影响学校出行方式选择的心理因素研究综述
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摘要
为了制定能够优化学校出行方式结构的引导政策,加深对学校出行方式选择行为的理解,并评估现有包含了心理因素的学校出行方式选择行为研究,选取4组搜索词进行组合作为关键词,分别从8个数据库中搜索与学校出行相关的研究,并利用类似领域的研究成果建立文献质量评估体系对这些实证研究进行分析。研究结果表明:最终获得19篇相关文献,且几乎所有的实证研究都集中在发达国家和地区,所有的研究都利用了截面数据,有超过2/3的研究没有利用一定的理论框架去整合和探索学校出行的影响因素。在今后的研究中,为了能够更好地了解心理因素对学校出行方式选择的影响,应该将研究扩展到其他的区域,如亚洲和非洲。需要设计出可靠和有效的测量方法来更全面的研究学校出行方式选择行为的心理特征,这些方法可以为引导政策的制定和干扰措施的执行提供理论依据。此外,在今后对学校出行方式的研究中,应该以一定的理论框架为基础,才能保证研究因素的完整性。
In order to formulate the policy-oriented approaches which can optimize school travel mode structure,further enhance the understanding of school travel mode choice behavior,and assess the current literatures on school travel mode choice behavior involving psychological factors,four categories of search terms were used to combine as keywords and eight databases were used for searching with respect to school travel behavior.A literature quality evaluation system was established based on previous research results in similar fields and these empirical studies were analyzed.The results show that a total number of 19 publications are presented and almost all the empirical studies are conducted predominantly in the developed countries and regions,applying cross-sectional data.Theoretical framework was not used in over two-thirds of these researches to integrate and explore the influential factors related to school travel.Future researches should be expanded to other areas,such as Asia and Africa,to better understand theinfluences of psychological factors on school travel mode choice.Valid and reliable measures should be designed to comprehensively examine psychological properties of the school travel mode choice behavior,and these measures can then be used to provide a theoretical basis in the formulation of guide policies and execution of intervention measures.Furthermore,further researches of school travel mode should be based on theoretical framework to ensure the integrity of researching factors.
In order to formulate the policy-oriented approaches which can optimize school travel mode structure,further enhance the understanding of school travel mode choice behavior,and assess the current literatures on school travel mode choice behavior involving psychological factors,four categories of search terms were used to combine as keywords and eight databases were used for searching with respect to school travel behavior.A literature quality evaluation system was established based on previous research results in similar fields and these empirical studies were analyzed.The results show that a total number of 19 publications are presented and almost all the empirical studies are conducted predominantly in the developed countries and regions,applying cross-sectional data.Theoretical framework was not used in over two-thirds of these researches to integrate and explore the influential factors related to school travel.Future researches should be expanded to other areas,such as Asia and Africa,to better understand theinfluences of psychological factors on school travel mode choice.Valid and reliable measures should be designed to comprehensively examine psychological properties of the school travel mode choice behavior,and these measures can then be used to provide a theoretical basis in the formulation of guide policies and execution of intervention measures.Furthermore,further researches of school travel mode should be based on theoretical framework to ensure the integrity of researching factors.
引文
[1]KELLY J A,FU M.Sustainable School CommutingUnderstanding Choices and Identifying Opportunities:A Case Study in Dublin,Ireland[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,34(219):221-230.
[2]MCMILLAN T E.The Relative Influence of Urban Form on a Child’s Travel Mode to School[J].Transportation Research Part A,2007,41(1):69-79.
[3]HUBSMITH D,PING R,GUTOSKY K.Safe Routes to School:2007State of the States Report[R].Fairfax:Safe Routes to School National Partnership,2007.
[4]石京,菅美英,张文言.接送学生机动车对北京道路交通影响研究[J].武汉理工大学学报:交通科学与工程版,2014,38(5):960-964.SHI Jing,JIAN Mei-ying,ZHANG Wen-yan.Study on the Influence of Student Shuttle Vehicle on Beijing Road Traffic[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology:Transportation Science&Engineering,2014,38(5):960-964.
[5]SIRARD J R,SLATER M E.Walking and Bicycling to School:A Review[J].American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine,2008,2(5):372-396.
[6]SERDULA M K,IVERY D,COATES R J,et al.Do Obese Children Become Obese Adults?A Review of the Literature[J].Preventive Medicine,1993,22(2):167-177.
