子植物区系比较研究.草地学报, 2018, 26:298–305]
25 Golodets C, Kigel J, Sternberg M. Plant diversity partitioning in grazed Mediterranean grassland at multiple spatial and temporal scales. J Appl Ecol, 2011, 48:1260–1268
26 Schrama M, Heijning P, Bakker J P, et al. Herbivore trampling as an alternative pathway for explaining differences in nitrogen mineralization in moist grasslands. Oecologia, 2013, 172:231–243
27 Briske D D, Zhao M, Han G, et al. Strategies to alleviate poverty and grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia:Intensification vs production efficiency of livestock systems. J Environ Manage, 2015, 152:177–182
28 Liu G H, Wang S P, Zhang Y J, et al. Estimation of diet composition and herbage intake of grazing cows using n-alkane technique in Inner Mongolia typical steppes(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2009, 17:693–698[刘贵河,汪诗平,张英俊,等.链烷技术估测典型草原放牧牛食性食量方法研究.草地学报, 2009, 17:693–698]
29 Zhao D, Liu X M. Changes of organic nitrogen fractions during the decomposition of sheep and cattle dung in Inner Mongolia steppe(in Chinese). J Inner Mongolia Univ-Nat Sci Ed, 2018, 49:174–181[赵东,刘新民.内蒙古典型草原羊粪和牛粪分解过程中有机氮组分的变化.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 49:174–181]
30 Wang S P, Li Y H, Wang Y F, et al. Influence of different stocking rates on plant diversity of Artemisia frigida community in Inner Mongolia steppe(in Chinese). Acta Bot Sin, 2001, 43:89–96[汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,等.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响.植物学报, 2001, 43:89–96]
31 Lomu M A, Glatz P C, Ru Y J. Metabolizable energy of crop contents in free-range hens. Int J Poultry Sci, 2004, 3:728–732
32 Lorenz C, Kany T, Grashorn M. Method to estimate feed intake from pasture in broilers and laying hens. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 2013, 77:160 –165
33 Horsted K, Hammersh?j M, Hermansen J E. Short-term effects on productivity and egg quality in nutrient-restricted versus non-restricted organic layers with access to different forage crops. Acta Agric Scand Sect A-Anim Sci, 2006, 56:42–54
34 Giese M, Brueck H, Gao Y Z, et al. N balance and cycling of Inner Mongolia typical steppe:A comprehensive case study of grazing effects. Ecol Monogr, 2013, 83:195–219
35 Li Y L, Shi C J, Cheng J W, et al. The daily intake and forage species selection of three types of grazing livestocks on a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2018, 26:1091–1096[李艳龙,石椿珺,程建伟,等.内蒙古典型草原三种家畜采食量和食性选择的研究.草地学报, 2018, 26:1091-–1096]
36 Guo Q, Yin G M, Zhao H P, et al. Study on grazing behavior and feed intake of grazing sheep(in Chinese). Chin J Grassland, 2011, 33:95–98+110[郭强,殷国梅,赵和平,等.放牧绵羊牧食行为及采食量研究.中国草地学报, 2011, 33:95–98+110]
37 Liu W T, Wei Z J, Lv S J, et al. Response mechanism of plant diversity to herbivore foraging in desert grassland. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2016, 40:564 –573[刘文亭,卫智军,吕世杰,等.荒漠草地植物多样性对草食动物采食的响应机制.植物生态学报, 2016, 40:564–573]
38 Liu Z Y, Sun T, Yuan F, et al. The effects of temperature on the behaviors of free-ranging chicken in the alpine grassland(in Chinese).Pratacultural Sci, 2011, 28:1370–1373[刘志云,孙涛,袁丰,等.温度变化对高寒草地牧鸡行为影响初探.草业科学, 2011, 28:1370–1373]
