环境介质中有机污染物浓度时间变化滞后现象及其影响因素初探
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摘要
选择131种有机物,通过构建EQC(EQuilibrium Criterion)标准环境的四级多介质模型,得出四种排放场景下,环境介质中有机物浓度的时间变化特征.在大多数情况下,环境介质内有机物浓度的时间变化出现滞后,lgK_(OW)和持久性高的有机物浓度变化滞后最明显.相关分析表明,持久性为水相、大气相和土壤相中滞后时间的主要影响因素,lgK_(OW)和持久性为沉积物相中的主要影响因素.通过回归分析,得到了滞后时间的预测公式.若沉积物相属于有机物的"汇",则其中有机物浓度变化会产生明显的滞后.上述研究结果为了解环境中有机物的迁移转化规律提供了理论依据.
131 organic chemicals were used, and a level IV EQuilibrium Criterion(EQC)multimedia model was built. The model was applied to simulate temporal trends of organic chemical concentrations in environmental media using four emission scenarios. Results showed that temporal trends of organic chemical concentrations lagged behind their emissions in most cases, and organic chemicals with higher lgK_(OW) and persistence showed the most obvious lag effect. Correlation analysis showed that persistence was the principal factor influencing the lag time in water, air, and soil; and lgK_(OW) and persistence were the principal factors in sediment. Prediction formulas for lag time were obtained by regression analysis. If the sediment was a sink of organic chemicals,the lag effect would be distinct.The study can be employed to illustrate the theoretical transfer and transformation of organic chemicals in an environmental system.
131 organic chemicals were used, and a level IV EQuilibrium Criterion(EQC)multimedia model was built. The model was applied to simulate temporal trends of organic chemical concentrations in environmental media using four emission scenarios. Results showed that temporal trends of organic chemical concentrations lagged behind their emissions in most cases, and organic chemicals with higher lgK_(OW) and persistence showed the most obvious lag effect. Correlation analysis showed that persistence was the principal factor influencing the lag time in water, air, and soil; and lgK_(OW) and persistence were the principal factors in sediment. Prediction formulas for lag time were obtained by regression analysis. If the sediment was a sink of organic chemicals,the lag effect would be distinct.The study can be employed to illustrate the theoretical transfer and transformation of organic chemicals in an environmental system.
引文
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[36]杨霓云,王宏.新化学物质环境风险评估技术方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012:80.
[37]杨霓云,王宏.新化学物质环境风险评估技术方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012:85-86.
[38]崔玫意,张玉虎,陈秋华.Box-Cox正态分布及其在降雨极值分析中的应用[J].数理统计与管理,2017,36(1):8-17.
[39]MEIJER S N,HALSALL C J,HARNER T,etal.Organochlorine pesticide residues in archived UK soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(10):1989-1995.
[40]BERG T,KALLENBORN R,MANO S.Temporal trends in atmospheric heavy metal and organochlorine concentrations at Zeppelin,Svalbard[J].Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research,2004,36(3):283-290.
[41]HUNG H,KATSOYIANNIS A A,BRORSTROM-LUNDEN E,etal.Temporal trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)in Arctic air:20 years of monitoring under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,217(10):52-61.
[42]莫俊超,舒耀皋.水-沉积物两相系统中动力学逸度模型的解析解[C/CD]//2017中国环境科学学会科学与技术年会论文集.北京:《中国学术期刊(光盘版)》电子杂志社有限公司,2017:2481-2485.
[2]VILLA S,VIGHI M,MAGGI V,etal.Historical trends of organochlorine pesticides in an alpine glacier[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2003,46(3):295-311.
[3]卢冰,陈荣华,王自磐,等.北极海洋沉积物中持久性有机污染物分布特征及分子地层学记录的研究[J].海洋学报,2005,27(4):167-173.
[4]龚香宜,祁士华,吕春玲,等.泉州湾沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].海洋环境科学,2007,26(4):369-372.
[5]BIGUS P,MAREK T,NAMIESNIK J.Historical records of organic pollutants in sediment cores[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,78(1/2):26-42.
[6]贺心然,邓贺天,王华,等.灌河口海域沉积物中有机氯农药的空间分布、来源解析与风险评估[J].海洋环境科学,2015,34(6):819-826.
[7]郦倩玉,赵中华,蒋豫,等.鄱阳湖周溪湾沉积物中有机氯农药和多环芳烃的垂直分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(4):765-774.
[8]CZUB G,MCLACHLAN M S.A food chain model to predict the levels of lipophilic organic contaminants in humans[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2004,23(10):2356-2366.
[9]LIM D H,LASTOSKIE C M.A dynamic multimedia environemental and bioaccumulation model for brominated flame retardants in Lake Huron and Lake Erie,USA[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30(5):1018-1025.
[10]QUINN C L,WANIA F,CZUB G,etal.Investigating intergenerational differences in human PCB exposure due to variable emissions and reproductive behaviors[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2011,119(5):641-646.