[7]OGDEN C L,CARROLL M D,KIT B K,et al.Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in Body Mass Index among US Children and Adolescents,1999-2010[J].The Journal of the American Medical Association,2012,307(5):483-490.
[8]JI C Y,CHEN T J.Empirical Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Chinese Students from 1985to 2010and Corresponding Preventive Strategies[J].Biomedical and Environmental Sciences,2013,26(1):1-12.
[9]LAROUCHE R.The Environmental and Population Health Benefits of Active Transport:A Review[M]//LIU G.Greenhouse Gases-Emission,Measurement and Management.Rijeka:InTech,2012.
[10]FUSCO C,MOOLA F,FAULKNER G,et al.Toward an Understanding of Children’s Perceptions of Their Transport Geographies:(Non)Active School Travel and Visual Representations of the Built Environment[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2012,20(1):62-70.
[11]WITTEN K,KEARNS R,CARROLL P,et al.New Zealand Parents’Understandings of the Intergenerational decline in Children’s Independent Outdoor Play and Active Travel[J].Children’s Geographies,2013,11(2):215-229.
[12]BULIUNG R,FAULKNER G,BEESLEY T,et al.School Travel Planning:Mobilizing School and Community Resources to Encourage Active School Transportation[J].Journal of School Health,2011,81(11):704-712.
[13]MCDONALD N C,BROWN A L,MARCHETTI L M,et al.US School Travel,2009:An Assessment of Trends[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2011,41(2):146-151.
[14]VAN DER PLOEG H P,MEROM D,CORPUZ G,et al.Trends in Australian Children Traveling to School 1971-2003:Burning Petrol or Carbohydrates?[J].Preventive Medicine,2008,46(1):60-62.
[15]BOARNET M G,ANDERSON C L,DAY K,et al.Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School Legislation:Urban form Changes and Children’s Active Transportation to School[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2005,28(2):134-140.
[16]YANG Y,MARKOWITZ E.Integrating Parental Attitudes in Research on Children’s Active School Commuting[J].Transportation Research Record,2012(2318):116-127.
[17]DILL J,MOHR C,MA L.How can Psychological Theory Help Cities Increase Walking and Bicycling?[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2014,80(1):36-51.
[18]ABRAHAMSE W,STEG L,GIFFORD R,et al.Factors Influencing Car Use for Commuting and the Intention to Reduce It:A Question of Self-interest or Morality?[J].Transportation Research Part F,2009,12(4):317-324.
[19]GARDNER B,ABRAHAM C.Psychological Correlates of Car Use:A Meta-analysis[J].Transportation Research Part F,2008,11(4):300-311.
[20]ANABLE J.‘Complacent Car Addicts’or‘Aspiring Environmentalists’?Identifying Travel Behavior Segments Using Attitude Theory[J].Transport Policy,2005,12(1):65-78.
[21]ZEID M A.Measuring and Modeling Activity and Travel Well-being[D].Cambridge:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2009.
[22]WALKER J L,LI J.Latent Lifestyle Preferences and Household Location Decisions[J].Journal of Geographical Systems,2007,9(1):77-101.
[23]PANTER J R,JONES A P,VAN SLUIJS E M.Environmental Determinants of Active Travel in Youth:A Review and Framework for Future Research[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2008,5(1):34-47.
[24]MCMILLAN T E.Urban Form and a Child’s Trip to School:The Current Literature and a Framework for Future Research[J].Journal of Planning Literature,2005,19(4):440-456.
[25]LU W,MCKYER E L J,LEE C,et al.Perceived Barriers to Children’s Active Commuting to School:A Systematic Review of Empirical,Methodological and Theoretical Evidence[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2014,11(1):140-159.
[26]LU W,MCKYER E L J,LEE C,et al.Active Commuting to School:A Test of a Modified Integrative Model[J].American Journal of Health Behavior,2014,38(6):900-913.
[27]MOHER D,LIBERATI A,TETZLAFF J,et al.Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses:The PRISMA Statement[J].International Journal of Surgery,2010,8(5):336-341.
[28]DELISSAINT D,MCKYER E L J.Analysis of Theory Utilization Among Prenatal HIV-testing Research[J].American Journal of Health Behavior,2008,32(6):764-770.
[29]PAINTER J E,BORBA C P,HYNES M,et al.The Use of Theory in Health Behavior Research from2000to 2005:A Systematic Review[J].Annals of Behavioral Medicine,2008,35(3):358-362.