39 Fanatico A. Sustainable chicken production:Livestock production guide. Arkansas:Appropriate Technoloty Transfer for Rural Areas, 1998
40 Bai J H, Wang G C, Bradly B, et al. Prestudy on the volatile organic compound in Inner Mongolia grassland(in Chinese). Sci Technol Eng, 2003,3 :179–181[白建辉,王庚辰, Bradly Baker,等.内蒙古草地挥发性有机物的预研究.科学技术与工程, 2003, 3:179–181]
41 Li Y, Chao X Y, Zhang Y K. Research progress of Thermopsis lanceolate(in Chinese). J Agric Sci, 2007, 28:80–84[李勇,晁向阳,张永康.披针叶黄华的研究进展.农业科学研究, 2007, 28:80–84]
42 Li Y, Wei Y M, Shi Y F. Study on toxicity of alkaloids of Thermopsis lanceolate(in Chinese). Prog Vet Med, 2016, 37:78–82[李勇,魏彦明,石雅芳.披针叶黄华生物碱的毒性试验研究.动物医学进展, 2016, 37:78–82]
43 Jiang C, Zhang Y J, Luo H L, et al. Optimum combination of plant wax compositions as markers in the composition estimation of dietary plant species of desert steppe in Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2012, 20:576–582[姜超,张英俊,罗海玲,等.内蒙古荒漠草原区分采食成分的最佳蜡层指示剂组合.草地学报, 2012, 20:576–582]
44 Lou Y J, Li Z W, Massimo M. Study on assessing the intake and the species of grass grazing by alpaca with alkane(in Chinese). Acta Zoonutr Sin, 2004, 16:40–43[娄玉杰,李子文, Massimo M.利用链烷烃测定放牧羊驼采食量及种类的研究.动物营养学报, 2004, 16:40–43]
45 Liu G H, Zhang Y J, Wang S P, et al. Estimation of diet composition and herbage intake of grazing sheep at different stocking rates in Inner Mongolia typical steppe by using n-alkanes technique(in Chinese). Acta Pratacul Sin, 2013, 22:71–79[刘贵河,张英俊,汪诗平,等.链烷技术估测典型草原不同放牧率绵羊食性食量方法研究草地学报, 2013, 22:71–79]
46 Olff H, Ritchie M E. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends Ecol Evol, 1998, 13:261–265
47 Olff H, Ritchie M E, Prins H H T. Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores. Nature, 2002, 415:901–904
48 Yuan B Z, Wang J, Zhao S L. Plant compensation for animal herbivory—Factors affecting plant compensation(in Chinese). Chin J Ecol, 1997,16 :41–85[原保忠,王静,赵松岭.植物受动物采食后的补偿作用——影响补偿作用的因素.生态学杂志, 1997, 16:41–85]
49 An Y, Li B, Yang C, et al. Plant compensatory growth and grassland sustainable use(in Chinese). Grassland China, 2001, 23:1–5[安渊,李博,杨持,等.植物补偿性生长与草地可持续利用研究.中国草地学报, 2001, 23:1–5]
50 Li Q W, Luo R. Hen manure resources for comprehensive development and utilization(in Chinese). Poult Sci, 2013,(7):45–48[李琼文,罗锐.鸡粪资源综合开发利用.家禽科学, 2013,(7):45–48]
51 Simmons J D, Hughes B L, Allen W H. Research note:Growth and waste production of broilers during brooding. Poult Sci, 1987, 66:762–764
52 Shi S N, Yu Z Y, Zeng D H, et al. Effects of chicken grazing intensity and sampling time on soil nirogen availability in sandy grassland(in Chinese). Chin J Ecol, 2013, 2120–2125[史胜南,于占源,曾德慧,等.牧鸡密度与取样时间对沙质草地土壤氮素有效性的影响.生态学杂志, 2013, 2120–2125]
53 Liu X B, Wang S T, Gao C D. Effects of ecology and economic in pastured chicken to control locusts(in Chinese). Chin J Anim Sci, 2014, 50:23 –28[刘笑冰,王树涛,高程达.“草原牧鸡治蝗”的生态和经济效应.中国畜牧杂志, 2014, 50:23–28]
54 Frost C J, Hunter M D. Insect canopy herbivory and frass deposition affect soil nutrient dynamics and export in oak mesocosms. Ecology, 2004,85 :3335–3347
55 Wang B, Jiang G. Effect of chicken litter on grassland productivity and environmental quality in a sandland ecosystem. Acta Ecol Sin, 2011, 31:14 –23
