水稻秸秆序批式干发酵产沼气中试及其动力学研究
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摘要
干发酵处理有机废弃物或生物质废弃物等具有处理量大,用水量少,处理周期短等优势。该试验以水稻秸秆为原料(269 kg,TS为89.19%±0.24%),用沼液(500 kg)调节水稻秸秆含水率至67.58%,覆膜堆沤3 d,并以运行良好沼气池污泥为接种物(300 kg,接种量为28.06%,TS为1.88±0.07%),室温(30~35℃)条件下进行周期为55 d的干发酵中试试验。试验结果表明:反应55 d后,秸秆累积产气量为308.20 m3/t,累积产甲烷量为167.44 m3/t,最高甲烷体积分数达57.88%,最大日产气量为2.33 m3。通过Gompertz模型对水稻秸秆产甲烷曲线进行拟合,拟合出的产甲烷潜力值和实际的产甲烷潜力值很接近,R2为0.990 7,显示出较高的准确性。该研究可为序批式干发酵法处理水稻秸秆提供理论依据和指导。
The organic waste can be converted by anaerobic digestion into a clean energy source of methane under gentle conditions. Dry anaerobic digestion, one kind of anaerobic digestion, was often used to treat municipal waste and had achieved great results for decades in Europe and America. The dry anaerobic digestion of biogas production technology is a better way than wet fermentation to handle rice straw. It has lots of advantages, such as bigger processing capacity, simpler device, lower energy loss and water consumption. However, dry fermentation of straw is very easy to fail due to heterogeneity of substrate, acid inhibition, etc. There were a few researches on the key technology in exploring the AD efficiency of rice straw based agricultural waste. Therefore, this paper studied the biogas production characteristics of pilot-scale dry anaerobic digestion using rice straw as feedstock. The parameters were determined by the laboratory pre-experiment, rice straw was stacked on the field for 3 days with moisture of 67.58% adjusted by 500 kg biogas slurry, rice straw pretreated(269 kg, TS of 89.19%) was mixed with inoculums(300 kg, 28.06%). The pilot-scale dry anaerobic digestion was conducted under the conditions of constant temperature at 30-35 ℃ for 55 days. The result of the pilot-scale experiment showed that the biogas yield of rice straw was 308.20 m3/t, the methane yield of rice straw was 167.44 m3/t, the maximum methane content reached 57.88% after 55 days of dry anaerobic digestion. According to the results of biogas production, the pilot-scale experiment had excellent daily biogas production and higher methane concentration, and the whole process ran stably. The modified Gompertz equation was commonly used to perform kinetic analysis of anaerobic digestion, so the Gompertz model was used to fit the methane production curve of rice straw. The fitted methanogenic potential value was quite close to the actual methanogenic potential value, and R2 value is 0.990 7, which indicated that the Gompertz model was also suitable for fitting the methane production in this study. Although the pilot-scale test ran successfully, the conditions could be optimized for a better result. The study can provide theoretical guidance and basis for batch dry anaerobic digestion on the treatment of rice straw.
The organic waste can be converted by anaerobic digestion into a clean energy source of methane under gentle conditions. Dry anaerobic digestion, one kind of anaerobic digestion, was often used to treat municipal waste and had achieved great results for decades in Europe and America. The dry anaerobic digestion of biogas production technology is a better way than wet fermentation to handle rice straw. It has lots of advantages, such as bigger processing capacity, simpler device, lower energy loss and water consumption. However, dry fermentation of straw is very easy to fail due to heterogeneity of substrate, acid inhibition, etc. There were a few researches on the key technology in exploring the AD efficiency of rice straw based agricultural waste. Therefore, this paper studied the biogas production characteristics of pilot-scale dry anaerobic digestion using rice straw as feedstock. The parameters were determined by the laboratory pre-experiment, rice straw was stacked on the field for 3 days with moisture of 67.58% adjusted by 500 kg biogas slurry, rice straw pretreated(269 kg, TS of 89.19%) was mixed with inoculums(300 kg, 28.06%). The pilot-scale dry anaerobic digestion was conducted under the conditions of constant temperature at 30-35 ℃ for 55 days. The result of the pilot-scale experiment showed that the biogas yield of rice straw was 308.20 m3/t, the methane yield of rice straw was 167.44 m3/t, the maximum methane content reached 57.88% after 55 days of dry anaerobic digestion. According to the results of biogas production, the pilot-scale experiment had excellent daily biogas production and higher methane concentration, and the whole process ran stably. The modified Gompertz equation was commonly used to perform kinetic analysis of anaerobic digestion, so the Gompertz model was used to fit the methane production curve of rice straw. The fitted methanogenic potential value was quite close to the actual methanogenic potential value, and R2 value is 0.990 7, which indicated that the Gompertz model was also suitable for fitting the methane production in this study. Although the pilot-scale test ran successfully, the conditions could be optimized for a better result. The study can provide theoretical guidance and basis for batch dry anaerobic digestion on the treatment of rice straw.