[30]MCDONALD N C.Children’s Mode Choice for the School Trip:The Role of Distance and School Location in Walking to School[J].Transportation,2008,35(1):23-35.
[31]SCHLOSSBERG M,GREENE J,PHILLIPS P P,et al.School Trips:Effects of Urban Form and Distance on Travel Mode[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(3):337-346.
[32]KERR J,ROSENBERG D,SALLIS J F,et al.Active Commuting to School:Associations with Environment and Parental Concerns[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2006,38(4):787-794.
[33]EWING R,SCHROEER W,GREENE W.School Location and Student Travel:Analysis of Factors Affecting Mode Choice[J].Transportation Research Record,2004(1895):55-63.
[34]AJZEN I,FISHBEIN M.The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior[M]//ALBARRACN D,JOHNSON B T,ZANNA M P.The Handbook of Attitudes.Mahwah:Erlbaum,2005:173-222.
[35]STERN P C.New Environmental Theories:Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior[J].Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(3):407-424.
[36]EYLES J.Objectifying the Subjective:The Measurement of Environmental Quality[J].Social Indicators Research,1990,22(2):139-153.
[37]LONG J,HARRE N,ATKINSON Q D.Social Clustering in High School Transport Choices[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2015,41:155-165.
[38]LU W,MCKYER E L,LEE C,et al.Children’s Active Commuting to School:An Interplay of Self-efficacy,Social Economic Disadvantage,and Environmental Characteristics[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2015,12:29-42.
[39]SILVA K S,PIZARRO A N,GARCIA L M T,et al.Which Social Support and Psychological Factors are Associated to Active Commuting to School?[J].Preventive Medicine,2014,63:20-23.
[40]RAMANATHAN S,O’BRIEN C,FAULKNER G,et al.Happiness in Motion:Emotions,Well-being,and Active School Travel[J].Journal of School Health,2014,84(8):516-523.
[41]STONE M,LARSEN K,FAULKNER G E J,et al.Predictors of Driving Among Families Living Within2km from School[J].Transport Policy,2014,33:8-16.
[42]MCMINN D,ROWE D A,MURTAGH S,et al.Psychosocial Factors Related to Children’s Active School Travel:A Comparison of Two European Regions[J].International Journal of Exercise Science,2014,7(1):76-86.
[43]HSU H,SAPHORES J.Impacts of Parental Gender and Attitudes on Children’s School Travel Mode and Parental Chauffeuring Behavior:Results for California Based on the 2009National Household Travel Survey[J].Transportation,2014,41(3):543-565.
[44]KAMARGIANNI M,BEN-AKIVA M,POLYDOROPOULOU A.Incorporating Social Interaction into Hybrid Choice Models[J].Transportation,2014,41(6):1263-1285.
[45]SERAJ S,SIDHARTHAN R,BHAT C,et al.Parental Attitudes Toward Children Walking and Bicycling to School[J]Transportation Research Record,2012(2323):46-55.
[46]MURTAGH S,ROWE D A,ELLIOTT M A,et al.Predicting Active School Travel:The Role of Planned Behavior and Habit Strength[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2012,9(1):65-73.
[47]MAMMEN G,FAULKNER G,BULIUNG R,et al.Understanding the Drive to Escort:A Cross-sectional Analysis Examining Parental Attitudes towards Children’s School Travel and Independent Mobility[J].BMC Public Health,2012,12(1):862-873.
[48]ELIAS W,KATOSHEVSKI-CAVARI R.School Commuting and the Impact of Cultural Differences:The Israeli Case[J].Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,2011,20:866-874.
[49]MARTINEZ-GOMEZ D,RUIZ J R,GOMEZ-MARTINEZ S,et al.Active Commuting to School and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents:The AVENA Study[J].Archives of Pediatrics&Adolescent Medicine,2011,165(4):300-305.
[50]SIDHARTHAN R,BHAT C R,PENDYALA R M,et al.Model for Children’s School Travel Mode Choice:Accounting for Effects of Spatial and Social Interaction[J].Transportation Research Record,2011(2213):78-86.
[51]PANTER J R,JONES A P,VAN SLUIJS E M,et al.Attitudes,Social Support and Environmental Perceptions as Predictors of Active Commuting Behaviour in School Children[J].Journal of Epidemiology&Community Health,2010,64(1):41-48.
