风化煤用量下覆膜和AM真菌对玉米生长和土壤微环境的影响
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摘要
为缓解我国东部贫瘠土壤,以风化煤与覆膜为切入点,通过室内盆栽试验,研究两种覆膜方式(无覆膜和覆薄膜)和两个供试土壤基质(砂土基质和砂煤混合基质)下接种AM真菌对干旱胁迫时玉米生长特性、水分利用效率与土壤性状的影响。结果表明:两个覆膜方式下,砂煤混合基质相比砂土基质提高了接种AM真菌处理的玉米根系侵染率和土壤根外菌丝密度,但无明显差异;同时土壤总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素含量分别显著提高了80.0%~106.5%和55.0%~73.3%(P<0.05)。同一覆膜方式下,砂煤混合基质接种AM真菌和CK处理的土壤有机碳、全氮与速效磷含量分别显著高于砂土基质下相应处理,但降低了土壤速效钾含量。砂煤混合基质下覆薄膜与接种AM真菌联合对玉米株高、生物量、叶片SPAD值及水分利用效率的促进效果最好;同时砂煤混合基质接种AM真菌处理提高了无覆膜下土壤蔗糖酶和全覆膜下过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶含量,分别比砂土基质下处理显著提高了46.8%~59.8%、37.9%~70.0%与57.8%~87.5%(P<0.05)。研究表明施加一定量风化煤时,接种AM真菌和覆薄膜能够促进水分胁迫下的植物生长发育,改善水分利用效率和提高土壤肥力。
Owing to the heavy evaporation in the spring-autumn period and cold climate, coal exploitation in the Eastern Prairie of China disturbs the soil structure, accelerates soil desertification, and lowers soil fertility, thus hindering crop growth in the mined regions. In order to solve the issues of poor soil nutrients, a pot experiment was conducted with two film mulching patterns, i.e., non-film mulching and film mulching; two soil substrate types, i.e., sandy soil and a mixed substrate of sand and weathered coal; and two levels of microbial inoculation,i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi inoculation and no inoculation, namely the control(CK). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AM fungi inoculation on plant growth, water use efficiency, and rhizosphere soil properties under water stress conditions using different soil substrate types and film mulching patterns. Results showed that the inoculated, mixed-substrate system improved maize root colonization and soil external hyphal length compared to those of the inoculated, sandy-substrate system utilizing the two film mulching patterns, but not significantly. In addition, soil total glomalin and easily extractable glomalin contents with the mixed substrate were significantly higher by 80.0%~106.5% and 55.0%~73.3% than with the sandy substrate(P<0.05). With the same mulching pattern, both the AM fungi and CK treatments utilizing the mixed substrate significantly improved the soil SOC, TN, and Olsen-P contents compared to those utilizing the sandy soil(P<0.05), but reduced the soil available K content. The combination of film mulching and AM fungi inoculation positively affected plant height and biomass, leaf SPAD value, and water use efficiency with the mixed substrate. Compared to the sandy soil, the inoculated soil invertase activity with non-film mulching and the soil catalase and alkaline phosphatase activities with film mulching of the mixed substrate significantly increased by 46.8%~59.8%, 37.9%~70.0%, and 57.8%~87.5%(P<0.05), respectively. Our results indicate that the combination of film mulching and AM fungi inoculation can improve plant growth, water use efficiency, and soil fertility with the addition of weathered coal.
Owing to the heavy evaporation in the spring-autumn period and cold climate, coal exploitation in the Eastern Prairie of China disturbs the soil structure, accelerates soil desertification, and lowers soil fertility, thus hindering crop growth in the mined regions. In order to solve the issues of poor soil nutrients, a pot experiment was conducted with two film mulching patterns, i.e., non-film mulching and film mulching; two soil substrate types, i.e., sandy soil and a mixed substrate of sand and weathered coal; and two levels of microbial inoculation,i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi inoculation and no inoculation, namely the control(CK). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AM fungi inoculation on plant growth, water use efficiency, and rhizosphere soil properties under water stress conditions using different soil substrate types and film mulching patterns. Results showed that the inoculated, mixed-substrate system improved maize root colonization and soil external hyphal length compared to those of the inoculated, sandy-substrate system utilizing the two film mulching patterns, but not significantly. In addition, soil total glomalin and easily extractable glomalin contents with the mixed substrate were significantly higher by 80.0%~106.5% and 55.0%~73.3% than with the sandy substrate(P<0.05). With the same mulching pattern, both the AM fungi and CK treatments utilizing the mixed substrate significantly improved the soil SOC, TN, and Olsen-P contents compared to those utilizing the sandy soil(P<0.05), but reduced the soil available K content. The combination of film mulching and AM fungi inoculation positively affected plant height and biomass, leaf SPAD value, and water use efficiency with the mixed substrate. Compared to the sandy soil, the inoculated soil invertase activity with non-film mulching and the soil catalase and alkaline phosphatase activities with film mulching of the mixed substrate significantly increased by 46.8%~59.8%, 37.9%~70.0%, and 57.8%~87.5%(P<0.05), respectively. Our results indicate that the combination of film mulching and AM fungi inoculation can improve plant growth, water use efficiency, and soil fertility with the addition of weathered coal.
