莫霍面的性质及力学特征与找矿
|
摘要
莫霍面是地球内部的最明显的两个一级速度间断面之一,也是地球内部最接近地球表面的全球性分界面,与人类的生存环境关系最为密切,也是最有可能与地表观察的结果相联系。自从莫霍面被发现之后,在全球性或区域性研究上都备受关注,对其界面性质的确定经过了近一个世纪,相变界面还是化学界面,仍处于争论之中。莫霍面的埋藏深度及其性质的横向不一致,在全球尺度上显示得很明显,大体与地表所见的陆—洋分布相关。本文综述了莫霍面的性质、岩石学特征、地球化学元素分布及其热力学、动力学特征,并讨论了莫霍面与找矿的关系。
The main study of this paper is about the properties and features of Moho.Moho discontinuity is one of the two primo-velocity discontinuity and the nearest global interface to the obverse of the Earth.We can connect the phenomenon obtained with Moho discontinuity,which is the principle of facts to the existent environment of human being.In the development of Earth Science,scientists pay more attention to the research of Moho.As a result,there are much more progress in the global or regional research.After the found of Moho,the more attention is paid to solving the problem of ascertaining the property of Moho.From the statement of the latest research,the notion that Moho is a physical interface is accepted by most people.At present,some scientists found the depth of Moho is about 0.5km to a few kilometers.But the burying depth and properties of Moho is very inconsistent in transverse direction.This phenomenon which is very obvious in the inner Earth is connected with the location of the Continents and Oceans.We can attain more information from the researching of the features of rocks,elements,thermodynamic and dynamic of Moho discontinuity.
The main study of this paper is about the properties and features of Moho.Moho discontinuity is one of the two primo-velocity discontinuity and the nearest global interface to the obverse of the Earth.We can connect the phenomenon obtained with Moho discontinuity,which is the principle of facts to the existent environment of human being.In the development of Earth Science,scientists pay more attention to the research of Moho.As a result,there are much more progress in the global or regional research.After the found of Moho,the more attention is paid to solving the problem of ascertaining the property of Moho.From the statement of the latest research,the notion that Moho is a physical interface is accepted by most people.At present,some scientists found the depth of Moho is about 0.5km to a few kilometers.But the burying depth and properties of Moho is very inconsistent in transverse direction.This phenomenon which is very obvious in the inner Earth is connected with the location of the Continents and Oceans.We can attain more information from the researching of the features of rocks,elements,thermodynamic and dynamic of Moho discontinuity.
引文
[1]李秋生,彭苏萍,高锐.青藏高原莫霍面的研究进展[J].地质论评,2004,50(6):598-613.
[2]王达,张伟.“科钻一井”钻探施工技术概览[J].中国地质,2005,32(2):184-194.
[3]许志琴,杨经绥,张泽民,等.中国大陆科学钻探终孔及研究进展[J].中国地质,2005,32(2):177-183.
[4]许志琴.中国大陆科学钻探工程的科学目标及初步成果[J].岩石学报,2004,20(1):1-8.
[5]许志琴,耿瑞伦,肖庆辉,等.中国大陆科学钻探先行研究[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996.
[6]Bullen K E.An introduction to the Theory of Seismology,3 rd ed[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1963.
[7]Johnson L R.Array measurements of P velocity in the uppermantle[J].Geophys.Res.,1967,72(09):37.
[8]池顺良,罗鸣津.海陆的起源[M].北京:地震出版社,2002:40-45.
[9]P Henderson.Inorganic geochemistry[M].Pergamon Press,1982:59-74.
[10]国家地震局地学断面编委会.青海门源至福建宁建地学断面[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.
[11]王椿镛,林中洋,陈学波.青海门源—福建宁德地学断面综合地球物理研究[J].地球物理学报,1995,5:590-598.
[12]国家地震局地学断面编委会.江苏响水至内蒙古满都拉地学断面[M].北京:地质出版社,1991.
[13]魏菊英.地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1986:86-99
[14]Meissner,R.,Werer,T.and Fluck,E.R..The Moho in Europe-implication for crustal development[J].Annals Geophys,1987,87(04B):357-364.
[15]金煜,姜效典.岩石圈动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:3-18.
[16]高山,金振民,H.Kern,等.大别山超高压榴辉岩高温高压下地震波速和密度的初步试验研究[J].科学通报,2005,42(8):862-866.
[17]王椿镛,张先康,陈步云,等.大别造山带的地壳结构研究[J].中国科学,1997,27(3):221-226.
[18]王椿镛,丁志峰,宋建立,等.大别造山带地壳S波速结构[J].地球物理学报,1997,4(3):337-345.