[52]KAPELL H,DILL J.Factors Affecting Walking and Biking to Elementary School:Urban Form,Parental Attitudes,and School Characteristics[C]//TRB.Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting.Washington DC:TRB,2009:1-9.
[53]DOLLMAN J,LEWIS N R.Active Transport to School as Part of a Broader Habit of Walking and Cycling Among South Australian Youth[J].Pediatric Exercise Science,2007,19(4):436-443.
[54]MCDONALD N C,MCGRANE A B,RODGMAN E A,et al.Assessing Multimodal School Travel Safety in North Carolina[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2014,74:126-132.
[55]JING Peng,JUAN Zhi-cai,GAO Lin-jie.Application of the Expanded Theory of Planned Behavior in Intercity Travel Behavior[J].Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society,2014,2014(2):1-10.
[56]CHEN C,CHAO W.Habitual or Reasoned?Using the Theory of Planned Behavior,Technology Acceptance Model,and Habit to Examine Switching Intentions toward Public Transit[J].Transportation Research Part F,2011,14(2):128-137.
[57]GARDNER B.Modelling Motivation and Habit in Stable Travel Mode Contexts[J].Transportation Research Part F,2009,12(1):68-76.
[58]MAHON D,COWAN C,MCCARTHY M.The Role of Attitudes,Subjective Norm,Perceived Control and Habit in the Consumption of Ready Meals and Takeaways in Great Britain[J].Food Quality and Preference,2006,17(6):474-481.
[59]VERPLANKEN B,AARTS H,KNIPPENBERG A,et al.Habit Versus Planned Behaviour:A Field Experiment[J].British Journal of Social Psychology,1998,37(1):111-128.
[2]MCMILLAN T E.The Relative Influence of Urban Form on a Child’s Travel Mode to School[J].Transportation Research Part A,2007,41(1):69-79.
[3]HUBSMITH D,PING R,GUTOSKY K.Safe Routes to School:2007State of the States Report[R].Fairfax:Safe Routes to School National Partnership,2007.
[4]石京,菅美英,张文言.接送学生机动车对北京道路交通影响研究[J].武汉理工大学学报:交通科学与工程版,2014,38(5):960-964.SHI Jing,JIAN Mei-ying,ZHANG Wen-yan.Study on the Influence of Student Shuttle Vehicle on Beijing Road Traffic[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology:Transportation Science&Engineering,2014,38(5):960-964.
[5]SIRARD J R,SLATER M E.Walking and Bicycling to School:A Review[J].American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine,2008,2(5):372-396.
[6]SERDULA M K,IVERY D,COATES R J,et al.Do Obese Children Become Obese Adults?A Review of the Literature[J].Preventive Medicine,1993,22(2):167-177.
[7]OGDEN C L,CARROLL M D,KIT B K,et al.Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in Body Mass Index among US Children and Adolescents,1999-2010[J].The Journal of the American Medical Association,2012,307(5):483-490.
[8]JI C Y,CHEN T J.Empirical Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Chinese Students from 1985to 2010and Corresponding Preventive Strategies[J].Biomedical and Environmental Sciences,2013,26(1):1-12.
[9]LAROUCHE R.The Environmental and Population Health Benefits of Active Transport:A Review[M]//LIU G.Greenhouse Gases-Emission,Measurement and Management.Rijeka:InTech,2012.
[10]FUSCO C,MOOLA F,FAULKNER G,et al.Toward an Understanding of Children’s Perceptions of Their Transport Geographies:(Non)Active School Travel and Visual Representations of the Built Environment[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2012,20(1):62-70.
[11]WITTEN K,KEARNS R,CARROLL P,et al.New Zealand Parents’Understandings of the Intergenerational decline in Children’s Independent Outdoor Play and Active Travel[J].Children’s Geographies,2013,11(2):215-229.
[12]BULIUNG R,FAULKNER G,BEESLEY T,et al.School Travel Planning:Mobilizing School and Community Resources to Encourage Active School Transportation[J].Journal of School Health,2011,81(11):704-712.
[13]MCDONALD N C,BROWN A L,MARCHETTI L M,et al.US School Travel,2009:An Assessment of Trends[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2011,41(2):146-151.
[14]VAN DER PLOEG H P,MEROM D,CORPUZ G,et al.Trends in Australian Children Traveling to School 1971-2003:Burning Petrol or Carbohydrates?[J].Preventive Medicine,2008,46(1):60-62.
