国际论文生产与国家生产力——一个关于中国科学研究悖论的政治经济学解释
|
摘要
马克思揭示了人类社会发展的最终动力来源于社会生产力的持续提升。马克思、恩格斯洞察了科学技术在促进生产力中的作用,邓小平进一步厘清了"科学技术是第一生产力"的客观规律。为了以科学技术研究推动我国生产力进步,改革开放之后国家推行了一系列以公共财政资金支持科学技术研究的改革。在每年20%左右的财政增长率的支持下,我国科学技术研究取得了较大成果,这种进步主要表现在我国国际论文生产能力长久居于世界第2位,但以国家竞争力、二次工业化水平衡量的生产力水平却远落后于此。这肇源于政府科技主管部门采用的便利行政式绩效评估,使具有第三方评价性质的国际论文成为科研评价的最主要指标;压力体制下,基层科研单位层层加码、物质激励与惩罚并举的评估与激励,进一步强化了扩大国际论文产出而轻视促进生产力发展的其他方面;科研从业者分化为合同工与老板,两者之间劳动关系异化为具有剥削性质的生产关系,这种前社会主义生产关系随着劳动者、劳动对象、生产资料扩散到其他生产行业并反作用于更广生产领域的生产力,从而抑制了我国生产力达到应有的高度。未来可以通过明确生产力责任、推进科学技术开发银行制度等措施来解决这些问题。
Marx reveals that the ultimate power of society development derives from social productivity improving continually.Marx and Engels provided insight into the role of science and technology in promoting productivity,and Mr Deng Xiaoping further clarified the law of"Science and Technology are the First Productive Forces".After the reform and opening-up,in order to promote productivity through science and technology,China has implemented a series of reforms of scientific and technological research supported by public funding.With financial growth of about 20% per year,scientific and technological research in China has made great achievements,which majorly reflected in the international paper production capacity that keeping the second place around the world for a long time.However,social productivity measured by national competitiveness and level of the second industrialization,lags far behind.The reasons are as follows:the government department in charge of science using"Handy Administrative"performance evaluation,which made international paper with the nature of"third party assessment"become the main indicators of research evaluation;under the pressurized system,basic scientific research institutions suffer incremental pressure,assessment and motivation including both substance incentive and punishment,all of which further strengthen the productivity of international papers,but also neglect other aspects about promoting the development of productivity;researchers are divided into"contractors"and"boss",and the labor relationship between them is alienated as exploitative production relations.With workers,labor and means of production spreading to other manufacture industry,this former socialist production relations counteract a broader areas of production,thereby inhibiting the productivity in China to achieve the height should be.Therefore,we can solve these issues through clearly defining production responsibility,promoting"Science and Technology Development Bank"system,and so on.
Marx reveals that the ultimate power of society development derives from social productivity improving continually.Marx and Engels provided insight into the role of science and technology in promoting productivity,and Mr Deng Xiaoping further clarified the law of"Science and Technology are the First Productive Forces".After the reform and opening-up,in order to promote productivity through science and technology,China has implemented a series of reforms of scientific and technological research supported by public funding.With financial growth of about 20% per year,scientific and technological research in China has made great achievements,which majorly reflected in the international paper production capacity that keeping the second place around the world for a long time.However,social productivity measured by national competitiveness and level of the second industrialization,lags far behind.The reasons are as follows:the government department in charge of science using"Handy Administrative"performance evaluation,which made international paper with the nature of"third party assessment"become the main indicators of research evaluation;under the pressurized system,basic scientific research institutions suffer incremental pressure,assessment and motivation including both substance incentive and punishment,all of which further strengthen the productivity of international papers,but also neglect other aspects about promoting the development of productivity;researchers are divided into"contractors"and"boss",and the labor relationship between them is alienated as exploitative production relations.With workers,labor and means of production spreading to other manufacture industry,this former socialist production relations counteract a broader areas of production,thereby inhibiting the productivity in China to achieve the height should be.Therefore,we can solve these issues through clearly defining production responsibility,promoting"Science and Technology Development Bank"system,and so on.
引文
(1)邓小平文选:第3卷.北京:人民出版社,1993:63.
