蜜蜂传粉对荔枝成花与坐果的影响
|
摘要
【目的】研究蜜蜂传粉对长花期作物两性花成花的影响,明确昆虫传粉与作物成花及协同进化关系,为作物高产和生态安全提供理论支撑。【方法】以长花期经济作物荔枝为研究对象,设棚内强化蜜蜂授粉、棚内隔离无蜂授粉和棚外蜜蜂自由授粉3个处理,测定不同处理不同成花阶段荔枝雌花成花数量与坐果指标。【结果】棚内强化蜜蜂授粉处理成花规律呈波浪状分布,共有3个成花峰期,中期和后期平均单穗雌花成花数量显著高于棚内隔离无蜂授粉处理(P<0.05);棚外蜜蜂自由授粉处理成花规律为先迅速上升后缓慢下降,无蜂授粉只有一个成花峰期,为初花期第1 d。蜜蜂授粉可提高相对坐果率和降低落果率,棚内强化蜜蜂授粉的荔枝单株产量分别比棚内隔离无蜂授粉和棚外蜜蜂自由授粉处理高116.99%和22.40%。【结论】通过强化昆虫传粉可显著提高荔枝成花中期和后期雌花成花数量、产量及适合度,降低落果率。除目前已知的温度、水分和营养等因素外,昆虫传粉环节也是荔枝成花的重要影响因素。
【Objective】The effects of honeybee pollination on the flowering of the hermaphrodite flower in longflowering crops were studied,and insect pollination,crop flowering and co-evolutionary relationship were discussed to provide theoretical support for crop yield and ecological security.【Method】The long-flowering economic crop litchi was used as the research object. Three kinds of treatments were carried out: strengthened bee pollination in the net,no bee pollination in the net and free pollination by bees outside the net. The number of litchi female flowers and the fruit setting indexes in different stages of different treatments were determined.【Result】The strengthened bee pollination in the net treatment showed a wavy distribution of flowering regulation,with three flowering peaks. The average single-flowered female flower numbers in the middle and late stages were significantly higher than that in the shed without bee pollination(P<0.05). The free pollination by bees outside the net treatment had an M-shaped distribution,and the flowering regulation was sharp increase and slow drop. No bee pollination had only one flowering peak period,which was day 1 of initial flowering stage. Bee pollination could increase the relative fruit setting rate and reduce the fruit drop rate. The yield per plant treated by strengthened bee pollination in the net was increased by 116.99% and 22.40% respectively compared with no bee pollination in the net and free pollination by bees outside the net.【Conclusion】By enhancing insect pollination,the number of female flowers in the middle and late stages,yield and fitness of litchi can be significantly improved,and the rate of fruit drop can be reduced. In addition to the known factors such as temperature,water and nutrients,insect pollination is also an important factor influencing litchi flowering.
【Objective】The effects of honeybee pollination on the flowering of the hermaphrodite flower in longflowering crops were studied,and insect pollination,crop flowering and co-evolutionary relationship were discussed to provide theoretical support for crop yield and ecological security.【Method】The long-flowering economic crop litchi was used as the research object. Three kinds of treatments were carried out: strengthened bee pollination in the net,no bee pollination in the net and free pollination by bees outside the net. The number of litchi female flowers and the fruit setting indexes in different stages of different treatments were determined.【Result】The strengthened bee pollination in the net treatment showed a wavy distribution of flowering regulation,with three flowering peaks. The average single-flowered female flower numbers in the middle and late stages were significantly higher than that in the shed without bee pollination(P<0.05). The free pollination by bees outside the net treatment had an M-shaped distribution,and the flowering regulation was sharp increase and slow drop. No bee pollination had only one flowering peak period,which was day 1 of initial flowering stage. Bee pollination could increase the relative fruit setting rate and reduce the fruit drop rate. The yield per plant treated by strengthened bee pollination in the net was increased by 116.99% and 22.40% respectively compared with no bee pollination in the net and free pollination by bees outside the net.【Conclusion】By enhancing insect pollination,the number of female flowers in the middle and late stages,yield and fitness of litchi can be significantly improved,and the rate of fruit drop can be reduced. In addition to the known factors such as temperature,water and nutrients,insect pollination is also an important factor influencing litchi flowering.
