不同降水年型黄土高原半干旱撂荒草地水分收支特征
|
摘要
以黄土高原六道沟流域半干旱撂荒草地为研究对象,根据2014—2017年连续观测得到的降水量(P)、蒸散量(ET)、土壤贮水量(S)和植被组成等数据,研究了不同降水年型下撂荒草地的水分收支特征。结果显示:(1)观测前期平水年下0—50cm土层土壤贮水量呈现缓慢下降趋势,以第三年的一场暴雨(109.60mm/d)为分界,后期土壤贮水量总体增加,但波动幅度大增,受蒸散量增加的影响,土壤水分消耗明显;(2)年总蒸散量呈逐年升高的趋势,在平水年下,地表蒸散年际变化主要受气候条件影响,丰水年下,地上生物量的作用明显;(3)水分收支呈现季节性,2—6月为撂荒草地的缺水期,7月—次年1月为丰水期,四年观测结果显示草地处于总体水分亏缺状态(总亏缺165.60mm),存在对深层土壤水(50cm以下)的大量消耗。研究结果表明:撂荒草地水分的持续损失是导致撂荒草地发生演替的重要原因,演替过程中植物深层土壤水的大量消耗可能会导致形成的次生草地土壤水分条件更差,需要加强人为干预措施,防止草地再次退化。
Taking abandoned steppe in succession of Liudaogou watershed in the semi-arid area on the Loess Plateau as the research site,we studied the characteristics of the water budget of the successive steppe during the years with different rainfall patterns by using the data of precipitation(P),evapotranspiration(ET),soil moisture(S),vegetation structure during 2014—2017.The results indicated that:(1)in the early stage of observation,the soil water content in 0—50 cm soil layer showed a slowly decreasing trend during years with normal annual rainfall;after the rainstorm(109.60 mm/d)in the third year,the soil water content in the later stage increased generally,but fluctuated greatly,and the soil water consumption was obvious with the increase of ET;(2)the annual total ET increased year by year,and the interannual variations of ET were mainly influenced by climatic conditions during years with normal annual rainfall,but affected by biomass during rainy years;(3)the water budget showed seasonal characteristics,and the dry period for steppe was from February to June,while the period from July to next year′s January was the rainy season;the four-year observation showed that the steppe was in a state of water deficit(165.60 mm in all),and there was a large amount of consumption of deep soil water(below the depth of 50 cm).The results showed that the continuous loss of soil water in steppe was the important cause of steppe succession,and the huge consumption of deep soil water during the successive process may lead to the worse soil water condition for the secondarysteppe.Therefore,anthropogenic intervention needs to be reinforced in case of further steppe degradation.
Taking abandoned steppe in succession of Liudaogou watershed in the semi-arid area on the Loess Plateau as the research site,we studied the characteristics of the water budget of the successive steppe during the years with different rainfall patterns by using the data of precipitation(P),evapotranspiration(ET),soil moisture(S),vegetation structure during 2014—2017.The results indicated that:(1)in the early stage of observation,the soil water content in 0—50 cm soil layer showed a slowly decreasing trend during years with normal annual rainfall;after the rainstorm(109.60 mm/d)in the third year,the soil water content in the later stage increased generally,but fluctuated greatly,and the soil water consumption was obvious with the increase of ET;(2)the annual total ET increased year by year,and the interannual variations of ET were mainly influenced by climatic conditions during years with normal annual rainfall,but affected by biomass during rainy years;(3)the water budget showed seasonal characteristics,and the dry period for steppe was from February to June,while the period from July to next year′s January was the rainy season;the four-year observation showed that the steppe was in a state of water deficit(165.60 mm in all),and there was a large amount of consumption of deep soil water(below the depth of 50 cm).The results showed that the continuous loss of soil water in steppe was the important cause of steppe succession,and the huge consumption of deep soil water during the successive process may lead to the worse soil water condition for the secondarysteppe.Therefore,anthropogenic intervention needs to be reinforced in case of further steppe degradation.