56 Brink G E, Rowe D E, Sistani K R. Broiler litter application effects on yield and nutrient uptake of “Alicia” bermudagrass. Agron J, 2002, 94:911 –916
57 Liu B R, Wang C H, Zhang L H, et al. Effect of nitrogen addition and mowing on soil nitrogen mineralization in abandoned grasslands in Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Ecol Sin, 2015, 35:6335–6343[刘碧荣,王常慧,张丽华,等.氮素添加和刈割对内蒙古弃耕草地土壤氮矿化的影响.生态学报, 2015, 35:6335–6343]
58 van der Waal C, Kool A, Meijer S S, et al. Large herbivores may alter vegetation structure of semi-arid savannas through soil nutrient mediation.Oecologia, 2011, 165:1095–1107
59 Su H, Liu W, Xu H, et al. A tentative exploration of livestock-poultry-grassland system. Sci Sin-Vitae, 2017, 47:658–667[苏华,刘伟,许宏,等.畜禽草耦合模式初探.中国科学:生命科学, 2017, 47:658–667]
2 Kang L, Han X, Zhang Z, et al. Grassland ecosystems in China:Review of current knowledge and research advancement. Philos Trans R Soc BBiol Sci, 2007, 362:997–1008
3 Zou J R, Zhao X Q. Effects of livestock exclosure and grazing on carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystem(in Chinese). Pratacul Sci, 2015,32 :1748–1756[邹婧汝,赵新全.围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响.草业科学, 2015, 32:1748–1756]
4 Li W, Xu F, Zheng S, et al. Patterns and thresholds of grazing-induced changes in community structure and ecosystem functioning:Species-level responses and the critical role of species traits. J Appl Ecol, 2017, 54:963–975
5 Zhang Y Z, Wang Z Q, Yang Y, et al. Research on the quantitative evaluation of grassland degradation and spatial and temporal distribution on the Mongolia Plateau(in Chinese). Pratacul Sci, 2018, 35:233–243[张艳珍,王钊齐,杨悦,等.蒙古高原草地退化程度时空分布定量研究.草业科学, 2018, 35:233–243]
6 Bai Y, Wu J, Clark C M, et al. Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:Evidence from Inner Mongolia grasslands. Glob Change Biol, 2010, 16:358–372
7 Yu Z, Zeng D, Jiang F, et al. Responses of biomass to the addition of water, nitrogen and phosphorus in Keerqin sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia,China. J Forry Res, 2009, 20:23–26
8 He X, Ma W H, Liang C Z, et al. Effects of nutrients additions on community biomass varied among different grassland ecosystems of Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Sci Nat-Univ Pekinensis, 2015, 51:657–666[贺星,马文红,梁存柱,等.养分添加对内蒙古不同草地生态系统生物量的影响.北京大学学报:自然科学版, 2015, 51:657–666]
9 Zhao M, Chen X H, Zhao Z Y, et al. Releasing of N, P and K of orgranic fertilizers and their effects on the contents of available Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in soil(in Chinese). Chin J Eco-Agric, 2007, 15:47–50[赵明,陈雪辉,赵征宇,等.鸡粪等有机肥料的养分释放及土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响.中国生态农业学报, 2007, 15:47–50]
10 Mcbride M B. Cadmium uptake by crops estimated from soil total Cd and pH. Soil Sci, 2002, 167:62–67
11 Zhang N N, Jia S G, Kang H, et al. Effects of the fresh chicken manure and bio-orgranic fertilizer on the nutrient deposition of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium from rapeseed and soil(in Chinese). Heilongjiang Anim Sci Vet Med, 2014,(11):98–100[张楠楠,贾淑庚,陈辉,等.鲜鸡粪和生物有机肥对油菜和土壤N、P、K养分沉积的影响.黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2014,(11):98–100]
