黑胸散白蚁下唇腺的解剖和扫描电镜观察
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摘要
【目的】通过研究黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis下唇腺解剖构造及其在不同品级个体间的分化,为进一步探索口交哺和品级分化机制提供参考。【方法】通过显微解剖观察,了解黑胸散白蚁下唇腺的形态构造及其在不同品级个体间的分化;通过扫描电镜观察,了解下唇腺的结构及神经支配;通过饮水实验,研究工蚁饮水及下唇腺囊的贮水功能。【结果】黑胸散白蚁下唇腺是左右对称结构,每侧构造由一个下唇腺腺泡群、一个下唇腺囊及相关的导管组成。每侧导管分别开口于舌基部下方。蚁后的下唇腺最发达,在下唇腺大小、下唇腺囊大小、腺泡大小及腺泡数量4方面均显著高于其他品级个体;兵蚁、工蚁、有翅成虫的下唇腺也较为发达,相互之间这4个参数的差异性不显著。扫描电镜观察发现,工蚁下唇腺腺泡由主导管和分支导管相连,腺泡外侧有神经分布。黑胸散白蚁工蚁有饮水习性,获得的水贮存在下唇腺囊内。【结论】黑胸散白蚁不同品级个体间,蚁后的下唇腺最发达,有翅成虫的下唇腺也比较发达,说明蚁后除行使生殖职能外,还承担交哺育幼等职能。黑胸散白蚁工蚁有饮水习性,下唇腺囊有贮水功能。
【Aim】To study the anatomical structure of the labial gland of Reticulitermes chinensis and its differentiation in individuals of different castes so as to provide a reference for further exploring the mechanism of stomodeal trophallaxis and caste differentiation. 【Methods】The anatomical structure of the labial gland of R. chinensis and its differentiation among individuals of different castes were observed by microdissection,the structure and nerve innervation of the labial gland of worker were observed by scanning electron microscope,and the drinking water habit of workers and the water storage function of the labial gland reservoir were investigated by water drinking test. 【Results】The labial gland of R.chinensis consists of a pair of symmetrical structures,each consisting of a labial glandular acinus,a labial gland reservoir and relevant ducts. Each side duct respectively opens at the base of the hypopharynx. The labial gland of the termite queen was the most developed among various castes. The four parameters,i.e.,the sizes of the labial gland and the labial gland reservoir,the size of acinus and the number of acini in labial gland,of termite queen were significantly higher than those of other castes of individuals. The labial gland of soldier,worker and alate were also rather developed,but the differences in the above four parameters among them were not significant. Revealed by scanning electron microscope,the acini of the labial gland of workers are connected by branch ducts and common ducts,and the nerves are distributed on the lateral side of the acini. Workers had the ability to drink water,and the obtained water was stored in the labial gland reservoir. 【Conclusion】Among different castes,the termite queen of R. chinensis has the most developed labial gland,and the alate also has rather developed labial gland,suggesting that in addition to performing reproductive function,the termite queen also undertakes other jobs such as stomodeal trophallaxis and breeding larva. R. chinensis workers have the ability to drink water,and the labial gland reservoir has the function of storing water.
【Aim】To study the anatomical structure of the labial gland of Reticulitermes chinensis and its differentiation in individuals of different castes so as to provide a reference for further exploring the mechanism of stomodeal trophallaxis and caste differentiation. 【Methods】The anatomical structure of the labial gland of R. chinensis and its differentiation among individuals of different castes were observed by microdissection,the structure and nerve innervation of the labial gland of worker were observed by scanning electron microscope,and the drinking water habit of workers and the water storage function of the labial gland reservoir were investigated by water drinking test. 【Results】The labial gland of R.chinensis consists of a pair of symmetrical structures,each consisting of a labial glandular acinus,a labial gland reservoir and relevant ducts. Each side duct respectively opens at the base of the hypopharynx. The labial gland of the termite queen was the most developed among various castes. The four parameters,i.e.,the sizes of the labial gland and the labial gland reservoir,the size of acinus and the number of acini in labial gland,of termite queen were significantly higher than those of other castes of individuals. The labial gland of soldier,worker and alate were also rather developed,but the differences in the above four parameters among them were not significant. Revealed by scanning electron microscope,the acini of the labial gland of workers are connected by branch ducts and common ducts,and the nerves are distributed on the lateral side of the acini. Workers had the ability to drink water,and the obtained water was stored in the labial gland reservoir. 【Conclusion】Among different castes,the termite queen of R. chinensis has the most developed labial gland,and the alate also has rather developed labial gland,suggesting that in addition to performing reproductive function,the termite queen also undertakes other jobs such as stomodeal trophallaxis and breeding larva. R. chinensis workers have the ability to drink water,and the labial gland reservoir has the function of storing water.