引文
[1]孙文义,邵全琴,刘纪远.黄土高原不同生态系统水土保持服务功能评价[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(3):365-376.
[2] Chen H,Shao M,Li Y.The characteristics of soil water cycle and water balance on steep grassland under natural and simulated rainfall conditions in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,360(1):242-251.
[3] Gao L,Shao M.Temporal stability of soil water storage in diverse soil layers[J].Catena,2012,95:24-32.
[4] Li X,Shao M,Jia X,et al.Landscape-scale temporal stability of soil water storage within profiles on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,2015,15(4):1-13.
[5] Wang Y,Shao M A,Zhu Y,et al.Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2011,151(4):437-448.
[6] Jia Y H,Shao M A.Temporal stability of soil water storage under four types of revegetation on the northern Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,117(1):33-42.
[7]王佩,马琪顺,王家琪,等.温带草地蒸散发及波文比观测与比较:涡动相关及波文比系统[J].草地学报,2017,25(3):453-459.
[8]吴雪娇,周剑,李妍,等.基于涡动相关仪验证的SEBS模型对黑河中游地表蒸散发的估算研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1538-1547.
[9]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.
[10] Fu B J,Wang Y F,Lu Y H,et al.The effects of land-use combinations on soil erosion:a case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2009,33(6):793-804.
[11]郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J].生态学报,2003,23(8):1640-1647.
[12]邵明安,贾小旭,王云强,等.黄土高原土壤干层研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(1):14-22.
[13]杨磊,卫伟,陈利顶,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区人工植被深层土壤干化效应[J].地理研究,2012,31(1):71-81.
[14]陈佳村,李秧秧,左力翔.陕北沙地小叶杨“小老树”的水力适应性[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4193-4200.
[15]赵纯,袁国富,刘晓,等.宇宙射线土壤水分观测方法在黄土高原草地植被的应用[J].土壤学报,2015,52(6):1438-1444.
[16]刘晓,戚超,闫艺兰,等.不同生态系统水分利用效率指标在黄土高原半干旱草地应用的适宜性评价[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(5):497-505.
[17] Jia X,Zha T,Gong J,et al.Carbon and water exchange over a temperate semi-arid shrubland during three years of contrasting precipitation and soil moisture patterns[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2016,228:120-129.
[18]徐自为,刘绍民,徐同仁,等.涡动相关仪观测蒸散量的插补方法比较[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(4):372-382.
[19]王育松,上官铁梁.关于重要值计算方法的若干问题[J].山西大学学报:自然科学版,2010,33(2):312-316.
[20]孙世贤,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧强度季节调控下荒漠草原植物群落与功能群特征[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(10):2703-2710.
[21]陈廷贵,张金屯.十五个物种多样性指数的比较研究[J].河南科学,1999(S):55-57.
[22]鞠笑生,杨贤为,陈丽娟,等.我国单站旱涝指标确定和区域旱涝级别划分的研究[J].应用气象学报,1997,8(1):26-33.
[23]张存杰,王宝灵,刘德祥,等.西北地区旱涝指标的研究[J].高原气象,1998,17(4):381-389.
[24]吴普特,赵西宁,张宝庆,等.黄土高原雨水资源化潜力及其对生态恢复的支撑作用[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(8):1-11.
[25]高宇,樊军,彭小平,等.水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被土壤水分消耗和补充深度对比研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(23):7038-7046.
[26]王蕾钦,王飞,李朋飞.相似降水年组下黄土高原植被恢复与土壤水分变化过程与空间特征分析[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(6):179-185,193.
[27]吕文强,王立,党宏忠,等.黄土高原坡面带状植被土壤水分有效性的空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):233-240.
[28]缪凌,董建国,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下的深层土壤水分变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):13-18.
[29]易彩琼,王胜,樊军.黄土高原坡地退耕恢复草地的土壤水分动态[J].草地学报,2015,23(6):1182-1189.
[30]杨磊,卫伟,莫保儒,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区不同人工植被恢复土壤水分的相对亏缺[J].生态学报,2011,31(11):3060-3068.
