1975—2015年宁夏生态系统格局宏观变化分析
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摘要
以1975—2015年的Landsat MSS/TM/OLI影像为数据源,选用年均生态系统类型净变化率、生态系统类型转移矩阵及土地开发度综合指数对宁夏回族自治区近40年来生态系统格局宏观变化的幅度、速率、转换类型及人类活动扰动程度进行定量分析,揭示了宁夏生态系统时空变化过程及其区域分异性。研究结果表明:(1)宁夏农田和草地生态系统优势度较大,占比75%以上,且两者面积变化趋势呈负相关。近40年中,森林净增加了477.5 km~2,人工表面净增加了884.6 km~2,农田净增加了209.8 km~2;草地净减少了115.5 km~2,湿地净减少了69.4 km~2,荒漠净减少了1387.0 km~2。(2)生态系统变化转移矩阵表明每时段内大约有占宁夏总土地面积6%的生态系统面积发生变化,主要转换类型有农田和草地间相互转换、草地和荒漠转为农田及农田转为草地和人工表面。(3)人为活动对生态系统的干扰全区整体处于我国的中等水平,且呈增加趋势,其中北部是持续增强,且金凤区、西夏区和永宁县土地开发效果最为明显,中部是轻微减轻,南部是显著减轻,人类活动对宁夏北部和中部自然生态系统的扰动大于南部。
Landsat MSS/TM/OLI images from 1975 to 2015 were used as main data sources to derive the spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystems in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The amplitude, rate, transition types, and regional differentiation of the spatiotemporal changes and human activity disturbance of the ecosystem in Ningxia over the past 40 years were analyzed using the annual net area change rate,transfer matrix,and the land development degree comprehensive index,thus the spatiotemporal changes of the ecosystem patterns in the study area and its regional heterogeneity were revealed finally. The results showed that( 1) farmland and grassland accounted for more than 75% of the total area and showed a negative correlation between their area change trends. Over the last 40 years,forestland,artificial surface,and farmland showed net increases of 477. 5 km~2,884.6 km~2,and 209.8 km~2,respectively,while grassland,wetland,and desert showed net decreases of 115.5 km~2,69.4 km~2,and 1387.0 km~2,respectively.( 2) The result of ecosystem transition matrix indicated that about 6% of the ecosystem area in the whole district had changed over each period. The three main conversion types were the mutual conversions between farmland and grassland,the transfers from grassland and desert to farmland,and the transfers from farmland to grassland and artificial surface.( 3) The degree of human activity disturbancecontinued to increase in the northern region,and land development effects were most pronounced in Jinfeng District,Xixia District and Yongning County,while the central region showed a slight reduction,and the southern region showed a significant reduction,indicating that human activities had greater disturbance to the ecosystems in the northern and central parts of Ningxia.
Landsat MSS/TM/OLI images from 1975 to 2015 were used as main data sources to derive the spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystems in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The amplitude, rate, transition types, and regional differentiation of the spatiotemporal changes and human activity disturbance of the ecosystem in Ningxia over the past 40 years were analyzed using the annual net area change rate,transfer matrix,and the land development degree comprehensive index,thus the spatiotemporal changes of the ecosystem patterns in the study area and its regional heterogeneity were revealed finally. The results showed that( 1) farmland and grassland accounted for more than 75% of the total area and showed a negative correlation between their area change trends. Over the last 40 years,forestland,artificial surface,and farmland showed net increases of 477. 5 km~2,884.6 km~2,and 209.8 km~2,respectively,while grassland,wetland,and desert showed net decreases of 115.5 km~2,69.4 km~2,and 1387.0 km~2,respectively.( 2) The result of ecosystem transition matrix indicated that about 6% of the ecosystem area in the whole district had changed over each period. The three main conversion types were the mutual conversions between farmland and grassland,the transfers from grassland and desert to farmland,and the transfers from farmland to grassland and artificial surface.( 3) The degree of human activity disturbancecontinued to increase in the northern region,and land development effects were most pronounced in Jinfeng District,Xixia District and Yongning County,while the central region showed a slight reduction,and the southern region showed a significant reduction,indicating that human activities had greater disturbance to the ecosystems in the northern and central parts of Ningxia.
引文
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[22]吴霞,王世荣,尚红莺,王长军.宁夏近18年来耕地面积动态变化及驱动力分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(8):98-104.
[23]王占军,邱新华,唐志海,石海霞,赵婧婧.宁夏1999-2009年土地荒漠化演变影响因素分析.中国沙漠,2013,33(2):325-333.
[24]马红彬,谢应忠.宁夏中部干旱带草地生态农业体系建设研究.干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):180-184.
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[27]肖明,吴季秋,陈秋波,金美佳,郝雪迎,张扬建.基于CA-Markov模型的昌化江流域土地利用动态变化.农业工程学报,2012,28(10):231-238.
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[29]荆玉平,张树文,匡文慧.20世纪70年代中期以来奈曼旗土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究.干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(3):20-25.
[30]朱会义,李秀彬.关于区域土地利用变化指数模型方法的讨论.地理学报,2003,58(5):643-650.