引文
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Becker G,1969.Rearing of termites and testing methods used in the laboratory.In:Krishna K,Weesner FM eds.Biology of Termites.Academic Press,New York and London.351-385.
Billen J,Joye L,Leuthold RH,1989.Fine structure of the labial gland in Macrotermes bellicosus(Isoptera,Termitidae).Acta Zool.(Stockh.),70(1):37-45.
Costa-Leonardo AM,Haifig I,2010.Pheromones and exocrine glands in Isoptera.Vitam.Horm.,83:521-549.
Cui ZF,2012.Studies on Digestive System Structure and Function of Locusta migratoria menilensis.MSc Thesis,Shanxi University,Taiyuan.[崔智芳,2012.东亚飞蝗唾腺和消化道结构与功能的研究.太原:山西大学硕士学位论文]
Czolij RT,Slaytor M,1988.Morphology of the salivary glands of Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt(Isoptera,Mastotermitidae).Int.J.Insect Morphol.Embryol.,17(3):207-220.
Gallagher NT,2010.Structure and Function of Salivary Reservoirs of the Eastern Subterranean Termite,Reticulitermes flavipes(Kollar).Ph DDissertation,The Ohio State University,Columbus,Ohio.
Grube S,Rudolph D,Zerbst-Boroffka I,1997.Morphology,fine structure,and functional aspects of the labial gland reservoirs of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis de Feytaud(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae).Int.J.Insect Morphol.Embryol.,26(1):49-53.
Huang QY,2006.Study on Foraging Behavior and Baiting System for Odontotermes formosanus(Isoptera:Termitidae).PhD Dissertation,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan.[黄求应,2006.黑翅土白蚁觅食行为学基础及诱杀系统的研究.武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文]
Noirot CH,1969.Glands and secretions.In:Krishna K,Weesner FMeds.Biology of Termites.Academic Press,New York and London.89-123.
Pan YZ,Liu YZ,Tang GQ,1990.The establishment and development of colonies in Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder.Acta Entomol.Sin.,33(2):200-206.[潘演征,刘源智,唐国清,1990.黑胸散白蚁新群体的建立及发展规律.昆虫学报,33(2):200-206]
Reinhard J,Kaib M,1995.Interaction of pheromones during food exploitation by the termite Schedorhinotermes lamanianus.Physiol.Entomol.,20(3):266-272.
Robotník J,Weyda F,2003.Ultrastructural ontogeny of the labial gland apparatus in termite Prorhinotermes simplex(Isoptera,Rhinotermitidae).Arthropod Struct.Dev.,31(4):255-270.
Sutherland DJ,Chillseyzn JM,1968.Function and operation of the cockroach salivary reservoir.J.Insect Physiol.,14(1):21-31.
Wang Y,Ji BZ,Liu SW,Xu LJ,Jin MX,Wang YZ,2018.Salivary glands and water management in termites.Chin.J.Ecol.,37(4):1265-1275.[王怡,嵇保中,刘曙雯,徐立军,金明霞,王亚召,2018.白蚁唾腺及水分管理.生态学杂志,37(4):1265-1275]
Watson JAL,Hewitt PH,Nel JJC,1971.The water-sacs of Hodotermes mossambicus.J.Insect Physiol.,17(9):1705-1709.
Wei JQ,Mo JC,Xu W,Xie GX,2010.Advances in research on Reticulitermes chinensis(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)in China.Chin.J.Vector Biol.Control,21(6):635-637.[尉吉乾,莫建初,徐文,谢国雄,2010.黑胸散白蚁的研究进展.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,21(6):635-637]
Xu LJ,2018.A Study on Caste Differentiation Mechanism of Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki).MSc Thesis,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing.[徐立军,2018.黑翅土白蚁品级分化机制的研究.南京:南京林业大学硕士学位论文]
Xu LJ,Ji BZ,Liu SW,Ding F,Wang YZ,2016.Termite caste and postembryonic development.Chin.J.Ecol.,35(9):2527-2536.[徐立军,嵇保中,刘曙雯,丁芳,王亚召,2016.白蚁的品级和胚后发育.生态学杂志,35(9):2527-2536]
Yang TC,2004.Study on the Properties and Purification of Endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Odontotermes formosanus(Isoptera:Termitidae).PhD Dissertation,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou.[杨天赐,2004.黑翅土白蚁内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶分离纯化及其特性研究.杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文]
Zhang XW,2015.Researches on Feeding Differentiation among Castes of Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki).MSc Thesis,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing.[张新慰,2015.黑翅土白蚁不同品级食性分化研究.南京:南京林业大学硕士学位论文]
Becker G,1969.Rearing of termites and testing methods used in the laboratory.In:Krishna K,Weesner FM eds.Biology of Termites.Academic Press,New York and London.351-385.
