盐渍化地区刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳林中AM真菌特性及其影响因子
|
摘要
为研究生境异质性对AM真菌的影响,以内蒙古磴口、宁夏平罗和甘肃敦煌盐渍化地区中刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳为对象,分析不同树种林地土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、根内AM真菌侵染状况及根际球囊霉素质量分数、AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度,确定生境(如树种、土壤因子及气候条件)与AM真菌特性间的关系。方差分析结果表明,树种和样区位置对AM真菌的总侵染率、菌丝侵染率、丛枝侵染率、孢子密度、菌丝密度、总球囊霉素质量分数、土壤理化性质和酶活性均具有显著影响;变差分析结果表明土壤因子对AM真菌特性的影响最大,且其影响与树种和气候条件有关;相关分析进一步表明土壤因子及气候条件主要影响刺槐根际AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度、柽柳根际的菌丝密度、新疆杨根内的丛枝侵染率、菌丝侵染率及其根际的孢子密度。以上结果表明,盐渍化地区AM真菌特性具有生境异质性,且其异质性主要由土壤因子的变化所致,而树种和气候条件对AM真菌特性的影响均相对较小。
In order to study the influence of environmental changes on AM(arbuscular mycorrhizal)fungal attributes,we sampled the root and soil samples from monocultures of Robinia pseudoacacia,Populus alba and Tamarix chinensis in saline areas located in Dengkou county of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Pingluo county of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Dunhuang county of Gansu province,measured soil physico-chemical properties,soil enzyme activities,easily extractable glomain and total glomain mass fraction,AM fungal colonization rate,spore density and hyphal density,and determined the relationships among AM fungal attributes,tree species,soil factors and climate conditions.Analysis of variance revealed that both of tree species and sampling sites significantly affected the total AM fungal colonization rate,hyphal colonization rate,arbuscular colonization rate,spore density,hyphal density,total glomain mass fraction,soil physic-chemical properties and enzyme activities.Variation partitioning showed that soil factors played the highest role in affecting AM fungi compared to tree species and climate conditions.Correlation analysis found out that soil factors and climate conditions were mainly correlated with AM fungal spore density and hyphal density in R.pseudoacaciarhizosphere,hyphal density in T.chinensis rhizosphere,the colonization rate of arbuscules and hyphae in P.albaroots,and spore density in P.albarhizosphere.All the above results indicated that AM fungal attributes had dissimilarities among different saline areas,and those dissimilarities have been mainly attributed to the changes in soil factors since tree species and climate conditions had less influence on AM fungi than soil factors.
In order to study the influence of environmental changes on AM(arbuscular mycorrhizal)fungal attributes,we sampled the root and soil samples from monocultures of Robinia pseudoacacia,Populus alba and Tamarix chinensis in saline areas located in Dengkou county of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Pingluo county of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Dunhuang county of Gansu province,measured soil physico-chemical properties,soil enzyme activities,easily extractable glomain and total glomain mass fraction,AM fungal colonization rate,spore density and hyphal density,and determined the relationships among AM fungal attributes,tree species,soil factors and climate conditions.Analysis of variance revealed that both of tree species and sampling sites significantly affected the total AM fungal colonization rate,hyphal colonization rate,arbuscular colonization rate,spore density,hyphal density,total glomain mass fraction,soil physic-chemical properties and enzyme activities.Variation partitioning showed that soil factors played the highest role in affecting AM fungi compared to tree species and climate conditions.Correlation analysis found out that soil factors and climate conditions were mainly correlated with AM fungal spore density and hyphal density in R.pseudoacaciarhizosphere,hyphal density in T.chinensis rhizosphere,the colonization rate of arbuscules and hyphae in P.albaroots,and spore density in P.albarhizosphere.All the above results indicated that AM fungal attributes had dissimilarities among different saline areas,and those dissimilarities have been mainly attributed to the changes in soil factors since tree species and climate conditions had less influence on AM fungi than soil factors.
引文
[1]POZO M J,JUNG S C,MARTNEZ-MEDINA A,et al.Root allies:Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Help Plants to Cope with Biotic Stresses∥Symbiotic Endophytes[M].Heidelberg Berlin:Springer,2013:289-307.
[2]许平辉,王飞权,齐玉岗,等.丛枝菌根真菌对茶树抗旱性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2017,26(7):1033-1040.XU P H,WANG F Q,QI Y G,et al.Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on drought resistance in tea plant(Camellia sinensis)[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2017,26(7):1033-1040.