引文
陈炫,陶忠良,吴志祥,周兆德,王令霞.2012.多效唑+乙烯利对妃子笑荔枝内源激素及碳氮营养的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,34(1):27-33.[Chen X,Tao Z L,Wu Z X,Zhou Z D,Wang L X.2012.Effect of PP333and ethrel treatment on endogenous hormones and carbon and nitrogen nutrients in Feizixiao Litchi[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,34(1):27-33.]
丁峰.2012.荔枝FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)同源基因的克隆及功能研究[D].南宁:广西大学.[Ding F.2012.The cloning and functional study of the FLOWERING LO-CUS T(FT)homologous genes from litchi[D].Nanning:Guangxi University.]
胡香英.2016.‘紫娘喜’和‘妃子笑’荔枝花期调控效应研究[D].海口:海南大学.[Hu X Y.2016.Regulation of flower time‘Ziniangxi’and‘Feizixiao’litchi[D].Haikou:Hainan University.]
胡香英,胡福初,范鸿雁,王祥和,韩冰,林尤奋.2016.5种植物生长调节剂对妃子笑荔枝开花坐果调控效应的比较[J].西南农业学报,29(4):915-919.[Hu X Y,Hu F C,Fan H Y,Wang X H,Han B,Lin Y F.2016.Effects of five plant growth regulators on blooming and fruit-setting of‘Feizixiao’litchi[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,29(4):915-919.]
黄双全.2007.植物与传粉者相互作用的研究及其意义[J].生物多样性,15(6):569-575.[Huang S Q.2007.Study on plant-pollinator interaction and its significances[J].Biodiversity Science,15(6):569-575.]
吉乃提汗·马木提,谭敦炎.2014.被子植物雌全同株性系统:系统演化、性表达与进化意义[J].植物生态学报,38(1):76-90.[Jannathan M,Tan D Y.2014.Gynomonoecy in angiosperms:Phylogeny,sex expression and evolutionary significance[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,38(1):76-90.]
李平,钟敏芝,覃燕,冯晓佳,潘介春,邓英毅,徐炯志,程夕冉,莫云川.2018.“桂味”荔枝成花调控技术研究[J].中国南方果树,47(6):65-68.[Li P,Zhong M Z,Qin Y,Feng X J,Pan J C,Deng Y Y,Xu J Z,Cheng X R,Mo YC.2018.Study on the regulation technology of‘Guiwei’lychee flowering[J].South China Fruits,47(6):65-68.]
李新蓉,唐欣,付文洁.2016.荒漠孑遗植物裸果木的花部特征及繁育系统[J].生态学杂志,35(10):2592-2598.[Li X R,Tang X,Fu W J.2016.Floral syndrome and breeding system of Gymnocarpos przewalskii Maxim[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,35(10):2592-2598.]
梁盛凯,洪日新,周大维,陆启皇,孙甜,秦献泉,覃斯华,陆宇明.2018.广西荔枝蜜蜂访花行为及授粉效果研究[J].西南农业学报,31(12):2723-2728.[Liang S K,Hong R X,Zhou D W,Lu Q H,Sun T,Qin X Q,Qin S H,Lu Y M.2018.Study on flower visiting behavior and pollination effect of litchi honeybee in Guangxi Province[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,31(12):2723-2728.]
刘锴栋,陈晶晶,袁长春,陈燕,黎海利.2014a.番荔枝成花时间相关基因AsCO的克隆及其对外源激素信号的响应[C]//中国园艺学会.中国园艺学会2014年学术年会论文摘要集:2657.[Liu K D,Chen J J,Yuan C C,Chen Y,Li H L.2014a.Cloning of the time-related gene AsCOfrom the flowering of annona sinensis and its response to exogenous hormone signals[C]//Chinese Horticultural Society.Proceedings of Abstracts of the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Chinese Horticultural Society:2657.]