[2] Chen H,Shao M,Li Y.The characteristics of soil water cycle and water balance on steep grassland under natural and simulated rainfall conditions in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,360(1):242-251.
[3] Gao L,Shao M.Temporal stability of soil water storage in diverse soil layers[J].Catena,2012,95:24-32.
[4] Li X,Shao M,Jia X,et al.Landscape-scale temporal stability of soil water storage within profiles on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,2015,15(4):1-13.
[5] Wang Y,Shao M A,Zhu Y,et al.Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2011,151(4):437-448.
[6] Jia Y H,Shao M A.Temporal stability of soil water storage under four types of revegetation on the northern Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,117(1):33-42.
[7]王佩,马琪顺,王家琪,等.温带草地蒸散发及波文比观测与比较:涡动相关及波文比系统[J].草地学报,2017,25(3):453-459.
[8]吴雪娇,周剑,李妍,等.基于涡动相关仪验证的SEBS模型对黑河中游地表蒸散发的估算研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1538-1547.
[9]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.
[10] Fu B J,Wang Y F,Lu Y H,et al.The effects of land-use combinations on soil erosion:a case study in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2009,33(6):793-804.
[11]郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J].生态学报,2003,23(8):1640-1647.
[12]邵明安,贾小旭,王云强,等.黄土高原土壤干层研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(1):14-22.
[13]杨磊,卫伟,陈利顶,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区人工植被深层土壤干化效应[J].地理研究,2012,31(1):71-81.
[14]陈佳村,李秧秧,左力翔.陕北沙地小叶杨“小老树”的水力适应性[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4193-4200.
[15]赵纯,袁国富,刘晓,等.宇宙射线土壤水分观测方法在黄土高原草地植被的应用[J].土壤学报,2015,52(6):1438-1444.
[16]刘晓,戚超,闫艺兰,等.不同生态系统水分利用效率指标在黄土高原半干旱草地应用的适宜性评价[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(5):497-505.
[17] Jia X,Zha T,Gong J,et al.Carbon and water exchange over a temperate semi-arid shrubland during three years of contrasting precipitation and soil moisture patterns[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2016,228:120-129.
[18]徐自为,刘绍民,徐同仁,等.涡动相关仪观测蒸散量的插补方法比较[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(4):372-382.
[19]王育松,上官铁梁.关于重要值计算方法的若干问题[J].山西大学学报:自然科学版,2010,33(2):312-316.
[20]孙世贤,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧强度季节调控下荒漠草原植物群落与功能群特征[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(10):2703-2710.
[21]陈廷贵,张金屯.十五个物种多样性指数的比较研究[J].河南科学,1999(S):55-57.
[22]鞠笑生,杨贤为,陈丽娟,等.我国单站旱涝指标确定和区域旱涝级别划分的研究[J].应用气象学报,1997,8(1):26-33.
[23]张存杰,王宝灵,刘德祥,等.西北地区旱涝指标的研究[J].高原气象,1998,17(4):381-389.
[24]吴普特,赵西宁,张宝庆,等.黄土高原雨水资源化潜力及其对生态恢复的支撑作用[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(8):1-11.
[25]高宇,樊军,彭小平,等.水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被土壤水分消耗和补充深度对比研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(23):7038-7046.
[26]王蕾钦,王飞,李朋飞.相似降水年组下黄土高原植被恢复与土壤水分变化过程与空间特征分析[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(6):179-185,193.
[27]吕文强,王立,党宏忠,等.黄土高原坡面带状植被土壤水分有效性的空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):233-240.
[28]缪凌,董建国,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下的深层土壤水分变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):13-18.
[29]易彩琼,王胜,樊军.黄土高原坡地退耕恢复草地的土壤水分动态[J].草地学报,2015,23(6):1182-1189.
[30]杨磊,卫伟,莫保儒,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区不同人工植被恢复土壤水分的相对亏缺[J].生态学报,2011,31(11):3060-3068.