园林建设中的生态智慧与生态审美
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摘要
面对全球生态环境恶化、生态危机日益严峻的问题,党的十八大提出了大力推进生态文明建设的战略决策,在十九大报告中习近平总书记再次强调要加快生态文明的体制改革,由此可见生态文明是时代发展的必然要求。园林建设作为生态文明建设中的重要组成部分,肩负着生态修复与改善人居环境的重任,然而因生态意识的缺乏在如今的园林建设中仍存在着诸多病态审美引起的弊害。在这种背景下,生态智慧的提出为解决园林建设中的病态审美问题提供了一条可能的思路,生态智慧是指来源于生态实践并服务于生态实践的智慧,包括生态研究、规划、设计、营造和管理等,是人类与自然和谐共存的最佳方式的思想精髓。因此,笔者通过剖析园林建设规划设计方面存在的人工痕迹过重、盲目效仿、形式大于功能、植物景观速成等问题,及施工与管理方面存在的施工工序不合理、建设材料不达标等问题,探寻生态智慧对风景园林中审美转向的启示,并从方法体系、科学技术、文化内涵三个方面对生态智慧与生态审美在园林建设中的应用提出了建议及展望,以期使生态智慧更好地融入园林建设,使园林建设中的传统审美转向生态审美,从而更好地协调人与自然的关系,推进生态文明建设实现可持续发展。
Faced with global ecological environment deterioration and increasingly severe ecological crisis, the 18th National Congress of the CPC put forward the strategic decision of vigorously promoting ecological civilization construction. In the report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC, President Xi Jinping once again stressed the need to accelerate the institutional reform of ecological civilization, which shows that ecological civilization is the inevitable requirement of the era and development. Garden construction, as an important part of ecological civilization construction, shoulders the important task of ecological restoration and living environment improvement. However, due to the lack of ecological consciousness, there are still many problems caused by morbid aesthetics in todays garden construction. In this context, the proposal of ecological wisdom provides a possible way to solve the problem of morbid aesthetics in garden construction. Ecological wisdom refers to the wisdom deriving from ecological practices, including ecological research, planning,design, construction and management. As the essence of the ideas about the best ways of coexistence of man and nature, it is used to serve ecological practices. This paper analyzes the problems in landscape planning and design, such as excessive artificial traces, blind imitation, paying more attention to form than to function,speed-up plant landscape, etc. The problems in garden construction and management are also analyzed including unreasonable construction procedures and substandard construction materials. In exploring the enlightenment of ecological wisdom on the aesthetic turn in landscape architecture, the author puts forward suggestions and prospects for the application of ecological wisdom and aesthetics to landscape construction from three aspects of method system, science and technology and cultural connotation. Making ecological wisdom better incorporated into garden construction, the traditional aesthetics in garden construction will be transferred to ecological aesthetics, so as to better coordinate the relationship between man and nature and promote the sustainable development of ecological civilization.
Faced with global ecological environment deterioration and increasingly severe ecological crisis, the 18th National Congress of the CPC put forward the strategic decision of vigorously promoting ecological civilization construction. In the report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC, President Xi Jinping once again stressed the need to accelerate the institutional reform of ecological civilization, which shows that ecological civilization is the inevitable requirement of the era and development. Garden construction, as an important part of ecological civilization construction, shoulders the important task of ecological restoration and living environment improvement. However, due to the lack of ecological consciousness, there are still many problems caused by morbid aesthetics in todays garden construction. In this context, the proposal of ecological wisdom provides a possible way to solve the problem of morbid aesthetics in garden construction. Ecological wisdom refers to the wisdom deriving from ecological practices, including ecological research, planning,design, construction and management. As the essence of the ideas about the best ways of coexistence of man and nature, it is used to serve ecological practices. This paper analyzes the problems in landscape planning and design, such as excessive artificial traces, blind imitation, paying more attention to form than to function,speed-up plant landscape, etc. The problems in garden construction and management are also analyzed including unreasonable construction procedures and substandard construction materials. In exploring the enlightenment of ecological wisdom on the aesthetic turn in landscape architecture, the author puts forward suggestions and prospects for the application of ecological wisdom and aesthetics to landscape construction from three aspects of method system, science and technology and cultural connotation. Making ecological wisdom better incorporated into garden construction, the traditional aesthetics in garden construction will be transferred to ecological aesthetics, so as to better coordinate the relationship between man and nature and promote the sustainable development of ecological civilization.