刘锴栋,袁长春,陈燕,刘金祥,黎海利.2014b.不同人工催花方法对AP番荔枝新梢生长和成花的影响[C]//中国园艺学会.中国园艺学会2014年学术年会论文摘要集:2658.[Liu K D,Yuan C C,Chen Y,Liu J X,Li H L.2014b.Effects of different artificial flower induction methods on growth and flowering of AP shoots[C]//Chinese Horticultural Society.Proceedings of Abstracts of the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Chinese Horticultural Society:2658.]
莫亿伟,刘锴栋,宋虎卫,邓旭,陈晶晶.2015.修剪和光照处理对番荔枝成花及基因表达的影响[J].农业生物技术学报,23(8):991-1001.[Mo Y W,Liu K D,Song H W,Deng X,Chen J J.2015.Effect of pruning and illumination on the flowering and gene expression of sugar apple(Annona squamosa L.)[J].Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,23(8):991-1001.]
邱燕萍,袁沛元,凡超,张邦跃,李志强.2015.间伐回缩修剪对荔枝树体营养及成花坐果的影响[J].中国热带农业,(4):74-76.[Qiu Y P,Yuan P Y,Fan C,Zhang B Y,Li Z Q.2015.Effects of thinning and retracting pruning on the nutrition and flowering and fruit setting of litchi tree[J].China Tropical Agriculture,(4):74-76.]
唐志鹏,潘介春,蒋晔,徐华福,符可林,刘强,庞庆功,吴锋.2005.鸡嘴荔花穗修剪对着果率和产量影响试验[J].中国南方果树,34(5):30-31.[Tang Z P,Pan J C,Jiang Y,Xu H F,Fu K L,Liu Q,Pang Q G,Wu F.2005.Effect of pruning flower panicles on fruit set and yield of Jizuili litchi[J].Journal of South China Fruits,34(5):30-31.]
王晓月,汤晓辛,童泽宇,黄双全.2019.植物与传粉者地理镶嵌的协同演化:过程、证据与展望[J].科学通报,64(16):1702-1710.[Wang X Y,Tang X X,Tong Z Y,Huang SQ.2019.Geographic mosaic theory of coevolution in plant and pollinator interaction:Process,evidence and prospect[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,64(16):1702-1710.]
魏永赞,董晨,王弋,郑雪文,李伟才.2017.荔枝花芽分化与花性别分化研究进展[J].广东农业科学,44(7):34-40.[Wei Y Z,Dong C,Wang Y,Zheng X W,Li W C.2017.Advances in floral dud differentiation and floral sex determination in litchi[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,44(7):34-40.]
肖秋生.2016.荔枝末次梢叶片成熟度影响成花的机理研究[D].广州:华南农业大学.[Xiao Q S.2016.The study on the effect of the leaves maturity in terminal shoot on flowering in litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University.]
许雷.2016.化学调控对荔枝开花、落果、裂果和果实品质的影响[D].广州:华南农业大学.[Xu L.2016.Effects of chemical regulation on flowering and fruit drop,cracking and quality in litchi[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University.]
徐宁,朱建华,李鸿莉,卢美英,彭宏祥,秦献泉,李冬波,邱宏业.2017.冬季环剥对贵妃红荔枝叶片营养及成花的影响[J].南方农业学报,48(11):2030-2033.[Xu N,Zhu J H,Li H L,Lu M Y,Peng H X,Qin X Q,Li D B,Qiu H Y.2017.Effects of girdling in winter on Guifeihong litchi leaf nutrition and flower formation[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,48(11):2030-2033.]
许培磊,韩先焱,李昌禹,张宝香,秦红艳,艾军.2018.果树落花落果机制研究进展[J].特产研究,40(4):82-91.[Xu P L,Han X Y,Li C Y,Zhang B X,Qin H Y,Ai J.2018.Overview of flower and fruit drop mechanism of fruit trees[J].Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,40(4):82-91.]
张红娜,苏钻贤,陈厚.2016.GA3和PP333对妃子笑荔枝成花及叶片碳氮营养积累的影响[J].南方农业学报,47(12):2098-2102.[Zhang H N,Su Z X,Chen H.2016.Effects of GA3and PP333on flower formation,carbon and nitrogen accumulation in leaves of litchi Feizixia[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,47(12):2098-2102.]