引文
[1]李想,赵立欣,韩捷,等.农业废弃物资源化利用新方向-沼气干发酵技术[J].中国沼气,2006,24(4):23-27.Li Xiang,Zhao Lixin,Han Jie,et al.New direction of agricultural waste resource utilization-biogas dry fermentation technology[J].China Biogas,2006,24(4):23-27.
[2]张崇尚,刘乐,陆岐楠,等.中国秸秆能源化利用潜力与秸秆能源企业区域布局研究[J].资源科学,2017,39(3):473-481.Zhang Chongshang,Liu Le,Lu Qinan,et al.Research on China's straw energy utilization potential and regional distribution of straw energy enterprises[J].Resources Science,2017,39(3):473-481.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Cui M M,Jiang L L,Yan T W.Potential evaluation and market assessment on crop straw resource utilization based on resource density[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(6):117-131.
[4]Liew L N,Shi J,Li Y.Methane production from solid-state anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2012(46):125-132.
[5]Hu H X,Ma Y H,Wang Y F,et al.Resource utilization of returned rapeseed straw and its effect on soil fertility and crop yields[J].Nature Environment&Pollution Technology,2013,12(3):449-454.
[6]Frigon J C,Guio T S R.Biomethane production from starch and lignocellulosic crops:A comparative review[J].Biofuels,Bioproducts and Biorefining,2010,4(4):447-458.
[7]Feijoo G,Soto M,Méndez R,et al.Sodium inhibition in the anaerobic digestion process:Antagonism and adaptation phenomena[J].Enzyme&Microbial Technology,1995,17(2):180-188.
[8]Yong Z,Dong Y,Zhang X,et al.Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and straw for biogas production[J].Renewable Energy,2015(78):527-530.
[9]Li W,Luo L,Dou Y,et al.Wet and dry coupling anaerobic fermentation process and fermentation characteristic test[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(5):148-153.
[10]李强,曲浩丽,承磊,等.沼气干发酵技术研究进展[J].中国沼气,2010,28(5):10-14.Li Qiang,Qu Haoli,Cheng Lei,et al.Research progress of biogas dry fermentation technology[J].China Biogas,2010,28(5):10-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]韩梦龙,朱继英,张国康.接种物种类对玉米秸秆沼气干发酵过程的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(10):2586-2591.Han Menglong,Zhu Jiying,Zhang Guokang.Effects of inoculum species on dry fermentation of corn stalk biogas[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2014,34(10):2586-2591.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Mustafa A M,Poulsen T G,Sheng K.Fungal pretreatment of rice straw with Pleurotus ostreatus and Trichoderma reesei to enhance methane production under solid-state anaerobic digestion[J].Applied Energy,2016,180:661-671.
[13]Guendouz J,Buffiere P,Cacho J,et al.Dry anaerobic digestion in batch mode:Design and operation of a laboratory-scale,completely mixed reactor[J].Waste Management,2010,30(10):1768-1771.
[14]于佳动,赵立欣,冯晶,等.序批式秸秆牛粪混合厌氧干发酵影响因素研究[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):215-221.Yu Jiadong,Zhao Linxin,Feng Jing,et al.Influence factors of batch dry anaerobic digestion for corn stalks-cow dung mixture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(15):215-221.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]何荣玉,闫志英,刘晓风,等.秸秆干发酵沼气增产研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007(4):583-585.He Rongyu,Yan Zhiying,Liu Xiaofeng,et al.Study on yield increase of straw dry fermentation biogas[J].Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2007(4):583-585.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Akyol?,Ozbayra M E G,Ince O,et al.Anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure and barley:Effect of cow manure to barley ratio on methane production and digestion stability[J].Environmental Progress&Sustainable Energy,2016,35(2):589-595.
[17]朱美华,葛沭锋,王庆刚,等.用纳氏试剂法测定氨氮时校准曲线的时效性研究[J].能源环境保护,2018,32(4):51-54.Zhu Meihua,Ge Shufeng,Wang Qinggang,et al.Timeliness of calibration curve for determination of ammonia nitrogen by Nessler's reagent method[J].Energy Conservation,2018,32(4):51-54.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]王金主,王元秀,李峰,等.玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的测定[J].山东食品发酵,2010(3):44-47.Wang Jinzhu,Wang Yuanxiu,Li Feng,et al.Determination of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin in corn stover[J].Shandong Food Fermentation,2010(3):44-47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Yu L,Bule M,Ma J,et al.Enhancing volatile fatty acid(VFA)and bio-methane production from lawn grass with pretreatment[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,162(6):243-249.