引文
[1]李佳璇,伏玉玲,象伟宁,等.生态智慧与当代城市绿地建设[J].北方园艺,2015(16):87-93.
[2]李冠衡,郭榕榕.生态文明背景下风景园林对生态智慧的诠释[J].建筑与文化,2015(5):123-124.
[3]李景奇.城市生态复兴与生态智慧——天人合一哲学思想与生态实践智慧[J].城市建筑,2018(11):35-39.
[4]Xiang W N. Working with wicked problems in socio-ecological systems:awareness,acceptance,and adaptation[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2013,110:1-4.
[5]Xiang W N. Doing real and permanent good in landscape and urban planning:ecological wisdom for urban sustainability[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,121:65-69.
[6]Xiang W N. Ecophronesis:the ecological practical wisdom for and from ecological practice[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016,155:53-60.
[7]程相占.论生态审美的四个要点[J].天津社会科学,2013(5):120-125.
[8]盖光.生态审美的生态哲学基础[J].陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011(2):14-18.
[9]邹锦杜,春兰.引导过程的主动介入式设计模式:生态智慧启发下的方法探索[J].中国园林,2018(11):59-62.
[10]陈高明,董雅.现代景观设计的生态审美转向[J].文艺争鸣,2010(20):69-70.
(1)“生态蒙昧”(ecological barbarism)由美国北卡罗来那大学夏洛特分校象伟宁教授提出并定义如下:生态蒙昧是人们在生态实践当中应对社会-生态实际问题时的幼稚和莽撞,多源于无知、过于自信或乌托邦式的理想。
(1)“毛球”是园林施工人员对球状小灌木苗木的一种俗称。
(2)顶端优势是指植物的顶芽优先生长,对侧芽萌发、侧枝生长的抑制作用,也包括对侧枝、叶子生长角度的影响,参见https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/顶端优势。
[2]李冠衡,郭榕榕.生态文明背景下风景园林对生态智慧的诠释[J].建筑与文化,2015(5):123-124.
[3]李景奇.城市生态复兴与生态智慧——天人合一哲学思想与生态实践智慧[J].城市建筑,2018(11):35-39.
[4]Xiang W N. Working with wicked problems in socio-ecological systems:awareness,acceptance,and adaptation[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2013,110:1-4.
[5]Xiang W N. Doing real and permanent good in landscape and urban planning:ecological wisdom for urban sustainability[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,121:65-69.
[6]Xiang W N. Ecophronesis:the ecological practical wisdom for and from ecological practice[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016,155:53-60.
[7]程相占.论生态审美的四个要点[J].天津社会科学,2013(5):120-125.
[8]盖光.生态审美的生态哲学基础[J].陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011(2):14-18.
[9]邹锦杜,春兰.引导过程的主动介入式设计模式:生态智慧启发下的方法探索[J].中国园林,2018(11):59-62.
[10]陈高明,董雅.现代景观设计的生态审美转向[J].文艺争鸣,2010(20):69-70.
(1)“生态蒙昧”(ecological barbarism)由美国北卡罗来那大学夏洛特分校象伟宁教授提出并定义如下:生态蒙昧是人们在生态实践当中应对社会-生态实际问题时的幼稚和莽撞,多源于无知、过于自信或乌托邦式的理想。
(1)“毛球”是园林施工人员对球状小灌木苗木的一种俗称。
(2)顶端优势是指植物的顶芽优先生长,对侧芽萌发、侧枝生长的抑制作用,也包括对侧枝、叶子生长角度的影响,参见https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/顶端优势。