[3]LIU H G,WANG Y J,HART M,et al.Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates hormone and osmotic equilibrium of Lycium barbarum L.under salt stress[J].Mycosphere,2016,7(6):828-843.
[4]FIERER N,JACKSON R B.The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(3):626-631.
[5]ESTRADA B,BAREA J M,AROCA R,et al.A native Glomus intraradices strain from a Mediterranean saline area exhibits salt tolerance and enhanced symbiotic efficiency with maize plants under salt stress conditions[J].Plant and Soil,2013,366(1-2):333-349.
[6]张建锋.盐碱地的生态修复研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(4):74-78.ZHANG J F.Discussion on ecological rehabilitation of saltaffected soils[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(4):74-78.
[7]刘润进,刘鹏起,徐坤,等.中国盐碱土壤中AM菌的生态分布[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6):721-724.LIU R J,LIU P Q,XU K,et al.Ecological distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in saline-alkaline soils of China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(6):721-724.
[8]CARVALHO L M,CACADOR I,MARTINS-LOUCO MA.Temporal and spatial variation of arbuscular mycorrhizas in salt marsh plants of the Tagus estuary(Portugal)[J].Mycorrhiza,2001,11(6):303-309.
[9]GUO X H,GONG J.Differential effects of abiotic factors and host plant traits on diversity and community composition of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a salt-stressed ecosystem[J].Mycorrhiza,2014,24(2):79-94.
[10]汪林,甘泓,于福亮,等.西北地区盐渍土及其开发利用中存在问题的对策[J].水利学报,2001(6):90-95.WANG L,GAN H,YU F L,et al.Salted soil and its development in northwest China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001(6):90-95.
[11]林士杰,张忠辉,张大伟,等.盐碱地树种选择及抗盐碱造林技术研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(10):1-5.LIN SH J,ZHANG ZH H,ZHANG D W,et al.Research progress on the trees species choice in saline-alkali land and drought resistant forestation technology[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(10):1-5.
[12]SHENG M,CHEN X D,ZHANG X L,et al.Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal attributes along a chronosequence of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)plantations can be attributed to the plantation-induced variation in soil properties[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017(599):273-283.
[13]梁倩倩,李敏,刘润进,等.全球变化下菌根真菌的作用及其作用机制[J].生态学报,2014,34(21):6039-6048.LIANG Q Q,LI M,LIU R J,et al.Function and functioning mechanisms of mycorrhizal fungi under global changes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(21):6039-6048.
[14]盛敏,唐明,迪丽努尔,等.西北盐碱土主要植物丛枝菌根研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(2):74-78.SHENG M,TANG M,DILNUR,et al.Study on arbuscular mycorrhizae of common halophytes from northwest sali-alkali soil[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2007,35(2):74-78.
[15]鲍士旦,江荣风,杨超光,等.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO SH D,JIANG R F,YANG CH G,et al.Analysis of Soil Characteristics[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[16]陈云增,陈志凡,马建华,等.沙颍河流域典型癌病高发区土壤硝态氮对地下水和蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(3):990-998.CHEN Y Z,CHEN ZH F,MA J H,et al.Effects of soil nitrate nitrogen on the nitrate accumulation in groundwater and vegetables in a typical high cancer incidence area of Shaying River basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(3):990-998.
[17]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.GUAN S Y.Soil Enzymes and Its Method log[M].Beijing:Agricultural Press,1986.
[18]CHANDER K,BROOKES P C.Is the dehydrogenase assay invalid as a method to estimate microbial activity in copper-contaminated soils?[J].Soil Biology Biochemistry,1991,23(10):909-915.
[19]WRIGHT S F,UPADHYAYA A.Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J].Soil Science,1996,161(9):575-586.
[20]PHILLIPS J M,HAYMAN D S.Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection[J].Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1970,55(1):158-168.
[21]弓明钦,陈应龙,仲崇禄.菌根研究及应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1997.GONG M Q,CHEN Y L,ZHONG CH L.Mycorrhizal Research and Application[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1997.
[22]何跃军,钟章成,董鸣.AMF对喀斯特土壤枯落物分解和对宿主植物的养分传递[J].生态学报,2012,32(8):2525-2531.HE Y J,ZHONG ZH CH,DONG M.Nutrients transfer for host plant and litter decompositon by AMF in Karst soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(8):2525-2531.
[23]OKSANEN J,BLANCHET G F,KINDT R,et al.Vegan:community ecology package.R package version 2.0-10[J/OL].http:∥CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan.[2013-06-02].