Billen J,Joye L,Leuthold RH,1989.Fine structure of the labial gland in Macrotermes bellicosus(Isoptera,Termitidae).Acta Zool.(Stockh.),70(1):37-45.
Costa-Leonardo AM,Haifig I,2010.Pheromones and exocrine glands in Isoptera.Vitam.Horm.,83:521-549.
Cui ZF,2012.Studies on Digestive System Structure and Function of Locusta migratoria menilensis.MSc Thesis,Shanxi University,Taiyuan.[崔智芳,2012.东亚飞蝗唾腺和消化道结构与功能的研究.太原:山西大学硕士学位论文]
Czolij RT,Slaytor M,1988.Morphology of the salivary glands of Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt(Isoptera,Mastotermitidae).Int.J.Insect Morphol.Embryol.,17(3):207-220.
Gallagher NT,2010.Structure and Function of Salivary Reservoirs of the Eastern Subterranean Termite,Reticulitermes flavipes(Kollar).Ph DDissertation,The Ohio State University,Columbus,Ohio.
Grube S,Rudolph D,Zerbst-Boroffka I,1997.Morphology,fine structure,and functional aspects of the labial gland reservoirs of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis de Feytaud(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae).Int.J.Insect Morphol.Embryol.,26(1):49-53.
Huang QY,2006.Study on Foraging Behavior and Baiting System for Odontotermes formosanus(Isoptera:Termitidae).PhD Dissertation,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan.[黄求应,2006.黑翅土白蚁觅食行为学基础及诱杀系统的研究.武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文]
Noirot CH,1969.Glands and secretions.In:Krishna K,Weesner FMeds.Biology of Termites.Academic Press,New York and London.89-123.
Pan YZ,Liu YZ,Tang GQ,1990.The establishment and development of colonies in Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder.Acta Entomol.Sin.,33(2):200-206.[潘演征,刘源智,唐国清,1990.黑胸散白蚁新群体的建立及发展规律.昆虫学报,33(2):200-206]
Reinhard J,Kaib M,1995.Interaction of pheromones during food exploitation by the termite Schedorhinotermes lamanianus.Physiol.Entomol.,20(3):266-272.
Robotník J,Weyda F,2003.Ultrastructural ontogeny of the labial gland apparatus in termite Prorhinotermes simplex(Isoptera,Rhinotermitidae).Arthropod Struct.Dev.,31(4):255-270.
Sutherland DJ,Chillseyzn JM,1968.Function and operation of the cockroach salivary reservoir.J.Insect Physiol.,14(1):21-31.
Wang Y,Ji BZ,Liu SW,Xu LJ,Jin MX,Wang YZ,2018.Salivary glands and water management in termites.Chin.J.Ecol.,37(4):1265-1275.[王怡,嵇保中,刘曙雯,徐立军,金明霞,王亚召,2018.白蚁唾腺及水分管理.生态学杂志,37(4):1265-1275]
Watson JAL,Hewitt PH,Nel JJC,1971.The water-sacs of Hodotermes mossambicus.J.Insect Physiol.,17(9):1705-1709.
Wei JQ,Mo JC,Xu W,Xie GX,2010.Advances in research on Reticulitermes chinensis(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)in China.Chin.J.Vector Biol.Control,21(6):635-637.[尉吉乾,莫建初,徐文,谢国雄,2010.黑胸散白蚁的研究进展.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,21(6):635-637]
Xu LJ,2018.A Study on Caste Differentiation Mechanism of Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki).MSc Thesis,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing.[徐立军,2018.黑翅土白蚁品级分化机制的研究.南京:南京林业大学硕士学位论文]
Xu LJ,Ji BZ,Liu SW,Ding F,Wang YZ,2016.Termite caste and postembryonic development.Chin.J.Ecol.,35(9):2527-2536.[徐立军,嵇保中,刘曙雯,丁芳,王亚召,2016.白蚁的品级和胚后发育.生态学杂志,35(9):2527-2536]
Yang TC,2004.Study on the Properties and Purification of Endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Odontotermes formosanus(Isoptera:Termitidae).PhD Dissertation,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou.[杨天赐,2004.黑翅土白蚁内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶分离纯化及其特性研究.杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文]
Zhang XW,2015.Researches on Feeding Differentiation among Castes of Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki).MSc Thesis,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing.[张新慰,2015.黑翅土白蚁不同品级食性分化研究.南京:南京林业大学硕士学位论文]