12 Su H, Liu W, Xu H, et al. Introducing chicken farming into traditional ruminant-grazing dominated production systems for promoting ecological restoration of degraded rangeland in northern China. Land Degrad Dev, 2018, 29:240–249
13 Xu H, Su H, Su B, et al. Restoring the degraded grassland and improving sustainability of grassland ecosystem through chicken farming:A case study in northern China. Agr Ecosyst Environ, 2014, 186:115–123
14 Zhang X L, Su H, Li Y G, et al. Effects of different chicken grazing densities on soil nutrients of sandy grassland(in Chinese). J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2015, 46:42–47[张显龙,苏华,李永庚,等.不同牧鸡密度对沙草地土壤养分状况的影响.沈阳农业大学学报, 2015, 46:42–47]
15 Sun T, Liu X, Sun G, et al. Grasshopper plague control in the alpine rangelands of the Qilian Mountains, China. A socio-economic and biological approach. Land Degrad Dev, 2016, 27:1763–1770
16 Wang D L, Wang L. Interactions between herbivores and plant diversity(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2011, 19:699–704[王德利,王岭.草食动物与草地植物多样性的互作关系研究进展.草地学报, 2011, 19:699–704]
17 Cardinale B J, Palmer M A, Collins S L. Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation. Nature, 2002, 415:426 –429
18 Bai Y, Han X, Wu J, et al. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Nature, 2004, 431:181–184
19 Ding G D, Li S Y, Cai J Y, et al. Pasture resources evaluation and stocking denstiy in Hunshandake Sandy Land:Case study of Zhenglan Banner,Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Chin J Ecol, 2005, 24:1038–1042[丁国栋,李素艳,蔡京艳,等.浑善达克沙地草场资源评价与载畜量研究—以内蒙古正蓝旗沙地区为例.生态学杂志, 2005, 24:1038–1042]
20 Su H, Li Y, Liu W, et al. Changes in water use with growth in Ulmus pumila in semiarid sandy land of northern China. Trees, 2014, 28:41–52
21 Zhang L Y. Feed Analysis and Quality Test Technology(in Chinese). Beijing:China Agriculture University Press, 2007[张丽英.饲料分析及饲料品质检测技术.北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2007]
22 Li N, Yu W L, Hu X L, et al. Effect of fencing on community characteristics of degenerated grassland in Hunshandake Sandy Land(in Chinese). J Arid Land Res Environ, 2009, 23:157–160[李那何芽,余伟莅,胡小龙,等.围栏禁牧对浑善达克沙地退化草场植物群落特征的影响.干旱区资源与环境, 2009, 23:157–160]
23 Dong M. Survey, Observation and Analysis of Terrestrial Biocommunities(in Chinese). Beijing:Standards Press of China, 1997[董鸣.陆地生物群落调查观测与分析.北京:中国标准出版社出版, 1997]
24 Guo J X, Li J S, Tand S M, et al. Comparative study on flora of seed plant of steppe in the Loess Plateau and the Inner Mongolia Plateau(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2018, 26:298–305[郭建鑫,李金升,唐士明,等.黄土高原与内蒙古高原草原种子植物区系比较研究.草地学报, 2018, 26:298–305]
25 Golodets C, Kigel J, Sternberg M. Plant diversity partitioning in grazed Mediterranean grassland at multiple spatial and temporal scales. J Appl Ecol, 2011, 48:1260–1268
26 Schrama M, Heijning P, Bakker J P, et al. Herbivore trampling as an alternative pathway for explaining differences in nitrogen mineralization in moist grasslands. Oecologia, 2013, 172:231–243
27 Briske D D, Zhao M, Han G, et al. Strategies to alleviate poverty and grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia:Intensification vs production efficiency of livestock systems. J Environ Manage, 2015, 152:177–182