[24]ODLAND A,DEL MORAL R.Thirteen years of wetland vegetation succession following apermanent drawdown,Myrkdalen Lake,Norway[J].Plant Ecology,2002,162(2):185-198.
[25]XU T L,VERESOGLOU S D,CHEN Y L,et al.Plant community,geographic distance and abiotic factors play different roles in predicting AMF biogeography at the regional scale in northern China[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2016,8(6):1048-1057.
[26]XU X H,CHEN C,ZHANG ZH,et al.The influence of environmental factors on communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Chenopodium ambrosioides revealed by MiSeq sequencing investigation[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(7):45134.
[27]DHAR P P,MRIDHA M A U.Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in different forest tree species of Hazarikhil forest of Chittagong,Bangladesh[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2012,23(1):115-122.
[28]张海波,梁月明,冯书珍,等.土壤类型和树种对根际土丛枝菌根真菌群落及其根系侵染率的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(1):187-194.ZHANG H B,LIANG Y M,FENG SH ZH,et al.The effects of soil types and plant species on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community and colonization in the rhizosphere[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(1):187-194.
[29]LIU H G,WANG Y J,TANG M.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity associated with two halophytes Lycium barbarum L.and Elaeagnus angustifolia L.in Ningxia,China[J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2017,63(6):796-806.
[30]JOHNSON N C,GRAHAM J H,SMITH F A.Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum[J].New phytologist,1997,135(4):575-585.
[31]PHILIPPOT L,RAAIJMAKERS J M,LEMANCEAU P,et al.Going back to the roots:the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2013,11(11):789-799.
[32]孙向伟,王晓娟,陈牧,等.生态环境因子对AM真菌孢子形成与分布的作用机制[J].草业学报,2011,20(1):214-221.SUN X W,WANG X J,CHEN M,et al.Effects of eco-environmental factors on the production and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(1):214-221.
[33]KABIR Z,O′HALLORAN I P,FYLES J W,et al.Seasonal changes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as affected by tillage practices and fertilization:hyphal density and mycorrhizal root colonization[J].Plant and Soil,1997,192(2):285-293.
[2]许平辉,王飞权,齐玉岗,等.丛枝菌根真菌对茶树抗旱性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2017,26(7):1033-1040.XU P H,WANG F Q,QI Y G,et al.Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on drought resistance in tea plant(Camellia sinensis)[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2017,26(7):1033-1040.
[3]LIU H G,WANG Y J,HART M,et al.Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates hormone and osmotic equilibrium of Lycium barbarum L.under salt stress[J].Mycosphere,2016,7(6):828-843.
[4]FIERER N,JACKSON R B.The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(3):626-631.
[5]ESTRADA B,BAREA J M,AROCA R,et al.A native Glomus intraradices strain from a Mediterranean saline area exhibits salt tolerance and enhanced symbiotic efficiency with maize plants under salt stress conditions[J].Plant and Soil,2013,366(1-2):333-349.
[6]张建锋.盐碱地的生态修复研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(4):74-78.ZHANG J F.Discussion on ecological rehabilitation of saltaffected soils[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(4):74-78.
[7]刘润进,刘鹏起,徐坤,等.中国盐碱土壤中AM菌的生态分布[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6):721-724.LIU R J,LIU P Q,XU K,et al.Ecological distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in saline-alkaline soils of China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(6):721-724.
[8]CARVALHO L M,CACADOR I,MARTINS-LOUCO MA.Temporal and spatial variation of arbuscular mycorrhizas in salt marsh plants of the Tagus estuary(Portugal)[J].Mycorrhiza,2001,11(6):303-309.
[9]GUO X H,GONG J.Differential effects of abiotic factors and host plant traits on diversity and community composition of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a salt-stressed ecosystem[J].Mycorrhiza,2014,24(2):79-94.
[10]汪林,甘泓,于福亮,等.西北地区盐渍土及其开发利用中存在问题的对策[J].水利学报,2001(6):90-95.WANG L,GAN H,YU F L,et al.Salted soil and its development in northwest China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001(6):90-95.
[11]林士杰,张忠辉,张大伟,等.盐碱地树种选择及抗盐碱造林技术研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(10):1-5.LIN SH J,ZHANG ZH H,ZHANG D W,et al.Research progress on the trees species choice in saline-alkali land and drought resistant forestation technology[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(10):1-5.
[12]SHENG M,CHEN X D,ZHANG X L,et al.Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal attributes along a chronosequence of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)plantations can be attributed to the plantation-induced variation in soil properties[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017(599):273-283.