(2)邓小平文选:第3卷.北京:人民出版社,1993:116.
(3)江泽民.高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,把建设有中国特色社会主义事业全面推向二十一世纪(十五大报告).http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2004-04/29/content_1447509.htm.
(4)习近平.推动我国社会生产力水平实现整体跃升.http://finance.china.com.cn/news/gnji/20151110/3435437.shtml.
(1)王炳权.科学发展观的哲学视野与提高党在意识形态领域的执政能力.//马克思主义研究,2006,(9):114-117.
(2)马克思恩格斯全集:第46卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:211.
(3)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:664.
(4)马克思恩格斯全集:第19卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:372.
(5)列宁全集:第40卷.北京:人民出版社,1986:156.
(6)习近平.让工程科技造福人类、创造未来.http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-06/03/content_2692596.htm.
(7)半月谈:科研经费“黑洞”有多深?.http://fjrb.fjsen.com/fjrb/html/2011-07/19/content_259418.htm.
(8)公正透明的科研经费管理体系何以建立.http://news.qq.com/a/20060829/000088.htm.
(9)2010年全国科技经费投入统计公报.http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/201109/t20110927_89857.htm.
(10)2015年我国科研经费将达1.5万亿.http://news.xinhua08.com/a/20120707/983964.shtml.
(11)黄蔚,翁小平.如何管好高校科研项目“钱袋子”.中国教育报,2013-04-30.
(12)转引自:中国科研经费大量流失网友呼吁“网上晒账本”.http://scitech.people.com.cn/h/2011/0901/c227887-1105195947.html?navigation=1.
(13)多位科学家入选“千万俱乐部”.http://china.caixin.cn/2011-05-23/100262143.html.
(14)中国现代化报告2015:工业落后德英法百年.http://finance.takungpao.com/gscy/q/2015/0607/3020938.html
(1)授权发布:中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议.http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2015-11/03/c_1117027676.htm.
(2)陈燕,崔金贵.学术评价中工具理性与价值理性的主导成因及平衡机制.清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(6):143-150.
(3)黄俊伟.大学科研的数字崇拜症与学术认同感的背离.大学教育科学,2011,(1):7-9.
(4)杨玉圣.高校科研“去GDP化”刍议.社会科学论坛,2010,(8):78-86.
(1)DEUTSCH K W,&ECKSTEIN A.National Industrialization and the Declining Share of the International Economic Sector,1890-1959.//World Politics,1961,13(2):267-299.
(2)CHAN S.Is There a Power Transition between the US and China?The Different Faces of National Power.//Asian Survey,2005,45(5):687-701.
(3)FABER B.Trade Integration,Market Size,and Industrialization:Evidence from China's National Trunk Highway System.//The Review of Economic Studies,2014,81(3):1046-1070.
(4)SCHMID G.Productivity and Reindustrialization:A Dissenting View.//Challenge,1981,23(6):24-29.
(5)POLLIN R,BAKER D.Reindustrializing America:A Proposal for Reviving US Manufacturing and Creating Millions of Good Jobs.New Labor Forum.The Murphy Institute/City University of New York,2010,19(2):16-34.
(1)ROWLEY C.Development in China:Position and Nationhood in Asia and the World.//Asia Pacific Business Review,2012,18(1):1-6.
(1)网友质疑中国工业化水平落后德国100年结论是如何得出的.http://digi.163.com/15/0607/08/ARGC635800162OUT.html.
(2)为了更直观地展示中国科学技术论文生产能力的国际地位与生产力的国际地位的“位差”情况,我们在“位差图”上未显示其他国家的生产力地位线。
(1)贺天伟.中国国际合作论文的科学计量学研究.//中国科学基金,2009,(2):93-97.
(2)方玉东,张莉莉,陈越.科研诚信建设与学术不端行为防范的方法初探//.中国科学基金,2011,(3):165-168.
(3)甘丽华.论文买卖何时成了新兴行业.//中国青年报,2009-06-07(第一版).
(4)周亚虹,贺小丹,沈瑶.中国工业企业自主创新的影响因素和产出绩效研究.//经济研究,2012,(5):107-119.