引文
[1]江彬,毕银丽,申慧慧,等.氮营养与AM真菌协同对玉米生长及土壤肥力的影响[J].江苏农业学报, 2017, 33(2):327-332.JIANG Bin, BI Yin-li, SHEN Hui-hui, et al. Synergetic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and nitrogen on maize growth and soil fertility[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 33(2):327-332.
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[3] Wu Q S, Xia R X. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions[J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2006, 163(4):417-425.
[4] Rillig M C, Wright S F, Eviner V T. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in soil aggregation:comparing effects of five plant species[J]. Plant&Soil, 2002, 238(2):325-333.
[5]王强,王茜,王晓娟,等. AM真菌在有机农业发展中的机遇[J].生态学报, 2016, 36(1):11-21.WANG Qiang, WANG Qian, WANG Xiao-juan, et al. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in organic farming systems[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(1):11-21.
[6]李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应[J].中国农业科学, 2010, 43(5):922-931.LI Shang-zhong, WANG Yong, FAN Ting-lu, et al. Effects of different plastic film mulching modes on soil moisture, temperature and yield of dryland maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010, 43(5):922-931.
[7]李尚中,樊廷录,王勇,等.旱地玉米抗旱覆膜方式研究[J].核农学报, 2009, 23(1):165-169.LI Shang-zhong, FAN Ting-lu, WANG Yong, et al. A study on filmcovering modes of drought prevention for dry land maize[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 23(1):165-169.
[8]李华,李永青,沈成斌,等.风化煤施用对黄土高原露天煤矿区复垦土壤理化性质的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(5):1752-1756.LI Hua, LI Yong-qing, SHEN Cheng-bin, et al. Physicochemical properties of reclaimed soil with weathered coal in open cast mining areas of Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2008, 27(5):1752-1756.
[9]王宇涛,辛国荣,李韶山.丛枝菌根真菌最新分类系统与物种多样性研究概况[J].生态学报, 2013, 33(3):834-843.WANG Yu-tao, XIN Guo-rong, LI Shao-shan. An overview of the updated classification system and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(3):834-843.
[10] Bonanomi G, Chirico G B, Palladino M, et al. Combined application of photo-selective mulching films and beneficial microbes affects crop yield and irrigation water productivity in intensive farming systems[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2017, 184:104-113.
[11]武瑞平,李华,曹鹏.风化煤施用对复垦土壤理化性质酶活性及植被恢复的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(9):1855-1861.WU Rui-ping, LI Hua, CAO Peng. Amelioration of weathered coal on soil physical, chemical properties and enzyme activities with vegetation restoration[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009, 28(9):1855-1861.
[12]贺婧,钟艳霞,颜丽.不同来源腐植酸对土壤酶活性的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(24):258-261.HE Jing, ZHONG Yan-xia, YAN Li, et al. Effect of different sources humic acid on soil enzyme activity[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2009, 25(24):258-261.
[13] Phillips J M, Hayman D S. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection[J]. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 1970, 55(1):158-160.
[14] Giovannetti M, Mosse B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots[J]. New Phytologist, 1980, 84(3):489-500.
[15] Abbott L K, Robson A D, Boer G D. The effect of phosphorus on the formation of hyphae in soil by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, glomus fasciculate[J]. New Phytologist, 1984, 97(3):437-446.
[16]李少朋,毕银丽,孔维平,等.丛枝菌根真菌在矿区生态环境修复中应用及其作用效果[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(11):4455-4459.LI Shao-peng, BI Yin-li, KONG Wei-ping, et al. Effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on environmental phytoremediation in coal mine areas[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(11):4455-4459.
[17]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].三版.北京:中国农业出版社, 2000.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agricultural chemistry analysis[M]. 3th Edition.Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000.
[18]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社, 1986:274-321.GUAN Song-yin. Soil enzyme and its research methods[M]. Beijing:Agriculture Press, 1986:274-321.
[19] Hart M M, Forsythe J A. Using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve the nutrient quality of crops; nutritional benefits in addition to phosphorus[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2012, 148:206-214.
