分子散射对星载测风激光雷达Mie通道的影响
|
摘要
多普勒测风激光雷达利用大气中粒子的后向散射信号谱测量风速,但分子和气溶胶后向散射强度和光谱宽度差异较大,所以在实际测量中需要根据分子和气溶胶的垂直分布情况选择不同的信号。当选择气溶胶散射信号反演风速时,会受到分子散射信号的影响。本文研究了分子散射对星载多普勒测风激光雷达Mie通道风速反演的影响问题,并进行了仿真模拟,结果表明,当直接利用探测器接收到的原始信号进行风速反演时,分子散射信号会增大反演误差;因此基于探测器所有通道上光子数最小的一个通道上的光子全部来自于分子散射的假设,提出了一种减小分子散射信号对Mie通道风速反演干扰的方法,通过模拟表明,利用该方法后,对流层内风速反演精度明显提高,相对误差从原来的20%～30%减小到10%以内,除近地层以外的相对误差小于5%;但平流层内的误差几乎不发生变化。
Doppler wind lidar uses the spectrum of backscattering signal of particles in atmosphere to measure the wind velocity,but the intensities of molecular and aerosol backscattering are quite different. Therefore,in practice,different signals need to be selected according to the vertical distribution of molecules and aerosols. Molecular scattering signal will have interference when the aerosol scattering signal is selected to calculate the wind velocity. In this paper,the influence of molecular scattering to calculated wind velocity of Mie channel of spaceborne Doppler wind lidar is analyzed. The simulation results show that when the original signal received by the detector is directly used for calculatingwind velocity,molecular scattering signal will increase the error of calculated wind velocity. Therefore,a method to eliminate the interference of molecular scattering signals is proposed,bases on the assumptionthat all the photons on the channel that the number of photons is minimum,come from molecular scattering. The simulation shows that the accuracy of calculated wind velocity in the troposphere increases obviously. The relative error dropped from 20%～30% to 10%. Then,the method is further developed,the relative error in the troposphere is less than 5% except for the near-surface layer. However,the error in the stratosphere hardly changes.
Doppler wind lidar uses the spectrum of backscattering signal of particles in atmosphere to measure the wind velocity,but the intensities of molecular and aerosol backscattering are quite different. Therefore,in practice,different signals need to be selected according to the vertical distribution of molecules and aerosols. Molecular scattering signal will have interference when the aerosol scattering signal is selected to calculate the wind velocity. In this paper,the influence of molecular scattering to calculated wind velocity of Mie channel of spaceborne Doppler wind lidar is analyzed. The simulation results show that when the original signal received by the detector is directly used for calculatingwind velocity,molecular scattering signal will increase the error of calculated wind velocity. Therefore,a method to eliminate the interference of molecular scattering signals is proposed,bases on the assumptionthat all the photons on the channel that the number of photons is minimum,come from molecular scattering. The simulation shows that the accuracy of calculated wind velocity in the troposphere increases obviously. The relative error dropped from 20%～30% to 10%. Then,the method is further developed,the relative error in the troposphere is less than 5% except for the near-surface layer. However,the error in the stratosphere hardly changes.
引文
[1] Baumgarten G,Luebken F J,Fiedler J,et al.Simultaneous wind and temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere with a twin Doppler lidar[J].Egu General Assembly,2012,14:4960.
[2] Karnam Raghunath,S Reddy Narayana.Performance simulations of Rayleigh-Brillouin Doppler lidar system for measuring middle atmosphere winds[J].Scientific Research and Essays.2012,7:2440-2447.
[3] Wayman E Baker,George D Emmitt,Franklin Robertson,et al.Lidar-measured winds from space:a key component for weather and climate prediction[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1995,76(6):869-888.
[4] Paffrath U,Lemmerz C,Reitebuch O,et al.The airborne demonstrator for the direct-detection Doppler wind lidar ALADIN on ADM-Aeolus.part II:simulations and rayleigh-Brillouin receiver radiometric performance[J].Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology,2009,26(12):2516-2530.
[5] Gruber C,Haimberger L.On the homogeneity of radiosonde wind time series[J].Meteorologische Zeitschrift,2008,17(5):631-643.