[31]刘纪远.中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.
[32]于兴修,高华中.城市及其边缘地带土地利用/覆被变化研究---以临沂市为例.地域研究与开发,2003,22(2):47-51.
[2]杨荣金,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明.生态系统可持续管理的原理和方法.生态学杂志,2004,23(3):103-108.
[3]李边疆.土地利用与生态环境关系研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[4]环境保护部,中国科学院.全国生态环境十年变化(2000-2010年)遥感调查与评估.北京:科学出版社,2014.
[5]环境保护部,中国科学院.全国生态环境十年变化(2000-2010年)调查评估报告.北京:环境保护部,中国科学院,2015.
[6]于兴修,杨桂山.中国土地利用/覆被变化研究的现状与问题.地理科学进展,2002,21(1):51-57.
[7]龙爱华,徐中民,张志强.西北四省(区)2000年的水资源足迹.冰川冻土,2003,25(6):692-700.
[8]王雅,蒙吉军.黑河中游土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响.干旱区研究,2017,34(1):200-207.
[9]Wang Y B,Feng Q,Si J H,Su Y H,Chang Z Q,Xi H Y.The changes of vegetation cover in Ejina Oasis based on water resources redistribution in Heihe River.Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,64(7):1965-1973
[10]袁烨城,刘海江,李宝林,高锡章,许丽丽,董贵华.2000-2010年新疆陆地生态系统变化格局与分析.地球信息科学学报,2015,17(3):300-308.
[11]John R,Chen J Q,Lu N,Wilske B.Land cover/land use change in semi-arid Inner Mongolia:1992-2004.Environmental Research Letters,2009,4(4):045010.
[12]元志辉,雷军,包刚,萨楚拉,苏日古格,池勇峰.土地利用/覆盖变化对浑善达克沙地植被覆盖度的影响.水土保持学报,2016,30(6):330-338.
[13]胡云锋,艳燕,于国茂,刘越,阿拉腾图雅.1975-2009年锡林郭勒盟生态系统宏观格局及其动态变化.地理科学,2012,32(9):1125-1130.
[14]Xue Z J,Qin Z D,Li H J,Ding G W,Meng X W.Evaluation of Aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2010 and its causes in northwest Shanxi Province,China.Global and Planetary Change,2013,107:102-108.
[15]祁元,王一谋,冯毓荪,王建华,颜长珍.基于RS、GIS的宁夏土地利用动态变化分析.干旱区地理,2002,25(3):245-250.
[16]Restrepo A M C,Yang Y R,Hamm N A S,Gray D J,Barnes T S,Williams G M,Magalh2es R J S,Mc Manus D P,Guo D H,Clements A C A.Land cover change during a period of extensive landscape restoration in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,598:669-679.
[17]杨海超.生态脆弱区土地利用变化对生态服务价值影响研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2015.
[18]马彩虹,贾科利,邹淑燕,樊新刚.基于矢量属性的宁夏中部干旱带土地利用变化信息挖掘.水土保持通报,2017,37(4):260-265.
[19]李娜,朱志玲,袁芳.宁夏中部干旱带土地利用变化研究.农业科学研究,2017,38(3):1-6.
[20]王重玲,朱志玲,白琳波,程淑杰,路彩玲.景观格局动态变化对生态服务价值的影响---以宁夏中部干旱带为例.干旱区研究,2015,32(02):329-335.
[21]韩晓佳,刘小鹏,王亚娟,温胜强,叶均艳.基于景观格局的干旱区绿洲生态风险评价与管理---以青铜峡市为例.水土保持研究,2017,24(5):285-290.
[22]吴霞,王世荣,尚红莺,王长军.宁夏近18年来耕地面积动态变化及驱动力分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(8):98-104.
[23]王占军,邱新华,唐志海,石海霞,赵婧婧.宁夏1999-2009年土地荒漠化演变影响因素分析.中国沙漠,2013,33(2):325-333.
[24]马红彬,谢应忠.宁夏中部干旱带草地生态农业体系建设研究.干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):180-184.
[25]米楠,卜晓燕,米文宝.宁夏旱区湿地生态系统碳汇功能研究.干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(7):52-55.
[26]欧阳志云,张路,吴炳方,李晓松,徐卫华,肖燚,郑华.基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系.生态学报,2015,35(2):219-226.
[27]肖明,吴季秋,陈秋波,金美佳,郝雪迎,张扬建.基于CA-Markov模型的昌化江流域土地利用动态变化.农业工程学报,2012,28(10):231-238.
[28]王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨.地理科学进展,1999,18(1):83-89.
[29]荆玉平,张树文,匡文慧.20世纪70年代中期以来奈曼旗土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究.干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(3):20-25.
[30]朱会义,李秀彬.关于区域土地利用变化指数模型方法的讨论.地理学报,2003,58(5):643-650.
[31]刘纪远.中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.
[32]于兴修,高华中.城市及其边缘地带土地利用/覆被变化研究---以临沂市为例.地域研究与开发,2003,22(2):47-51.