[20]王晓英,王冬梅.丛枝菌根真菌与土壤养分交互作用的生态效应研究[J].北方园艺, 2009(6):111-115.WANG Xiao-ying, WANG Dong-mei. The study of ecological effect of the interaction between AMF and soil nutrient[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2009(6):111-115.
[21]王建,周紫燕,凌婉婷.球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的分布及环境功能研究进展[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(2):634-642.WANG Jian, ZHOU Zi-yan, LING Wan-ting. Distribution and environmental function of glomalin-related soil protein:A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(2):634-642.
[22]叶佳舒,李涛,胡亚军,等.干旱条件下AM真菌对植物生长和土壤水稳定性团聚体的影响[J].生态学报, 2013, 33(4):1080-1090.YE Jia-shu, LI Tao, HU Ya-jun, et al. Influences of AM fungi on plant growth and water-stable soil aggregates under drought stresses[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(4):1080-1090.
[23]陈伏生,曾德慧,陈广生,等.风沙土改良剂对白菜生理特性和生长状况的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2003, 17(2):152-155.CHEN Fu-sheng, ZENG De-hui, CHEN Guang-sheng, et al. Effects of peat and weathered coal on physiological characteristics and growth of Chinese cabbage on aeolian sandy land[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 17(2):152-155.
[24]于淼,李少朋,毕银丽,等.西部矿区接菌对风化煤与黄土配比的土壤改良效应[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(2):130-135.YU Miao, LI Shao-peng, BI Yin-li, et al. Soil remediation after inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the ratio of weathered coal and loess in the mining area of Western China[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2016, 34(2):130-135.
[25]袁丽环,闫桂琴.丛枝菌根化翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微环境[J].植物生态学报, 2010, 34(6):678-686.YUAN Li-huan, YAN Gui-qin. Rhizospheric soil of seedlings of Elaeagnus mollis colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(6):678-686.
[26]井大炜.地膜覆盖对杨树林下土壤生物学特征的影响[J].水土保持通报, 2013, 33(6):269-273.JING Da-wei. Effects of plastic film mulching on soil biological characters in poplar field[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013,33(6):269-273.
[27]刘善江,夏雪,陈桂梅,等.土壤酶的研究进展[J].中国农学通报, 2011, 27(21):1-7.LIU Shan-jiang, XIA Xue, CHEN Gui-mei, et al. Study progress on functions and affecting factors of soil enzymes[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(21):1-7.
[28]贺学礼,郭辉娟,王银银.土壤水分和AM真菌对沙打旺根际土壤理化性质的影响[J].河北大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 33(5):508-513.HE Xue-li, GUO Hui-juan, WANG Yin-yin. Effects of soil moisture and AM fungi on the soil physicochemical property in the rhizosphere of Astraglus adsurgens[J]. Journal of Hebei Universtiy(Natural Science Edition), 2013, 33(5):508-513.
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[30] He X L, Li Y P, Zhao L L. Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in the rhizosphere of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. in Mu Us Sandland, China[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 2010, 42(8):1313-1319.
[31] Vázquez M M, César S, Azcón R, et al. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microbial inoculants(Azospirillum,Pseudomonas, Trichoderma)and their effects on microbial population and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of maize plants[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15(3):261-272.
[2] Veresoglou S D, Chen B, Rillig M C. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and soil nitrogen cycling[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 2012, 46(1):53-62.
[3] Wu Q S, Xia R X. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions[J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2006, 163(4):417-425.
[4] Rillig M C, Wright S F, Eviner V T. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in soil aggregation:comparing effects of five plant species[J]. Plant&Soil, 2002, 238(2):325-333.
[5]王强,王茜,王晓娟,等. AM真菌在有机农业发展中的机遇[J].生态学报, 2016, 36(1):11-21.WANG Qiang, WANG Qian, WANG Xiao-juan, et al. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in organic farming systems[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(1):11-21.
[6]李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应[J].中国农业科学, 2010, 43(5):922-931.LI Shang-zhong, WANG Yong, FAN Ting-lu, et al. Effects of different plastic film mulching modes on soil moisture, temperature and yield of dryland maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010, 43(5):922-931.
[7]李尚中,樊廷录,王勇,等.旱地玉米抗旱覆膜方式研究[J].核农学报, 2009, 23(1):165-169.LI Shang-zhong, FAN Ting-lu, WANG Yong, et al. A study on filmcovering modes of drought prevention for dry land maize[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 23(1):165-169.