[11]GOUIN T,WANIA F.Time trends of Arctic contamination in relation to emission history and chemical persistence and partitioning properties[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(17):5986-5992.
[12]CHOI S D,WANIA F.On the reversibility of environmental contamination with persistent organic pollutants[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(20):8834-8841.
[13]PERSSON L M,BREITHOLTZ M,COUSINS I T,etal.Confronting unknown planetary boundary threats from chemical pollution[J].Environmental Science Technology,2013,47(22):11262-12619.
[14]MACLEOD M,BREITHOLTZ M,COUSINS I T,etal.Identifying chemicals that are planetary boundary threats[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(19):11057-11106.
[15]ROCKSTROM J,STEFFEN W,NOONE K,etal.A safe operating space for humanity[J].Nature,2009,461(24):472-475.
[16]MACKAY D,GUARDO A D,PATERSON S,etal.Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1996,15(9):1627-1637.
[17]ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT.Guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures[M].Paris:OECD Publishing,2000:48-49.
[18]ACHTEN C,PTTMAN W,KLASMEIER J.Compartment modeling of MTBE in the generic environment and estimations of the aquatic MTBE input in Germany using the EQC model[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2002,4(5):747-753.
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[20]侯小凤,陈玮琪,张珞平,等.沿海农业区施用农药的环境费用分析及管理对策[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2004,43(S):236-242.
[21]吴磊,谢绍东.应用EQC模型评估灭蚁灵和十氯酮的环境归趋[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(5):50-56.
[22]KIM J,POWELL D E,LAUREN H,etal.Uncertainty analysis using a fugacity-based multimedia mass-balance model:Application of the updated EQC model to decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(D5)[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(5):819-829.
[23]TRINH H T,ADRIAENS P,CHRISTIAN M L.Fate factors and emission flux estimates for emerging contaminants in surface waters[J].AIMS Environmental Science,2016,3(1):21-44.
[24]O'DRISCOLL K,ROBINSON J,CHIANG W S,etal.The environmental fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in western Taiwan and coastal waters:evaluation with a fugacity-based model[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(13):13222-13234.
[25]Canadian Environmental Modeling Centre.LevelⅢFugacity-Based Multimedia Environmental Model:Canada[CP/OL].Oshawa:Trent University.2004[2017-05-04].http://www.trentu.ca/academic/aminss/envmodel/models/L3280.html.
[26]EPA U S.EPI Suite:United States[CP/OL].4th ed.2012[2017-05-04].http://www.epa.gov/tsca-screeningtools/download-epi-suitetm-estimation-program-interface-v411.
[27]HUGHES L,MACKAY D,POWELL D E,etal.An updated state of the science EQC model for evaluating chemical fate in the environment:Application to D5(decamethylcyclopentasiloxane)[J].Chemosphere,2012,87(2):118-124.
[28]ARNOT J A,MACKAY D,WEBSTER E.Screening level risk assessment model for chemical fate and effects in the environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(7):2316-2323.
[29]MACKAY D.Multimedia environmental models:the fugacity approach[M].2nd ed.BOCA Raton:Lewis Publisher,2001.
[30]莫俊超,王少野,汤保华.三种环境动力学棋型建模方式的比较[J].化工环保,2014,35(5):461-466.
[31]杨墨,张超杰,曲燕,等.三氟乙酸的环境影响来源及其降解[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33(6):5-10.
[32]杨兰琴,冯雷雨,陈银广.中国水环境中全氟化合物的污染水平及控制策略[J].化工进展,2012,31(10):2304-2312.
[33]孔样云,王华,陈虹,等.全氟化合物的环境污染与毒性研究[J].环境科学与技术,2015,38(6P):5-9.
[34]张卿川,夏邦寿,杨正宁,等.国内外对挥发性有机物定义与表征的问题研究[J].污染防治技术,2014,27(5):3-7.
[35]ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT.Guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures[M].Paris:OECD Publishing,2000:11.
[36]杨霓云,王宏.新化学物质环境风险评估技术方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012:80.
[37]杨霓云,王宏.新化学物质环境风险评估技术方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012:85-86.
[38]崔玫意,张玉虎,陈秋华.Box-Cox正态分布及其在降雨极值分析中的应用[J].数理统计与管理,2017,36(1):8-17.
[39]MEIJER S N,HALSALL C J,HARNER T,etal.Organochlorine pesticide residues in archived UK soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(10):1989-1995.
[40]BERG T,KALLENBORN R,MANO S.Temporal trends in atmospheric heavy metal and organochlorine concentrations at Zeppelin,Svalbard[J].Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research,2004,36(3):283-290.
[41]HUNG H,KATSOYIANNIS A A,BRORSTROM-LUNDEN E,etal.Temporal trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)in Arctic air:20 years of monitoring under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,217(10):52-61.
[42]莫俊超,舒耀皋.水-沉积物两相系统中动力学逸度模型的解析解[C/CD]//2017中国环境科学学会科学与技术年会论文集.北京:《中国学术期刊(光盘版)》电子杂志社有限公司,2017:2481-2485.