[13]梁倩倩,李敏,刘润进,等.全球变化下菌根真菌的作用及其作用机制[J].生态学报,2014,34(21):6039-6048.LIANG Q Q,LI M,LIU R J,et al.Function and functioning mechanisms of mycorrhizal fungi under global changes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(21):6039-6048.
[14]盛敏,唐明,迪丽努尔,等.西北盐碱土主要植物丛枝菌根研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(2):74-78.SHENG M,TANG M,DILNUR,et al.Study on arbuscular mycorrhizae of common halophytes from northwest sali-alkali soil[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2007,35(2):74-78.
[15]鲍士旦,江荣风,杨超光,等.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO SH D,JIANG R F,YANG CH G,et al.Analysis of Soil Characteristics[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[16]陈云增,陈志凡,马建华,等.沙颍河流域典型癌病高发区土壤硝态氮对地下水和蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(3):990-998.CHEN Y Z,CHEN ZH F,MA J H,et al.Effects of soil nitrate nitrogen on the nitrate accumulation in groundwater and vegetables in a typical high cancer incidence area of Shaying River basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(3):990-998.
[17]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.GUAN S Y.Soil Enzymes and Its Method log[M].Beijing:Agricultural Press,1986.
[18]CHANDER K,BROOKES P C.Is the dehydrogenase assay invalid as a method to estimate microbial activity in copper-contaminated soils?[J].Soil Biology Biochemistry,1991,23(10):909-915.
[19]WRIGHT S F,UPADHYAYA A.Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J].Soil Science,1996,161(9):575-586.
[20]PHILLIPS J M,HAYMAN D S.Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection[J].Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1970,55(1):158-168.
[21]弓明钦,陈应龙,仲崇禄.菌根研究及应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1997.GONG M Q,CHEN Y L,ZHONG CH L.Mycorrhizal Research and Application[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1997.
[22]何跃军,钟章成,董鸣.AMF对喀斯特土壤枯落物分解和对宿主植物的养分传递[J].生态学报,2012,32(8):2525-2531.HE Y J,ZHONG ZH CH,DONG M.Nutrients transfer for host plant and litter decompositon by AMF in Karst soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(8):2525-2531.
[23]OKSANEN J,BLANCHET G F,KINDT R,et al.Vegan:community ecology package.R package version 2.0-10[J/OL].http:∥CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan.[2013-06-02].
[24]ODLAND A,DEL MORAL R.Thirteen years of wetland vegetation succession following apermanent drawdown,Myrkdalen Lake,Norway[J].Plant Ecology,2002,162(2):185-198.
[25]XU T L,VERESOGLOU S D,CHEN Y L,et al.Plant community,geographic distance and abiotic factors play different roles in predicting AMF biogeography at the regional scale in northern China[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2016,8(6):1048-1057.
[26]XU X H,CHEN C,ZHANG ZH,et al.The influence of environmental factors on communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Chenopodium ambrosioides revealed by MiSeq sequencing investigation[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(7):45134.
[27]DHAR P P,MRIDHA M A U.Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in different forest tree species of Hazarikhil forest of Chittagong,Bangladesh[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2012,23(1):115-122.
[28]张海波,梁月明,冯书珍,等.土壤类型和树种对根际土丛枝菌根真菌群落及其根系侵染率的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(1):187-194.ZHANG H B,LIANG Y M,FENG SH ZH,et al.The effects of soil types and plant species on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community and colonization in the rhizosphere[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(1):187-194.
[29]LIU H G,WANG Y J,TANG M.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity associated with two halophytes Lycium barbarum L.and Elaeagnus angustifolia L.in Ningxia,China[J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2017,63(6):796-806.
[30]JOHNSON N C,GRAHAM J H,SMITH F A.Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum[J].New phytologist,1997,135(4):575-585.
[31]PHILIPPOT L,RAAIJMAKERS J M,LEMANCEAU P,et al.Going back to the roots:the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2013,11(11):789-799.
[32]孙向伟,王晓娟,陈牧,等.生态环境因子对AM真菌孢子形成与分布的作用机制[J].草业学报,2011,20(1):214-221.SUN X W,WANG X J,CHEN M,et al.Effects of eco-environmental factors on the production and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(1):214-221.
[33]KABIR Z,O′HALLORAN I P,FYLES J W,et al.Seasonal changes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as affected by tillage practices and fertilization:hyphal density and mycorrhizal root colonization[J].Plant and Soil,1997,192(2):285-293.