[19]Kern H M.Physical properties of crustal and upper mantle rockswith regards to lithosphere dynamics and high pressure mineralo-gy[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1993,79:113-136.
[20]Coleman R G.Ophiolites,Ancient Oceanic Lithosphere?[C].Berlin,Heidelberg,New York:Springer-Verlag,1977:1-16.
[21]Hess H H.History of the ocean basins,In:Engel A E J,James HL,Leonard B F,eds.Petrological studies-a Volume in Honour ofA.F.,Buddington,Ged[A].Soc.Am.,1962:85-449.
[22]曾融生.莫霍面的性质[J].地球物理学报,1964,13(2):180-188.
[23]杨晓志,夏群科,E.Deloule,等.麻粒岩中的水对大陆下地壳性质和演化的启示[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(2):148-162.
[24]张旗,金惟俊,王元龙,等.大洋岩石圈拆沉与大陆下地壳拆沉:不同的机制及意义——兼评“下地壳+岩石圈地幔拆沉模式”[J].岩石学报,2006,22(11):2631-2638.
[25]Dietz,R.S..Continent and Ocean evolution by spreading of thesea floor[J].Nature,1961,190:854-857.
[26]傅承义,陈运泰,祁贵仲.地球物理学基础[M].北京:科学出版社,1985:77-99.
[27]Mooney W D,Brocher T M.Coincident seismic reflection/refrac-tion studies of the Continent Lithosphere:A global review[J].Review of Geophysics,1987,25(4):723-742.
[28]滕吉文.固体地球物理概论[M].北京:地震出版社,2003,191-193.
[29]吴福元,张世红.深反射地震调查对现代构造的贡献[J].世界地质,1994,13:1.
[30]Bonin B.A-type granite ring complexes:mantle origin throughcrustal filters and the Anorthosite-rapakivi magmatism connec-tion.In:Demaiffe D.ed.Petrology and Geochemistry of MagmaticSuites of Rocks in the Continental and Oceanic Crusts[C].ULB,1996:201-218.
[31]Wyllie,P.J.,et al..Granitic magmas:Can[J].Earth Sci.,1976,13(8).
[32]王金荣,翟新伟,边少之,等.地壳早期演化的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):591-598.
[33]赵志丹,周文戈,谢鸿森.榴辉岩的弹性波速评述[J].地学前缘,2000,7(1):257-270.
[34]Taylor S R,McLennan S M.The geochemical evolution of thecontinental crust[J].Review of Geophysics,1995,33:241-265.
[35]Condie K C.Mafic crustal xenoliths and the origin of the lowerContinental Crust[J].Lithos.,1999,46:95-101.
[36]Collerson K D,Kamber B S.Evolution of the continents and theatmosphere inferred from Th-U-Nb Systematics of the depletedmantle[J].Science,1999,283:1519-1522.
[37]Sylvester P J.,Campbell I H,Bowyer D A.Niobium/Uranium evi-dence for early formation of the continental Crust[J].Science,1997,275:521-523.
[38]Green M G,Sylvester P J,Buick R.Growth and recycling ofearly Archaean Continental Crust Geochemical evidence from theGeonteranah and Warrawoona Groups,Pilbara Carton,Australia[J].Tectonophysics,2000,322:69-88.
[39]Arndt N T,Goldstein SL.An open boundary lower continentalcrust and mantle:it’s role in crust deformation and recycling[J].Tectonophys,1989,161:201-212.
[40]White R S,Spence G D,Fowler S R,et al.Magmatism at riftedcontinental margins[J].Nature,1987,330:439-444.
[41]Nguuri TK,Crustal structure beneath southern.Africa and its im-plications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvall andZimbabuve cartons[J].Geophysics Research Letters.2001,28:2501-2504.
[42]滕吉文,王谦身,魏斯禹,等.中国东部地区地球物理场特征与含油气盆地的分布和形成[J].地球物理学报,1983,26(4):319-330.
[43]高山,金振民.拆沉作用及其壳—幔演化动力学意义[J].地质科技情报,1997,16(1):1-9.
[44]陈九辉,刘启元,李顺成,等.青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地块地壳上地幔S波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2):333-342.
[45]熊熊,许厚译.地幔对流诱发的莫霍面起伏与下地壳塑性流动[J].测绘学报,2005,29:21-25.
[46]Brace W F and Kohlstedt D L,Limits on Lithosphere stress im-posed by laboratory experiments[J].Geophys Res.,1980,74:6248-6252.
[47]Yuan Xuecheng.Geophysical Atlas of China[M].Beijing:Geo-logical Press,1996(in Chinese).