[15]BOARNET M G,ANDERSON C L,DAY K,et al.Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School Legislation:Urban form Changes and Children’s Active Transportation to School[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2005,28(2):134-140.
[16]YANG Y,MARKOWITZ E.Integrating Parental Attitudes in Research on Children’s Active School Commuting[J].Transportation Research Record,2012(2318):116-127.
[17]DILL J,MOHR C,MA L.How can Psychological Theory Help Cities Increase Walking and Bicycling?[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2014,80(1):36-51.
[18]ABRAHAMSE W,STEG L,GIFFORD R,et al.Factors Influencing Car Use for Commuting and the Intention to Reduce It:A Question of Self-interest or Morality?[J].Transportation Research Part F,2009,12(4):317-324.
[19]GARDNER B,ABRAHAM C.Psychological Correlates of Car Use:A Meta-analysis[J].Transportation Research Part F,2008,11(4):300-311.
[20]ANABLE J.‘Complacent Car Addicts’or‘Aspiring Environmentalists’?Identifying Travel Behavior Segments Using Attitude Theory[J].Transport Policy,2005,12(1):65-78.
[21]ZEID M A.Measuring and Modeling Activity and Travel Well-being[D].Cambridge:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2009.
[22]WALKER J L,LI J.Latent Lifestyle Preferences and Household Location Decisions[J].Journal of Geographical Systems,2007,9(1):77-101.
[23]PANTER J R,JONES A P,VAN SLUIJS E M.Environmental Determinants of Active Travel in Youth:A Review and Framework for Future Research[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2008,5(1):34-47.
[24]MCMILLAN T E.Urban Form and a Child’s Trip to School:The Current Literature and a Framework for Future Research[J].Journal of Planning Literature,2005,19(4):440-456.
[25]LU W,MCKYER E L J,LEE C,et al.Perceived Barriers to Children’s Active Commuting to School:A Systematic Review of Empirical,Methodological and Theoretical Evidence[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2014,11(1):140-159.
[26]LU W,MCKYER E L J,LEE C,et al.Active Commuting to School:A Test of a Modified Integrative Model[J].American Journal of Health Behavior,2014,38(6):900-913.
[27]MOHER D,LIBERATI A,TETZLAFF J,et al.Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses:The PRISMA Statement[J].International Journal of Surgery,2010,8(5):336-341.
[28]DELISSAINT D,MCKYER E L J.Analysis of Theory Utilization Among Prenatal HIV-testing Research[J].American Journal of Health Behavior,2008,32(6):764-770.
[29]PAINTER J E,BORBA C P,HYNES M,et al.The Use of Theory in Health Behavior Research from2000to 2005:A Systematic Review[J].Annals of Behavioral Medicine,2008,35(3):358-362.
[30]MCDONALD N C.Children’s Mode Choice for the School Trip:The Role of Distance and School Location in Walking to School[J].Transportation,2008,35(1):23-35.
[31]SCHLOSSBERG M,GREENE J,PHILLIPS P P,et al.School Trips:Effects of Urban Form and Distance on Travel Mode[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2006,72(3):337-346.
[32]KERR J,ROSENBERG D,SALLIS J F,et al.Active Commuting to School:Associations with Environment and Parental Concerns[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2006,38(4):787-794.
[33]EWING R,SCHROEER W,GREENE W.School Location and Student Travel:Analysis of Factors Affecting Mode Choice[J].Transportation Research Record,2004(1895):55-63.
[34]AJZEN I,FISHBEIN M.The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior[M]//ALBARRACN D,JOHNSON B T,ZANNA M P.The Handbook of Attitudes.Mahwah:Erlbaum,2005:173-222.
[35]STERN P C.New Environmental Theories:Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior[J].Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(3):407-424.
[36]EYLES J.Objectifying the Subjective:The Measurement of Environmental Quality[J].Social Indicators Research,1990,22(2):139-153.
[37]LONG J,HARRE N,ATKINSON Q D.Social Clustering in High School Transport Choices[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,2015,41:155-165.
[38]LU W,MCKYER E L,LEE C,et al.Children’s Active Commuting to School:An Interplay of Self-efficacy,Social Economic Disadvantage,and Environmental Characteristics[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2015,12:29-42.
[39]SILVA K S,PIZARRO A N,GARCIA L M T,et al.Which Social Support and Psychological Factors are Associated to Active Commuting to School?[J].Preventive Medicine,2014,63:20-23.