28 Liu G H, Wang S P, Zhang Y J, et al. Estimation of diet composition and herbage intake of grazing cows using n-alkane technique in Inner Mongolia typical steppes(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2009, 17:693–698[刘贵河,汪诗平,张英俊,等.链烷技术估测典型草原放牧牛食性食量方法研究.草地学报, 2009, 17:693–698]
29 Zhao D, Liu X M. Changes of organic nitrogen fractions during the decomposition of sheep and cattle dung in Inner Mongolia steppe(in Chinese). J Inner Mongolia Univ-Nat Sci Ed, 2018, 49:174–181[赵东,刘新民.内蒙古典型草原羊粪和牛粪分解过程中有机氮组分的变化.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 49:174–181]
30 Wang S P, Li Y H, Wang Y F, et al. Influence of different stocking rates on plant diversity of Artemisia frigida community in Inner Mongolia steppe(in Chinese). Acta Bot Sin, 2001, 43:89–96[汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,等.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响.植物学报, 2001, 43:89–96]
31 Lomu M A, Glatz P C, Ru Y J. Metabolizable energy of crop contents in free-range hens. Int J Poultry Sci, 2004, 3:728–732
32 Lorenz C, Kany T, Grashorn M. Method to estimate feed intake from pasture in broilers and laying hens. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 2013, 77:160 –165
33 Horsted K, Hammersh?j M, Hermansen J E. Short-term effects on productivity and egg quality in nutrient-restricted versus non-restricted organic layers with access to different forage crops. Acta Agric Scand Sect A-Anim Sci, 2006, 56:42–54
34 Giese M, Brueck H, Gao Y Z, et al. N balance and cycling of Inner Mongolia typical steppe:A comprehensive case study of grazing effects. Ecol Monogr, 2013, 83:195–219
35 Li Y L, Shi C J, Cheng J W, et al. The daily intake and forage species selection of three types of grazing livestocks on a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2018, 26:1091–1096[李艳龙,石椿珺,程建伟,等.内蒙古典型草原三种家畜采食量和食性选择的研究.草地学报, 2018, 26:1091-–1096]
36 Guo Q, Yin G M, Zhao H P, et al. Study on grazing behavior and feed intake of grazing sheep(in Chinese). Chin J Grassland, 2011, 33:95–98+110[郭强,殷国梅,赵和平,等.放牧绵羊牧食行为及采食量研究.中国草地学报, 2011, 33:95–98+110]
37 Liu W T, Wei Z J, Lv S J, et al. Response mechanism of plant diversity to herbivore foraging in desert grassland. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2016, 40:564 –573[刘文亭,卫智军,吕世杰,等.荒漠草地植物多样性对草食动物采食的响应机制.植物生态学报, 2016, 40:564–573]
38 Liu Z Y, Sun T, Yuan F, et al. The effects of temperature on the behaviors of free-ranging chicken in the alpine grassland(in Chinese).Pratacultural Sci, 2011, 28:1370–1373[刘志云,孙涛,袁丰,等.温度变化对高寒草地牧鸡行为影响初探.草业科学, 2011, 28:1370–1373]
39 Fanatico A. Sustainable chicken production:Livestock production guide. Arkansas:Appropriate Technoloty Transfer for Rural Areas, 1998
40 Bai J H, Wang G C, Bradly B, et al. Prestudy on the volatile organic compound in Inner Mongolia grassland(in Chinese). Sci Technol Eng, 2003,3 :179–181[白建辉,王庚辰, Bradly Baker,等.内蒙古草地挥发性有机物的预研究.科学技术与工程, 2003, 3:179–181]
41 Li Y, Chao X Y, Zhang Y K. Research progress of Thermopsis lanceolate(in Chinese). J Agric Sci, 2007, 28:80–84[李勇,晁向阳,张永康.披针叶黄华的研究进展.农业科学研究, 2007, 28:80–84]
42 Li Y, Wei Y M, Shi Y F. Study on toxicity of alkaloids of Thermopsis lanceolate(in Chinese). Prog Vet Med, 2016, 37:78–82[李勇,魏彦明,石雅芳.披针叶黄华生物碱的毒性试验研究.动物医学进展, 2016, 37:78–82]