[48]欧新功,金淑燕.壳幔混合层的结构与动力学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1993:7-16.
[49]章邦桐,凌洪飞,陈培荣.论玄武岩底侵作用与长英质火成岩形成的元素[J].地质评论,2005,5(4):393-400.
[50]De Paolo D J.Neodymium isotopes in basalts of the southwest basin and Lithosphere thinning during continental extension[J].Chemical Geology,2000,169:157-185.
[51]McKenzie D,Bikle M J.The volume and compo sition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere[J].Petrol,1988,29:625-679.
[52]Molnar P,English P,Martinod J.Mantle dynamics,uplift of Ti-betan Plateau and Indian Monsoon[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1993,31(4):357-396.
[53]England P,Housema G A.The mechanism of Tibetan Plateau.Phi.Trans[J].Sci.Loid,1988,326:301-320.
[54]Chamberlain C P,Sonder L J.Heat-producing elements and the thermal and baric Patterns of metamorphic belts[J].Science,1990,250:763-769.
[55]别洛乌索夫B B.林彻,沈德富,钱竟阳,译[M].北京:地质出版社,1983:438-472.
[56]刘铁庚,张乾,邵树勋,等.银矿与莫霍面的关系——以浙闽和天山地区为例[J].地质地球化学,2003,31(4):56-61.
[2]王达,张伟.“科钻一井”钻探施工技术概览[J].中国地质,2005,32(2):184-194.
[3]许志琴,杨经绥,张泽民,等.中国大陆科学钻探终孔及研究进展[J].中国地质,2005,32(2):177-183.
[4]许志琴.中国大陆科学钻探工程的科学目标及初步成果[J].岩石学报,2004,20(1):1-8.
[5]许志琴,耿瑞伦,肖庆辉,等.中国大陆科学钻探先行研究[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996.
[6]Bullen K E.An introduction to the Theory of Seismology,3 rd ed[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1963.
[7]Johnson L R.Array measurements of P velocity in the uppermantle[J].Geophys.Res.,1967,72(09):37.
[8]池顺良,罗鸣津.海陆的起源[M].北京:地震出版社,2002:40-45.
[9]P Henderson.Inorganic geochemistry[M].Pergamon Press,1982:59-74.
[10]国家地震局地学断面编委会.青海门源至福建宁建地学断面[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.
[11]王椿镛,林中洋,陈学波.青海门源—福建宁德地学断面综合地球物理研究[J].地球物理学报,1995,5:590-598.
[12]国家地震局地学断面编委会.江苏响水至内蒙古满都拉地学断面[M].北京:地质出版社,1991.
[13]魏菊英.地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1986:86-99
[14]Meissner,R.,Werer,T.and Fluck,E.R..The Moho in Europe-implication for crustal development[J].Annals Geophys,1987,87(04B):357-364.
[15]金煜,姜效典.岩石圈动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:3-18.
[16]高山,金振民,H.Kern,等.大别山超高压榴辉岩高温高压下地震波速和密度的初步试验研究[J].科学通报,2005,42(8):862-866.
[17]王椿镛,张先康,陈步云,等.大别造山带的地壳结构研究[J].中国科学,1997,27(3):221-226.
[18]王椿镛,丁志峰,宋建立,等.大别造山带地壳S波速结构[J].地球物理学报,1997,4(3):337-345.
[19]Kern H M.Physical properties of crustal and upper mantle rockswith regards to lithosphere dynamics and high pressure mineralo-gy[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1993,79:113-136.
[20]Coleman R G.Ophiolites,Ancient Oceanic Lithosphere?[C].Berlin,Heidelberg,New York:Springer-Verlag,1977:1-16.
[21]Hess H H.History of the ocean basins,In:Engel A E J,James HL,Leonard B F,eds.Petrological studies-a Volume in Honour ofA.F.,Buddington,Ged[A].Soc.Am.,1962:85-449.
[22]曾融生.莫霍面的性质[J].地球物理学报,1964,13(2):180-188.
[23]杨晓志,夏群科,E.Deloule,等.麻粒岩中的水对大陆下地壳性质和演化的启示[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(2):148-162.
[24]张旗,金惟俊,王元龙,等.大洋岩石圈拆沉与大陆下地壳拆沉:不同的机制及意义——兼评“下地壳+岩石圈地幔拆沉模式”[J].岩石学报,2006,22(11):2631-2638.
[25]Dietz,R.S..Continent and Ocean evolution by spreading of thesea floor[J].Nature,1961,190:854-857.
[26]傅承义,陈运泰,祁贵仲.地球物理学基础[M].北京:科学出版社,1985:77-99.