[6] Tan D G H,Andersson E.Simulation of the yield and accuracy of wind profile measurements from the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM-Aeolus)[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2010,131(608):1737-1757.
[7] Atlas R M,Emmitt G D.Potential impact of space-based lidar wind profiles on weather prediction[J].Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering,2003,5154:74-78.
[8] Frehlich R,Hannon S M,Henderson S W.Coherent Doppler lidar measurements of wind field statistics[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1998,86(2):233-256.
[9] Menzies R T,Hardesty R M.Coherent Doppler lidar for measurements of wind fields[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,1989,77(3):449-462.
[10] Flesia C,Korb C L.Theory of the double-edge molecular technique for Doppler lidar wind measurement[J].Applied Optics,1999,38(3):432-40.
[11] Barnes J E,Hays P B,Abreu V J.Observations of winds with an incoherent lidar detector[J].Applied Optics,1992,31(22):4509.
[12] ZHANG Riwei,SUN Xuejin,YAN Wei,et al.Simulation of frequency discrimination for spaceborne Doppler wind lidar (Ⅱ):study on the retrieval of atmospheric wind speed for Rayleigh channel based on Fabry-Perot interferometer[J].Acta Phys.Sin,2014,63(14):140703-10.(in Chinese)张日伟,孙学金,严卫,等.星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(II):基于Fabry-Perot标准具的Rayleigh-Brillouin通道大气风速反演研究[J].物理学报,2014,63(14):140703-10.
[13] LIU Jiqiao,CHEN Weibiao,HU Qiquan.A wind direc-detection doppler lidar based on a multi-beam Fizeau interferometer[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Science,2004,28(5):762-770.(in Chinese)刘继桥,陈卫标,胡企铨.基于斐索干涉仪的直接探测多普勒测风激光雷达[J].大气科学,2004,28(5):762-770.
[14] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,CHEN Min,et al.Analysis of principle of wind velocit measurement with Fizeau interferometer[J].Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics,2006,23(3):330-334.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,陈敏,等.利用Fizeau干涉仪进行激光风速测量的原理分析[J].量子电子学报,2006,23(3):330-334.
[15] BU Lingbing,CHEN Weibiao,ZHOU Jun,et al.Studies of fringe-technique wind lidar[J].Acta Photonica Sinica,2009,38(1):175-178.(in Chinese)卜令兵,陈卫标,周军,等.条纹技术测风激光雷达研究[J].光子学报,2009,38(1):175-178.
[16] Marseille G J,Stoffelen A.Simulation of wind profiles from a space-borne Doppler wind lidar[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2003,129(594):3079-3098.
[17] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,LIU Chenlin,et al.Data inversion technique for single Fabry-Perot etalon-based dual-frequency Doppler lidar[J].Acta Phys.Sin,2013,62(22):220702-7.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,刘成林,等.基于单Fabry-Perot标准具的双频率多普勒激光雷达数据反演技术[J].物理学报,2013,62(22):220702-7.
[18] TAN Linqiu,HUA Dengxin,WANG Li,et al.Wind velocity retrieval and field widening techniques of fringe-imaging Mach-Zehnder interferometer for Doppler lidar[J].Acta Phys.Sin.,2014,(22):195-203.(in Chinese)谭林秋,华灯鑫,汪丽,等.Mach-Zehnder干涉仪条纹成像多普勒激光雷达风速反演及视场展宽技术[J].物理学报,2014,(22):195-203.
[19] WANG Li,TAN Linqiu,XIANG Meili,et al.System simulation and analysis of new dual-channel Mach-Zehnder frequency discrimination for doppler lidar wind measurement[J].Acta Optic Sin,2014,43(1):101002.(in Chinese)汪丽,谭林秋,邢美丽,等.新型双通道Mach-Zehnder干涉仪多普勒测风激光雷达鉴频系统研究及仿真[J].光子学报,2014,43(1):101002.
[20] Cezard N,Dolfibouteyre A,Huignard J P,et al.Performance evaluation of a dual fringe-imaging Michelson interferometer for air parameter measurements with a 355 nm Rayleigh-Brillouin-Mie lidar[J].Applied Optics,2009,48(12):2321.
[21] Herbst J,Vrancken P.Design of a monolithic Michelson interferometer for fringe imaging in a near-field,UV,direct-detection Doppler wind lidar[J].Applied Optics,2016,55(25):6910.