(1)尚虎平,叶杰,赵盼盼.我国科学研究中的公共财政效率:低效与浪费.//科学学研究,2012,(10):1476-1487.
(2)SANDERSON I.Performance Management,Evaluation and Learning in“Modern”Local Government.Public administration,2001,(2):297-313.
(3)这种大小往往以科学技术研究方案设计的先进性、科学性作为依据,潜含的假设是“先进性越大,越有利于促进生产力进步;科学性越足,越有利于促进生产力进步”。
(1)KUHLMANN S,BOGUMIL J&GROHS S.Evaluating Administrative Modernization in German Local Governments:Success or Failure of the“New Steering Model”?.Public Administration Review,2008,68(5):851-863.
(2)COGGBURN J D,SCHNEIDER S K.The Quality of Management and Government Performance:An Empirical Analysis of the A-merican States.Public Administration Review,2003,63(2):206-213.
(1)BECHTEL W,RICHARDSON R C.Discovering Complexity:Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research.Boston:MIT Press,2010.
(2)DUNLEAVY P.Democracy,Bureaucracy and Public Choice:Economic Approaches in Political Science.Oxford:Routledge Press,2014.
(3)DUNLEAVY P.The Future of Joined-up Public Service.London:2020Public Services Trust and ESRC.
(4)青海黄河源生态演变与保护研究取得新成效.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/qh/zxdt/201512/t20151209_122780.htm.
(5)贵州省对外科技合作成效显著.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/gz/zxdt/201601/t20160113_123699.htm.
(6)中国科大在锂硫电池应用领域取得新进展.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/ah/zxdt/201512/t20151221_123062.htm.
(7)中科院安徽光学精密机械研究所在OH自由基与不饱和醇的大气化学反应机理研究方面取得新进展.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/ah/zxdt/201509/t20150902_121495.htm
(1)中国科学院宁波材料研究所葛子义团队在有机太阳电池领域取得重要进展.http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab38/info51697.htm.
(2)纯铁的理论剪切强度获得实验证实.http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab88/info48300.htm.
(3)我国在具有防水和自修复功能的聚合物骨架钙钛矿太阳能电池研究方面取得重要研究进展.http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab88/info51659.htm
(4)尚虎平.我国地方政府绩效评估悖论:高绩效下的政治安全隐患.//管理世界,2008,(4):69-79.
(1)尚虎平.政府绩效评估中“结果导向”的操作性偏误与矫治.//政治学研究,2015,(3):91-100.
(1)见《中央财政科技计划(专项、基金等)监督工作暂行规定》第六章第四十二条。
(2)李志文,钟瑞军.奖金激励与学术成果---来自浙江大学SCI论文奖励效果的证据.//管理工程学报,2013(2):220-226.
(3)伏琳,杨军.华南理工大学2001-2010年SCI论文统计与分析.//科技管理研究,2014,(17):241-244.
(4)基于SCI-E收录论文期刊分区的奖励可行性分析研究.//图书馆杂志,2011,(5):26-30.
(5)李菁莹.井冈山大学再成论文撤稿风波主角.//中国青年报,2010年3月29日.
(6)马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1956:82.
(1)马克思.资本论:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1975:202.
(2)马克思恩格斯全集:第24卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:44.
(3)马克思恩格斯全集:第24卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:44.
(4)马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1995:79.
(5)马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1995:56.
(6)马克思恩格斯全集:第42卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:91.
(7)马克思恩格斯全集:第42卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:486.
(1)列宁全集:第37卷.北京:人民出版社,1986:13.
(2)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:421.
(3)马克思恩格斯全集:第44卷.北京:人民出版社,2001:440.
(4)马克思恩格斯全集:第47卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:571.
(5)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:204.
(6)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:204.
(7)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:204。
(1)KHANDKER S R,KOOLWALG B&SAMAD H A.Handbook on Impact Evaluation:Quantitative Methods and Practices.Newyork:World Bank Publications,2010.
(1)孙麾.马克思哲学的学术传统与问题意识.//哲学研究,2009,(3):3-9.
(2)邓小平文选:第3卷.北京:人民出版社,1993:116.