Shen J Y,Xiao Q S,Qiu H J,Cheng C J,Chen H B.2016.Integrative effect of drought and low temperature on litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)floral initiation revealed by dynamic genome-wide transcriptome analysis[J].Scientific Reports,doi:10.1038/srep32005.
丁峰.2012.荔枝FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)同源基因的克隆及功能研究[D].南宁:广西大学.[Ding F.2012.The cloning and functional study of the FLOWERING LO-CUS T(FT)homologous genes from litchi[D].Nanning:Guangxi University.]
胡香英.2016.‘紫娘喜’和‘妃子笑’荔枝花期调控效应研究[D].海口:海南大学.[Hu X Y.2016.Regulation of flower time‘Ziniangxi’and‘Feizixiao’litchi[D].Haikou:Hainan University.]
胡香英,胡福初,范鸿雁,王祥和,韩冰,林尤奋.2016.5种植物生长调节剂对妃子笑荔枝开花坐果调控效应的比较[J].西南农业学报,29(4):915-919.[Hu X Y,Hu F C,Fan H Y,Wang X H,Han B,Lin Y F.2016.Effects of five plant growth regulators on blooming and fruit-setting of‘Feizixiao’litchi[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,29(4):915-919.]
黄双全.2007.植物与传粉者相互作用的研究及其意义[J].生物多样性,15(6):569-575.[Huang S Q.2007.Study on plant-pollinator interaction and its significances[J].Biodiversity Science,15(6):569-575.]
吉乃提汗·马木提,谭敦炎.2014.被子植物雌全同株性系统:系统演化、性表达与进化意义[J].植物生态学报,38(1):76-90.[Jannathan M,Tan D Y.2014.Gynomonoecy in angiosperms:Phylogeny,sex expression and evolutionary significance[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,38(1):76-90.]
李平,钟敏芝,覃燕,冯晓佳,潘介春,邓英毅,徐炯志,程夕冉,莫云川.2018.“桂味”荔枝成花调控技术研究[J].中国南方果树,47(6):65-68.[Li P,Zhong M Z,Qin Y,Feng X J,Pan J C,Deng Y Y,Xu J Z,Cheng X R,Mo YC.2018.Study on the regulation technology of‘Guiwei’lychee flowering[J].South China Fruits,47(6):65-68.]
李新蓉,唐欣,付文洁.2016.荒漠孑遗植物裸果木的花部特征及繁育系统[J].生态学杂志,35(10):2592-2598.[Li X R,Tang X,Fu W J.2016.Floral syndrome and breeding system of Gymnocarpos przewalskii Maxim[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,35(10):2592-2598.]
梁盛凯,洪日新,周大维,陆启皇,孙甜,秦献泉,覃斯华,陆宇明.2018.广西荔枝蜜蜂访花行为及授粉效果研究[J].西南农业学报,31(12):2723-2728.[Liang S K,Hong R X,Zhou D W,Lu Q H,Sun T,Qin X Q,Qin S H,Lu Y M.2018.Study on flower visiting behavior and pollination effect of litchi honeybee in Guangxi Province[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,31(12):2723-2728.]
刘锴栋,陈晶晶,袁长春,陈燕,黎海利.2014a.番荔枝成花时间相关基因AsCO的克隆及其对外源激素信号的响应[C]//中国园艺学会.中国园艺学会2014年学术年会论文摘要集:2657.[Liu K D,Chen J J,Yuan C C,Chen Y,Li H L.2014a.Cloning of the time-related gene AsCOfrom the flowering of annona sinensis and its response to exogenous hormone signals[C]//Chinese Horticultural Society.Proceedings of Abstracts of the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Chinese Horticultural Society:2657.]
刘锴栋,袁长春,陈燕,刘金祥,黎海利.2014b.不同人工催花方法对AP番荔枝新梢生长和成花的影响[C]//中国园艺学会.中国园艺学会2014年学术年会论文摘要集:2658.[Liu K D,Yuan C C,Chen Y,Liu J X,Li H L.2014b.Effects of different artificial flower induction methods on growth and flowering of AP shoots[C]//Chinese Horticultural Society.Proceedings of Abstracts of the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Chinese Horticultural Society:2658.]