[20]Ward A J,Hobbs P J,Holliman P J,et al.Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(17):7928-7940.
[21]Siripatana C,Jijai S,Kongjan P.Analysis and extension of Gompertz-type and Monod-type equations for estimation of design parameters from batch anaerobic digestion experiments[C].Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematics,Engineering and Industrial Applications,2016.
[22]张晓琰,彭学,政井英司.木质素芳香族化合物降解菌Sphingobium sp.SYK-6的研究进展[J].微生物学报,2014,54(8):854-867.Zhang Xiaoyan,Peng Xue,Zheng Jingyingsi.Research progress of lignin aromatic compound degrading bacteria Sphingobium sp.SYK-6[J].Journal of Microbiology,2014,54(8):854-867.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Wan C,Li Y.Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass[J].Biotechnology Advances,2012,30(6):1447-1457.
[24]Wang M,Zhou J,Yuan Y X,et al.Methane production characteristics and microbial community dynamics of mono-digestion and co-digestion using corn stalk and pig manure[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(8):4893-4901.
[25]孔维涛,胡栋,马福民,等.低温沼气发酵优良菌系筛选及优势菌群分析[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(9):1590-1598.Kong Weitao,Hu Dong,Ma Fumin,et al.Screening and Dominant population analysis of microbial strains in Biogas fermentation under the low temperature[J].Microbiology China,2013,40(9):1590-1598.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]毕少杰,孙宇,孙志远,等.酸化处理对牛粪厌氧发酵有机酸和细菌多样性的影响[J].中国沼气,2015,33(4):18-25.Bi Shaojie,Sun Yu,Sun Zhiyuan,et al.Effects of acidification on anaerobic fermentation of organic acids and bacteria in cattle manure[J].China Biogas,2015,33(4):18-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Luo L N,Li W Z,Dou Y C,et al.Effect of urea pretreatments on solid-state anaerobic digestion of rice straw for improving biogas production[J].International Agricultural Engineering Journal,2013,22(1):7-13.
[28]Wiegant W M,Zeeman G.The mechanism of ammonia inhibition in the thermophilic digestion of livestock wastes[J].Agricultural Wastes,1986,16(4):243-253.
[29]曹先艳,赵由才,袁玉玉,等.氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响[J].太阳能学报,2008,29(6):751-755.Cao Xianyang,Zhao Youcai,Yuan Yuyu,et al.Effect of Ammonia nitrogen on hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2008,29(6):751-755.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]任南琪.厌氧生物技术原理与应用[M].北京:北京化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心,2004.
[31]Rouches E,Herpo?l-gimbert I,Steyer J P,et al.Improvement of anaerobic degradation by white-rot fungi pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass:A review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016(59):179-198.
[32]Sheng K C,Xiang C,Pan J M,et al.Effect of ammonia and nitrate on biogas production from food waste via anaerobic digestion[J].Biosystems Engineering,2013,116(2):205-212.
[33]王渝昆,袁月祥,李东,等.产甲烷复合菌剂的性能评价及中试试验产气效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(16):247-255.Wang Yukun,Yuan Yuexiang,Li Dong,et al.Performance of evaluation of methanogenic microbial inoculant and its effect of biogas production in pilot scale test[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(16):247-255.
[34]Mustafa A M,Poulsen T G,Xia Y,et al.Combinations of fungal and milling pretreatments for enhancing rice straw biogas production during solid-state anaerobic digestion[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,224(174)
[35]Chandra R,Takeuchi H,Hasegawa T.Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes:A review in context to second generation of biofuel production[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(3):1462-1476.
[2]张崇尚,刘乐,陆岐楠,等.中国秸秆能源化利用潜力与秸秆能源企业区域布局研究[J].资源科学,2017,39(3):473-481.Zhang Chongshang,Liu Le,Lu Qinan,et al.Research on China's straw energy utilization potential and regional distribution of straw energy enterprises[J].Resources Science,2017,39(3):473-481.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Cui M M,Jiang L L,Yan T W.Potential evaluation and market assessment on crop straw resource utilization based on resource density[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(6):117-131.
[4]Liew L N,Shi J,Li Y.Methane production from solid-state anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2012(46):125-132.
[5]Hu H X,Ma Y H,Wang Y F,et al.Resource utilization of returned rapeseed straw and its effect on soil fertility and crop yields[J].Nature Environment&Pollution Technology,2013,12(3):449-454.
[6]Frigon J C,Guio T S R.Biomethane production from starch and lignocellulosic crops:A comparative review[J].Biofuels,Bioproducts and Biorefining,2010,4(4):447-458.
[7]Feijoo G,Soto M,Méndez R,et al.Sodium inhibition in the anaerobic digestion process:Antagonism and adaptation phenomena[J].Enzyme&Microbial Technology,1995,17(2):180-188.