(3)江泽民.高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,把建设有中国特色社会主义事业全面推向二十一世纪(十五大报告).http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2004-04/29/content_1447509.htm.
(4)习近平.推动我国社会生产力水平实现整体跃升.http://finance.china.com.cn/news/gnji/20151110/3435437.shtml.
(1)王炳权.科学发展观的哲学视野与提高党在意识形态领域的执政能力.//马克思主义研究,2006,(9):114-117.
(2)马克思恩格斯全集:第46卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:211.
(3)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:664.
(4)马克思恩格斯全集:第19卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:372.
(5)列宁全集:第40卷.北京:人民出版社,1986:156.
(6)习近平.让工程科技造福人类、创造未来.http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-06/03/content_2692596.htm.
(7)半月谈:科研经费“黑洞”有多深?.http://fjrb.fjsen.com/fjrb/html/2011-07/19/content_259418.htm.
(8)公正透明的科研经费管理体系何以建立.http://news.qq.com/a/20060829/000088.htm.
(9)2010年全国科技经费投入统计公报.http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/201109/t20110927_89857.htm.
(10)2015年我国科研经费将达1.5万亿.http://news.xinhua08.com/a/20120707/983964.shtml.
(11)黄蔚,翁小平.如何管好高校科研项目“钱袋子”.中国教育报,2013-04-30.
(12)转引自:中国科研经费大量流失网友呼吁“网上晒账本”.http://scitech.people.com.cn/h/2011/0901/c227887-1105195947.html?navigation=1.
(13)多位科学家入选“千万俱乐部”.http://china.caixin.cn/2011-05-23/100262143.html.
(14)中国现代化报告2015:工业落后德英法百年.http://finance.takungpao.com/gscy/q/2015/0607/3020938.html
(1)授权发布:中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议.http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2015-11/03/c_1117027676.htm.
(2)陈燕,崔金贵.学术评价中工具理性与价值理性的主导成因及平衡机制.清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(6):143-150.
(3)黄俊伟.大学科研的数字崇拜症与学术认同感的背离.大学教育科学,2011,(1):7-9.
(4)杨玉圣.高校科研“去GDP化”刍议.社会科学论坛,2010,(8):78-86.
(1)DEUTSCH K W,&ECKSTEIN A.National Industrialization and the Declining Share of the International Economic Sector,1890-1959.//World Politics,1961,13(2):267-299.
(2)CHAN S.Is There a Power Transition between the US and China?The Different Faces of National Power.//Asian Survey,2005,45(5):687-701.
(3)FABER B.Trade Integration,Market Size,and Industrialization:Evidence from China's National Trunk Highway System.//The Review of Economic Studies,2014,81(3):1046-1070.
(4)SCHMID G.Productivity and Reindustrialization:A Dissenting View.//Challenge,1981,23(6):24-29.
(5)POLLIN R,BAKER D.Reindustrializing America:A Proposal for Reviving US Manufacturing and Creating Millions of Good Jobs.New Labor Forum.The Murphy Institute/City University of New York,2010,19(2):16-34.
(1)ROWLEY C.Development in China:Position and Nationhood in Asia and the World.//Asia Pacific Business Review,2012,18(1):1-6.
(1)网友质疑中国工业化水平落后德国100年结论是如何得出的.http://digi.163.com/15/0607/08/ARGC635800162OUT.html.
(2)为了更直观地展示中国科学技术论文生产能力的国际地位与生产力的国际地位的“位差”情况,我们在“位差图”上未显示其他国家的生产力地位线。
(1)贺天伟.中国国际合作论文的科学计量学研究.//中国科学基金,2009,(2):93-97.
(2)方玉东,张莉莉,陈越.科研诚信建设与学术不端行为防范的方法初探//.中国科学基金,2011,(3):165-168.
(3)甘丽华.论文买卖何时成了新兴行业.//中国青年报,2009-06-07(第一版).
(4)周亚虹,贺小丹,沈瑶.中国工业企业自主创新的影响因素和产出绩效研究.//经济研究,2012,(5):107-119.
(1)尚虎平,叶杰,赵盼盼.我国科学研究中的公共财政效率:低效与浪费.//科学学研究,2012,(10):1476-1487.