[22] LIU Jintao,CHEN Weibiao,SONG Xiaoquan.Theory of iodine filter based on high spectral resolution lidar[J].Acta Optic Sin,2010,06:1548-1553.(in Chinese)刘金涛,陈卫标,宋小全.基于碘分子滤波器的高光谱分辨率激光雷达原理[J].光学学报,2010,06:1548-1553.
[23] Hemandez G.Analytical description of a Fabry-Perot spectrometer 6:minimum number of samples required in the detemination of Doppler widths and shifts[J].Appl Opt,1982,21(9):1695-1698.
[24] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,ZHONG Zhiqing,et al.Error analysis of wind lidar based on Fizeau interferometer[J].Acta Optic Sin,2006,26(12):1761-1765.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,钟志庆,等.基于菲佐干涉仪测风激光雷达的误差分析[J].光学学报,2006,26(12):1761-1765.
[25] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,CHEN Min,et al.Wind lidar based on Fizeau interferometer[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2006,35(6):691-695.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,陈敏,等.对基于Fizeau干涉仪的测风激光雷达的研究[J].红外与激光工程,2006,35(6):691-695.
[26] Paffrath U.Performance assessment of the Aeolus Doppler wind lidar prototype[J].DLR Deutsches Zentrum fur Luftund Raumfahrt e.V.-Forschungsberichte,2006.
[27] Sun X J,Zhang R W,Marseille G J,et al.The performance of Aeolus in heterogeneous atmospheric conditions using high-resolution radiosonde data[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2014,7(8):2695-2014.
[2] Karnam Raghunath,S Reddy Narayana.Performance simulations of Rayleigh-Brillouin Doppler lidar system for measuring middle atmosphere winds[J].Scientific Research and Essays.2012,7:2440-2447.
[3] Wayman E Baker,George D Emmitt,Franklin Robertson,et al.Lidar-measured winds from space:a key component for weather and climate prediction[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1995,76(6):869-888.
[4] Paffrath U,Lemmerz C,Reitebuch O,et al.The airborne demonstrator for the direct-detection Doppler wind lidar ALADIN on ADM-Aeolus.part II:simulations and rayleigh-Brillouin receiver radiometric performance[J].Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology,2009,26(12):2516-2530.
[5] Gruber C,Haimberger L.On the homogeneity of radiosonde wind time series[J].Meteorologische Zeitschrift,2008,17(5):631-643.
[6] Tan D G H,Andersson E.Simulation of the yield and accuracy of wind profile measurements from the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM-Aeolus)[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2010,131(608):1737-1757.
[7] Atlas R M,Emmitt G D.Potential impact of space-based lidar wind profiles on weather prediction[J].Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering,2003,5154:74-78.
[8] Frehlich R,Hannon S M,Henderson S W.Coherent Doppler lidar measurements of wind field statistics[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1998,86(2):233-256.
[9] Menzies R T,Hardesty R M.Coherent Doppler lidar for measurements of wind fields[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,1989,77(3):449-462.
[10] Flesia C,Korb C L.Theory of the double-edge molecular technique for Doppler lidar wind measurement[J].Applied Optics,1999,38(3):432-40.
[11] Barnes J E,Hays P B,Abreu V J.Observations of winds with an incoherent lidar detector[J].Applied Optics,1992,31(22):4509.
[12] ZHANG Riwei,SUN Xuejin,YAN Wei,et al.Simulation of frequency discrimination for spaceborne Doppler wind lidar (Ⅱ):study on the retrieval of atmospheric wind speed for Rayleigh channel based on Fabry-Perot interferometer[J].Acta Phys.Sin,2014,63(14):140703-10.(in Chinese)张日伟,孙学金,严卫,等.星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(II):基于Fabry-Perot标准具的Rayleigh-Brillouin通道大气风速反演研究[J].物理学报,2014,63(14):140703-10.
[13] LIU Jiqiao,CHEN Weibiao,HU Qiquan.A wind direc-detection doppler lidar based on a multi-beam Fizeau interferometer[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Science,2004,28(5):762-770.(in Chinese)刘继桥,陈卫标,胡企铨.基于斐索干涉仪的直接探测多普勒测风激光雷达[J].大气科学,2004,28(5):762-770.