43 Jiang C, Zhang Y J, Luo H L, et al. Optimum combination of plant wax compositions as markers in the composition estimation of dietary plant species of desert steppe in Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Agrestia Sin, 2012, 20:576–582[姜超,张英俊,罗海玲,等.内蒙古荒漠草原区分采食成分的最佳蜡层指示剂组合.草地学报, 2012, 20:576–582]
44 Lou Y J, Li Z W, Massimo M. Study on assessing the intake and the species of grass grazing by alpaca with alkane(in Chinese). Acta Zoonutr Sin, 2004, 16:40–43[娄玉杰,李子文, Massimo M.利用链烷烃测定放牧羊驼采食量及种类的研究.动物营养学报, 2004, 16:40–43]
45 Liu G H, Zhang Y J, Wang S P, et al. Estimation of diet composition and herbage intake of grazing sheep at different stocking rates in Inner Mongolia typical steppe by using n-alkanes technique(in Chinese). Acta Pratacul Sin, 2013, 22:71–79[刘贵河,张英俊,汪诗平,等.链烷技术估测典型草原不同放牧率绵羊食性食量方法研究草地学报, 2013, 22:71–79]
46 Olff H, Ritchie M E. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends Ecol Evol, 1998, 13:261–265
47 Olff H, Ritchie M E, Prins H H T. Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores. Nature, 2002, 415:901–904
48 Yuan B Z, Wang J, Zhao S L. Plant compensation for animal herbivory—Factors affecting plant compensation(in Chinese). Chin J Ecol, 1997,16 :41–85[原保忠,王静,赵松岭.植物受动物采食后的补偿作用——影响补偿作用的因素.生态学杂志, 1997, 16:41–85]
49 An Y, Li B, Yang C, et al. Plant compensatory growth and grassland sustainable use(in Chinese). Grassland China, 2001, 23:1–5[安渊,李博,杨持,等.植物补偿性生长与草地可持续利用研究.中国草地学报, 2001, 23:1–5]
50 Li Q W, Luo R. Hen manure resources for comprehensive development and utilization(in Chinese). Poult Sci, 2013,(7):45–48[李琼文,罗锐.鸡粪资源综合开发利用.家禽科学, 2013,(7):45–48]
51 Simmons J D, Hughes B L, Allen W H. Research note:Growth and waste production of broilers during brooding. Poult Sci, 1987, 66:762–764
52 Shi S N, Yu Z Y, Zeng D H, et al. Effects of chicken grazing intensity and sampling time on soil nirogen availability in sandy grassland(in Chinese). Chin J Ecol, 2013, 2120–2125[史胜南,于占源,曾德慧,等.牧鸡密度与取样时间对沙质草地土壤氮素有效性的影响.生态学杂志, 2013, 2120–2125]
53 Liu X B, Wang S T, Gao C D. Effects of ecology and economic in pastured chicken to control locusts(in Chinese). Chin J Anim Sci, 2014, 50:23 –28[刘笑冰,王树涛,高程达.“草原牧鸡治蝗”的生态和经济效应.中国畜牧杂志, 2014, 50:23–28]
54 Frost C J, Hunter M D. Insect canopy herbivory and frass deposition affect soil nutrient dynamics and export in oak mesocosms. Ecology, 2004,85 :3335–3347
55 Wang B, Jiang G. Effect of chicken litter on grassland productivity and environmental quality in a sandland ecosystem. Acta Ecol Sin, 2011, 31:14 –23
56 Brink G E, Rowe D E, Sistani K R. Broiler litter application effects on yield and nutrient uptake of “Alicia” bermudagrass. Agron J, 2002, 94:911 –916
57 Liu B R, Wang C H, Zhang L H, et al. Effect of nitrogen addition and mowing on soil nitrogen mineralization in abandoned grasslands in Inner Mongolia(in Chinese). Acta Ecol Sin, 2015, 35:6335–6343[刘碧荣,王常慧,张丽华,等.氮素添加和刈割对内蒙古弃耕草地土壤氮矿化的影响.生态学报, 2015, 35:6335–6343]
58 van der Waal C, Kool A, Meijer S S, et al. Large herbivores may alter vegetation structure of semi-arid savannas through soil nutrient mediation.Oecologia, 2011, 165:1095–1107
59 Su H, Liu W, Xu H, et al. A tentative exploration of livestock-poultry-grassland system. Sci Sin-Vitae, 2017, 47:658–667[苏华,刘伟,许宏,等.畜禽草耦合模式初探.中国科学:生命科学, 2017, 47:658–667]