(2)SANDERSON I.Performance Management,Evaluation and Learning in“Modern”Local Government.Public administration,2001,(2):297-313.
(3)这种大小往往以科学技术研究方案设计的先进性、科学性作为依据,潜含的假设是“先进性越大,越有利于促进生产力进步;科学性越足,越有利于促进生产力进步”。
(1)KUHLMANN S,BOGUMIL J&GROHS S.Evaluating Administrative Modernization in German Local Governments:Success or Failure of the“New Steering Model”?.Public Administration Review,2008,68(5):851-863.
(2)COGGBURN J D,SCHNEIDER S K.The Quality of Management and Government Performance:An Empirical Analysis of the A-merican States.Public Administration Review,2003,63(2):206-213.
(1)BECHTEL W,RICHARDSON R C.Discovering Complexity:Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research.Boston:MIT Press,2010.
(2)DUNLEAVY P.Democracy,Bureaucracy and Public Choice:Economic Approaches in Political Science.Oxford:Routledge Press,2014.
(3)DUNLEAVY P.The Future of Joined-up Public Service.London:2020Public Services Trust and ESRC.
(4)青海黄河源生态演变与保护研究取得新成效.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/qh/zxdt/201512/t20151209_122780.htm.
(5)贵州省对外科技合作成效显著.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/gz/zxdt/201601/t20160113_123699.htm.
(6)中国科大在锂硫电池应用领域取得新进展.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/ah/zxdt/201512/t20151221_123062.htm.
(7)中科院安徽光学精密机械研究所在OH自由基与不饱和醇的大气化学反应机理研究方面取得新进展.http://www.most.gov.cn/dfkj/ah/zxdt/201509/t20150902_121495.htm
(1)中国科学院宁波材料研究所葛子义团队在有机太阳电池领域取得重要进展.http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab38/info51697.htm.
(2)纯铁的理论剪切强度获得实验证实.http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab88/info48300.htm.
(3)我国在具有防水和自修复功能的聚合物骨架钙钛矿太阳能电池研究方面取得重要研究进展.http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab88/info51659.htm
(4)尚虎平.我国地方政府绩效评估悖论:高绩效下的政治安全隐患.//管理世界,2008,(4):69-79.
(1)尚虎平.政府绩效评估中“结果导向”的操作性偏误与矫治.//政治学研究,2015,(3):91-100.
(1)见《中央财政科技计划(专项、基金等)监督工作暂行规定》第六章第四十二条。
(2)李志文,钟瑞军.奖金激励与学术成果---来自浙江大学SCI论文奖励效果的证据.//管理工程学报,2013(2):220-226.
(3)伏琳,杨军.华南理工大学2001-2010年SCI论文统计与分析.//科技管理研究,2014,(17):241-244.
(4)基于SCI-E收录论文期刊分区的奖励可行性分析研究.//图书馆杂志,2011,(5):26-30.
(5)李菁莹.井冈山大学再成论文撤稿风波主角.//中国青年报,2010年3月29日.
(6)马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1956:82.
(1)马克思.资本论:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1975:202.
(2)马克思恩格斯全集:第24卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:44.
(3)马克思恩格斯全集:第24卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:44.
(4)马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1995:79.
(5)马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷.北京:人民出版社,1995:56.
(6)马克思恩格斯全集:第42卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:91.
(7)马克思恩格斯全集:第42卷.北京:人民出版社,1979:486.
(1)列宁全集:第37卷.北京:人民出版社,1986:13.
(2)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:421.
(3)马克思恩格斯全集:第44卷.北京:人民出版社,2001:440.
(4)马克思恩格斯全集:第47卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:571.
(5)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:204.
(6)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:204.
(7)马克思恩格斯全集:第23卷.北京:人民出版社,1972:204。
(1)KHANDKER S R,KOOLWALG B&SAMAD H A.Handbook on Impact Evaluation:Quantitative Methods and Practices.Newyork:World Bank Publications,2010.
(1)孙麾.马克思哲学的学术传统与问题意识.//哲学研究,2009,(3):3-9.