[8]李华,李永青,沈成斌,等.风化煤施用对黄土高原露天煤矿区复垦土壤理化性质的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(5):1752-1756.LI Hua, LI Yong-qing, SHEN Cheng-bin, et al. Physicochemical properties of reclaimed soil with weathered coal in open cast mining areas of Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2008, 27(5):1752-1756.
[9]王宇涛,辛国荣,李韶山.丛枝菌根真菌最新分类系统与物种多样性研究概况[J].生态学报, 2013, 33(3):834-843.WANG Yu-tao, XIN Guo-rong, LI Shao-shan. An overview of the updated classification system and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(3):834-843.
[10] Bonanomi G, Chirico G B, Palladino M, et al. Combined application of photo-selective mulching films and beneficial microbes affects crop yield and irrigation water productivity in intensive farming systems[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2017, 184:104-113.
[11]武瑞平,李华,曹鹏.风化煤施用对复垦土壤理化性质酶活性及植被恢复的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(9):1855-1861.WU Rui-ping, LI Hua, CAO Peng. Amelioration of weathered coal on soil physical, chemical properties and enzyme activities with vegetation restoration[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009, 28(9):1855-1861.
[12]贺婧,钟艳霞,颜丽.不同来源腐植酸对土壤酶活性的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(24):258-261.HE Jing, ZHONG Yan-xia, YAN Li, et al. Effect of different sources humic acid on soil enzyme activity[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2009, 25(24):258-261.
[13] Phillips J M, Hayman D S. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection[J]. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 1970, 55(1):158-160.
[14] Giovannetti M, Mosse B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots[J]. New Phytologist, 1980, 84(3):489-500.
[15] Abbott L K, Robson A D, Boer G D. The effect of phosphorus on the formation of hyphae in soil by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, glomus fasciculate[J]. New Phytologist, 1984, 97(3):437-446.
[16]李少朋,毕银丽,孔维平,等.丛枝菌根真菌在矿区生态环境修复中应用及其作用效果[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(11):4455-4459.LI Shao-peng, BI Yin-li, KONG Wei-ping, et al. Effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on environmental phytoremediation in coal mine areas[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(11):4455-4459.
[17]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].三版.北京:中国农业出版社, 2000.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agricultural chemistry analysis[M]. 3th Edition.Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000.
[18]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社, 1986:274-321.GUAN Song-yin. Soil enzyme and its research methods[M]. Beijing:Agriculture Press, 1986:274-321.
[19] Hart M M, Forsythe J A. Using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve the nutrient quality of crops; nutritional benefits in addition to phosphorus[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2012, 148:206-214.
[20]王晓英,王冬梅.丛枝菌根真菌与土壤养分交互作用的生态效应研究[J].北方园艺, 2009(6):111-115.WANG Xiao-ying, WANG Dong-mei. The study of ecological effect of the interaction between AMF and soil nutrient[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2009(6):111-115.
[21]王建,周紫燕,凌婉婷.球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白的分布及环境功能研究进展[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(2):634-642.WANG Jian, ZHOU Zi-yan, LING Wan-ting. Distribution and environmental function of glomalin-related soil protein:A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(2):634-642.
[22]叶佳舒,李涛,胡亚军,等.干旱条件下AM真菌对植物生长和土壤水稳定性团聚体的影响[J].生态学报, 2013, 33(4):1080-1090.YE Jia-shu, LI Tao, HU Ya-jun, et al. Influences of AM fungi on plant growth and water-stable soil aggregates under drought stresses[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(4):1080-1090.
[23]陈伏生,曾德慧,陈广生,等.风沙土改良剂对白菜生理特性和生长状况的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2003, 17(2):152-155.CHEN Fu-sheng, ZENG De-hui, CHEN Guang-sheng, et al. Effects of peat and weathered coal on physiological characteristics and growth of Chinese cabbage on aeolian sandy land[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 17(2):152-155.
[24]于淼,李少朋,毕银丽,等.西部矿区接菌对风化煤与黄土配比的土壤改良效应[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(2):130-135.YU Miao, LI Shao-peng, BI Yin-li, et al. Soil remediation after inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the ratio of weathered coal and loess in the mining area of Western China[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2016, 34(2):130-135.
[25]袁丽环,闫桂琴.丛枝菌根化翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微环境[J].植物生态学报, 2010, 34(6):678-686.YUAN Li-huan, YAN Gui-qin. Rhizospheric soil of seedlings of Elaeagnus mollis colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(6):678-686.
[26]井大炜.地膜覆盖对杨树林下土壤生物学特征的影响[J].水土保持通报, 2013, 33(6):269-273.JING Da-wei. Effects of plastic film mulching on soil biological characters in poplar field[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013,33(6):269-273.
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