[14] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,CHEN Min,et al.Analysis of principle of wind velocit measurement with Fizeau interferometer[J].Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics,2006,23(3):330-334.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,陈敏,等.利用Fizeau干涉仪进行激光风速测量的原理分析[J].量子电子学报,2006,23(3):330-334.
[15] BU Lingbing,CHEN Weibiao,ZHOU Jun,et al.Studies of fringe-technique wind lidar[J].Acta Photonica Sinica,2009,38(1):175-178.(in Chinese)卜令兵,陈卫标,周军,等.条纹技术测风激光雷达研究[J].光子学报,2009,38(1):175-178.
[16] Marseille G J,Stoffelen A.Simulation of wind profiles from a space-borne Doppler wind lidar[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2003,129(594):3079-3098.
[17] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,LIU Chenlin,et al.Data inversion technique for single Fabry-Perot etalon-based dual-frequency Doppler lidar[J].Acta Phys.Sin,2013,62(22):220702-7.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,刘成林,等.基于单Fabry-Perot标准具的双频率多普勒激光雷达数据反演技术[J].物理学报,2013,62(22):220702-7.
[18] TAN Linqiu,HUA Dengxin,WANG Li,et al.Wind velocity retrieval and field widening techniques of fringe-imaging Mach-Zehnder interferometer for Doppler lidar[J].Acta Phys.Sin.,2014,(22):195-203.(in Chinese)谭林秋,华灯鑫,汪丽,等.Mach-Zehnder干涉仪条纹成像多普勒激光雷达风速反演及视场展宽技术[J].物理学报,2014,(22):195-203.
[19] WANG Li,TAN Linqiu,XIANG Meili,et al.System simulation and analysis of new dual-channel Mach-Zehnder frequency discrimination for doppler lidar wind measurement[J].Acta Optic Sin,2014,43(1):101002.(in Chinese)汪丽,谭林秋,邢美丽,等.新型双通道Mach-Zehnder干涉仪多普勒测风激光雷达鉴频系统研究及仿真[J].光子学报,2014,43(1):101002.
[20] Cezard N,Dolfibouteyre A,Huignard J P,et al.Performance evaluation of a dual fringe-imaging Michelson interferometer for air parameter measurements with a 355 nm Rayleigh-Brillouin-Mie lidar[J].Applied Optics,2009,48(12):2321.
[21] Herbst J,Vrancken P.Design of a monolithic Michelson interferometer for fringe imaging in a near-field,UV,direct-detection Doppler wind lidar[J].Applied Optics,2016,55(25):6910.
[22] LIU Jintao,CHEN Weibiao,SONG Xiaoquan.Theory of iodine filter based on high spectral resolution lidar[J].Acta Optic Sin,2010,06:1548-1553.(in Chinese)刘金涛,陈卫标,宋小全.基于碘分子滤波器的高光谱分辨率激光雷达原理[J].光学学报,2010,06:1548-1553.
[23] Hemandez G.Analytical description of a Fabry-Perot spectrometer 6:minimum number of samples required in the detemination of Doppler widths and shifts[J].Appl Opt,1982,21(9):1695-1698.
[24] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,ZHONG Zhiqing,et al.Error analysis of wind lidar based on Fizeau interferometer[J].Acta Optic Sin,2006,26(12):1761-1765.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,钟志庆,等.基于菲佐干涉仪测风激光雷达的误差分析[J].光学学报,2006,26(12):1761-1765.
[25] SHEN Fahua,SUN Dongsong,CHEN Min,et al.Wind lidar based on Fizeau interferometer[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2006,35(6):691-695.(in Chinese)沈法华,孙东松,陈敏,等.对基于Fizeau干涉仪的测风激光雷达的研究[J].红外与激光工程,2006,35(6):691-695.
[26] Paffrath U.Performance assessment of the Aeolus Doppler wind lidar prototype[J].DLR Deutsches Zentrum fur Luftund Raumfahrt e.V.-Forschungsberichte,2006.
[27] Sun X J,Zhang R W,Marseille G J,et al.The performance of Aeolus in heterogeneous atmospheric conditions using high-resolution radiosonde data[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2014,7(8):2695-2014.