莫亿伟,刘锴栋,宋虎卫,邓旭,陈晶晶.2015.修剪和光照处理对番荔枝成花及基因表达的影响[J].农业生物技术学报,23(8):991-1001.[Mo Y W,Liu K D,Song H W,Deng X,Chen J J.2015.Effect of pruning and illumination on the flowering and gene expression of sugar apple(Annona squamosa L.)[J].Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,23(8):991-1001.]
邱燕萍,袁沛元,凡超,张邦跃,李志强.2015.间伐回缩修剪对荔枝树体营养及成花坐果的影响[J].中国热带农业,(4):74-76.[Qiu Y P,Yuan P Y,Fan C,Zhang B Y,Li Z Q.2015.Effects of thinning and retracting pruning on the nutrition and flowering and fruit setting of litchi tree[J].China Tropical Agriculture,(4):74-76.]
唐志鹏,潘介春,蒋晔,徐华福,符可林,刘强,庞庆功,吴锋.2005.鸡嘴荔花穗修剪对着果率和产量影响试验[J].中国南方果树,34(5):30-31.[Tang Z P,Pan J C,Jiang Y,Xu H F,Fu K L,Liu Q,Pang Q G,Wu F.2005.Effect of pruning flower panicles on fruit set and yield of Jizuili litchi[J].Journal of South China Fruits,34(5):30-31.]
王晓月,汤晓辛,童泽宇,黄双全.2019.植物与传粉者地理镶嵌的协同演化:过程、证据与展望[J].科学通报,64(16):1702-1710.[Wang X Y,Tang X X,Tong Z Y,Huang SQ.2019.Geographic mosaic theory of coevolution in plant and pollinator interaction:Process,evidence and prospect[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,64(16):1702-1710.]
魏永赞,董晨,王弋,郑雪文,李伟才.2017.荔枝花芽分化与花性别分化研究进展[J].广东农业科学,44(7):34-40.[Wei Y Z,Dong C,Wang Y,Zheng X W,Li W C.2017.Advances in floral dud differentiation and floral sex determination in litchi[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,44(7):34-40.]
肖秋生.2016.荔枝末次梢叶片成熟度影响成花的机理研究[D].广州:华南农业大学.[Xiao Q S.2016.The study on the effect of the leaves maturity in terminal shoot on flowering in litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University.]
许雷.2016.化学调控对荔枝开花、落果、裂果和果实品质的影响[D].广州:华南农业大学.[Xu L.2016.Effects of chemical regulation on flowering and fruit drop,cracking and quality in litchi[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University.]
徐宁,朱建华,李鸿莉,卢美英,彭宏祥,秦献泉,李冬波,邱宏业.2017.冬季环剥对贵妃红荔枝叶片营养及成花的影响[J].南方农业学报,48(11):2030-2033.[Xu N,Zhu J H,Li H L,Lu M Y,Peng H X,Qin X Q,Li D B,Qiu H Y.2017.Effects of girdling in winter on Guifeihong litchi leaf nutrition and flower formation[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,48(11):2030-2033.]
许培磊,韩先焱,李昌禹,张宝香,秦红艳,艾军.2018.果树落花落果机制研究进展[J].特产研究,40(4):82-91.[Xu P L,Han X Y,Li C Y,Zhang B X,Qin H Y,Ai J.2018.Overview of flower and fruit drop mechanism of fruit trees[J].Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,40(4):82-91.]
张红娜,苏钻贤,陈厚.2016.GA3和PP333对妃子笑荔枝成花及叶片碳氮营养积累的影响[J].南方农业学报,47(12):2098-2102.[Zhang H N,Su Z X,Chen H.2016.Effects of GA3and PP333on flower formation,carbon and nitrogen accumulation in leaves of litchi Feizixia[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,47(12):2098-2102.]
Shen J Y,Xiao Q S,Qiu H J,Cheng C J,Chen H B.2016.Integrative effect of drought and low temperature on litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)floral initiation revealed by dynamic genome-wide transcriptome analysis[J].Scientific Reports,doi:10.1038/srep32005.