[27]Mooney W D,Brocher T M.Coincident seismic reflection/refrac-tion studies of the Continent Lithosphere:A global review[J].Review of Geophysics,1987,25(4):723-742.
[28]滕吉文.固体地球物理概论[M].北京:地震出版社,2003,191-193.
[29]吴福元,张世红.深反射地震调查对现代构造的贡献[J].世界地质,1994,13:1.
[30]Bonin B.A-type granite ring complexes:mantle origin throughcrustal filters and the Anorthosite-rapakivi magmatism connec-tion.In:Demaiffe D.ed.Petrology and Geochemistry of MagmaticSuites of Rocks in the Continental and Oceanic Crusts[C].ULB,1996:201-218.
[31]Wyllie,P.J.,et al..Granitic magmas:Can[J].Earth Sci.,1976,13(8).
[32]王金荣,翟新伟,边少之,等.地壳早期演化的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):591-598.
[33]赵志丹,周文戈,谢鸿森.榴辉岩的弹性波速评述[J].地学前缘,2000,7(1):257-270.
[34]Taylor S R,McLennan S M.The geochemical evolution of thecontinental crust[J].Review of Geophysics,1995,33:241-265.
[35]Condie K C.Mafic crustal xenoliths and the origin of the lowerContinental Crust[J].Lithos.,1999,46:95-101.
[36]Collerson K D,Kamber B S.Evolution of the continents and theatmosphere inferred from Th-U-Nb Systematics of the depletedmantle[J].Science,1999,283:1519-1522.
[37]Sylvester P J.,Campbell I H,Bowyer D A.Niobium/Uranium evi-dence for early formation of the continental Crust[J].Science,1997,275:521-523.
[38]Green M G,Sylvester P J,Buick R.Growth and recycling ofearly Archaean Continental Crust Geochemical evidence from theGeonteranah and Warrawoona Groups,Pilbara Carton,Australia[J].Tectonophysics,2000,322:69-88.
[39]Arndt N T,Goldstein SL.An open boundary lower continentalcrust and mantle:it’s role in crust deformation and recycling[J].Tectonophys,1989,161:201-212.
[40]White R S,Spence G D,Fowler S R,et al.Magmatism at riftedcontinental margins[J].Nature,1987,330:439-444.
[41]Nguuri TK,Crustal structure beneath southern.Africa and its im-plications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvall andZimbabuve cartons[J].Geophysics Research Letters.2001,28:2501-2504.
[42]滕吉文,王谦身,魏斯禹,等.中国东部地区地球物理场特征与含油气盆地的分布和形成[J].地球物理学报,1983,26(4):319-330.
[43]高山,金振民.拆沉作用及其壳—幔演化动力学意义[J].地质科技情报,1997,16(1):1-9.
[44]陈九辉,刘启元,李顺成,等.青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地块地壳上地幔S波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2):333-342.
[45]熊熊,许厚译.地幔对流诱发的莫霍面起伏与下地壳塑性流动[J].测绘学报,2005,29:21-25.
[46]Brace W F and Kohlstedt D L,Limits on Lithosphere stress im-posed by laboratory experiments[J].Geophys Res.,1980,74:6248-6252.
[47]Yuan Xuecheng.Geophysical Atlas of China[M].Beijing:Geo-logical Press,1996(in Chinese).
[48]欧新功,金淑燕.壳幔混合层的结构与动力学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1993:7-16.
[49]章邦桐,凌洪飞,陈培荣.论玄武岩底侵作用与长英质火成岩形成的元素[J].地质评论,2005,5(4):393-400.
[50]De Paolo D J.Neodymium isotopes in basalts of the southwest basin and Lithosphere thinning during continental extension[J].Chemical Geology,2000,169:157-185.
[51]McKenzie D,Bikle M J.The volume and compo sition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere[J].Petrol,1988,29:625-679.
[52]Molnar P,English P,Martinod J.Mantle dynamics,uplift of Ti-betan Plateau and Indian Monsoon[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1993,31(4):357-396.
[53]England P,Housema G A.The mechanism of Tibetan Plateau.Phi.Trans[J].Sci.Loid,1988,326:301-320.
[54]Chamberlain C P,Sonder L J.Heat-producing elements and the thermal and baric Patterns of metamorphic belts[J].Science,1990,250:763-769.
[55]别洛乌索夫B B.林彻,沈德富,钱竟阳,译[M].北京:地质出版社,1983:438-472.
[56]刘铁庚,张乾,邵树勋,等.银矿与莫霍面的关系——以浙闽和天山地区为例[J].地质地球化学,2003,31(4):56-61.