[40]RAMANATHAN S,O’BRIEN C,FAULKNER G,et al.Happiness in Motion:Emotions,Well-being,and Active School Travel[J].Journal of School Health,2014,84(8):516-523.
[41]STONE M,LARSEN K,FAULKNER G E J,et al.Predictors of Driving Among Families Living Within2km from School[J].Transport Policy,2014,33:8-16.
[42]MCMINN D,ROWE D A,MURTAGH S,et al.Psychosocial Factors Related to Children’s Active School Travel:A Comparison of Two European Regions[J].International Journal of Exercise Science,2014,7(1):76-86.
[43]HSU H,SAPHORES J.Impacts of Parental Gender and Attitudes on Children’s School Travel Mode and Parental Chauffeuring Behavior:Results for California Based on the 2009National Household Travel Survey[J].Transportation,2014,41(3):543-565.
[44]KAMARGIANNI M,BEN-AKIVA M,POLYDOROPOULOU A.Incorporating Social Interaction into Hybrid Choice Models[J].Transportation,2014,41(6):1263-1285.
[45]SERAJ S,SIDHARTHAN R,BHAT C,et al.Parental Attitudes Toward Children Walking and Bicycling to School[J]Transportation Research Record,2012(2323):46-55.
[46]MURTAGH S,ROWE D A,ELLIOTT M A,et al.Predicting Active School Travel:The Role of Planned Behavior and Habit Strength[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2012,9(1):65-73.
[47]MAMMEN G,FAULKNER G,BULIUNG R,et al.Understanding the Drive to Escort:A Cross-sectional Analysis Examining Parental Attitudes towards Children’s School Travel and Independent Mobility[J].BMC Public Health,2012,12(1):862-873.
[48]ELIAS W,KATOSHEVSKI-CAVARI R.School Commuting and the Impact of Cultural Differences:The Israeli Case[J].Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,2011,20:866-874.
[49]MARTINEZ-GOMEZ D,RUIZ J R,GOMEZ-MARTINEZ S,et al.Active Commuting to School and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents:The AVENA Study[J].Archives of Pediatrics&Adolescent Medicine,2011,165(4):300-305.
[50]SIDHARTHAN R,BHAT C R,PENDYALA R M,et al.Model for Children’s School Travel Mode Choice:Accounting for Effects of Spatial and Social Interaction[J].Transportation Research Record,2011(2213):78-86.
[51]PANTER J R,JONES A P,VAN SLUIJS E M,et al.Attitudes,Social Support and Environmental Perceptions as Predictors of Active Commuting Behaviour in School Children[J].Journal of Epidemiology&Community Health,2010,64(1):41-48.
[52]KAPELL H,DILL J.Factors Affecting Walking and Biking to Elementary School:Urban Form,Parental Attitudes,and School Characteristics[C]//TRB.Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting.Washington DC:TRB,2009:1-9.
[53]DOLLMAN J,LEWIS N R.Active Transport to School as Part of a Broader Habit of Walking and Cycling Among South Australian Youth[J].Pediatric Exercise Science,2007,19(4):436-443.
[54]MCDONALD N C,MCGRANE A B,RODGMAN E A,et al.Assessing Multimodal School Travel Safety in North Carolina[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2014,74:126-132.
[55]JING Peng,JUAN Zhi-cai,GAO Lin-jie.Application of the Expanded Theory of Planned Behavior in Intercity Travel Behavior[J].Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society,2014,2014(2):1-10.
[56]CHEN C,CHAO W.Habitual or Reasoned?Using the Theory of Planned Behavior,Technology Acceptance Model,and Habit to Examine Switching Intentions toward Public Transit[J].Transportation Research Part F,2011,14(2):128-137.
[57]GARDNER B.Modelling Motivation and Habit in Stable Travel Mode Contexts[J].Transportation Research Part F,2009,12(1):68-76.
[58]MAHON D,COWAN C,MCCARTHY M.The Role of Attitudes,Subjective Norm,Perceived Control and Habit in the Consumption of Ready Meals and Takeaways in Great Britain[J].Food Quality and Preference,2006,17(6):474-481.
[59]VERPLANKEN B,AARTS H,KNIPPENBERG A,et al.Habit Versus Planned Behaviour:A Field Experiment[J].British Journal of Social Psychology,1998,37(1):111-128.