[8]Yong Z,Dong Y,Zhang X,et al.Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and straw for biogas production[J].Renewable Energy,2015(78):527-530.
[9]Li W,Luo L,Dou Y,et al.Wet and dry coupling anaerobic fermentation process and fermentation characteristic test[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(5):148-153.
[10]李强,曲浩丽,承磊,等.沼气干发酵技术研究进展[J].中国沼气,2010,28(5):10-14.Li Qiang,Qu Haoli,Cheng Lei,et al.Research progress of biogas dry fermentation technology[J].China Biogas,2010,28(5):10-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]韩梦龙,朱继英,张国康.接种物种类对玉米秸秆沼气干发酵过程的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(10):2586-2591.Han Menglong,Zhu Jiying,Zhang Guokang.Effects of inoculum species on dry fermentation of corn stalk biogas[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2014,34(10):2586-2591.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Mustafa A M,Poulsen T G,Sheng K.Fungal pretreatment of rice straw with Pleurotus ostreatus and Trichoderma reesei to enhance methane production under solid-state anaerobic digestion[J].Applied Energy,2016,180:661-671.
[13]Guendouz J,Buffiere P,Cacho J,et al.Dry anaerobic digestion in batch mode:Design and operation of a laboratory-scale,completely mixed reactor[J].Waste Management,2010,30(10):1768-1771.
[14]于佳动,赵立欣,冯晶,等.序批式秸秆牛粪混合厌氧干发酵影响因素研究[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):215-221.Yu Jiadong,Zhao Linxin,Feng Jing,et al.Influence factors of batch dry anaerobic digestion for corn stalks-cow dung mixture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(15):215-221.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]何荣玉,闫志英,刘晓风,等.秸秆干发酵沼气增产研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007(4):583-585.He Rongyu,Yan Zhiying,Liu Xiaofeng,et al.Study on yield increase of straw dry fermentation biogas[J].Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2007(4):583-585.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Akyol?,Ozbayra M E G,Ince O,et al.Anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure and barley:Effect of cow manure to barley ratio on methane production and digestion stability[J].Environmental Progress&Sustainable Energy,2016,35(2):589-595.
[17]朱美华,葛沭锋,王庆刚,等.用纳氏试剂法测定氨氮时校准曲线的时效性研究[J].能源环境保护,2018,32(4):51-54.Zhu Meihua,Ge Shufeng,Wang Qinggang,et al.Timeliness of calibration curve for determination of ammonia nitrogen by Nessler's reagent method[J].Energy Conservation,2018,32(4):51-54.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]王金主,王元秀,李峰,等.玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的测定[J].山东食品发酵,2010(3):44-47.Wang Jinzhu,Wang Yuanxiu,Li Feng,et al.Determination of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin in corn stover[J].Shandong Food Fermentation,2010(3):44-47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Yu L,Bule M,Ma J,et al.Enhancing volatile fatty acid(VFA)and bio-methane production from lawn grass with pretreatment[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,162(6):243-249.
[20]Ward A J,Hobbs P J,Holliman P J,et al.Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(17):7928-7940.
[21]Siripatana C,Jijai S,Kongjan P.Analysis and extension of Gompertz-type and Monod-type equations for estimation of design parameters from batch anaerobic digestion experiments[C].Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematics,Engineering and Industrial Applications,2016.
[22]张晓琰,彭学,政井英司.木质素芳香族化合物降解菌Sphingobium sp.SYK-6的研究进展[J].微生物学报,2014,54(8):854-867.Zhang Xiaoyan,Peng Xue,Zheng Jingyingsi.Research progress of lignin aromatic compound degrading bacteria Sphingobium sp.SYK-6[J].Journal of Microbiology,2014,54(8):854-867.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Wan C,Li Y.Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass[J].Biotechnology Advances,2012,30(6):1447-1457.
[24]Wang M,Zhou J,Yuan Y X,et al.Methane production characteristics and microbial community dynamics of mono-digestion and co-digestion using corn stalk and pig manure[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(8):4893-4901.
[25]孔维涛,胡栋,马福民,等.低温沼气发酵优良菌系筛选及优势菌群分析[J].微生物学通报,2013,40(9):1590-1598.Kong Weitao,Hu Dong,Ma Fumin,et al.Screening and Dominant population analysis of microbial strains in Biogas fermentation under the low temperature[J].Microbiology China,2013,40(9):1590-1598.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]毕少杰,孙宇,孙志远,等.酸化处理对牛粪厌氧发酵有机酸和细菌多样性的影响[J].中国沼气,2015,33(4):18-25.Bi Shaojie,Sun Yu,Sun Zhiyuan,et al.Effects of acidification on anaerobic fermentation of organic acids and bacteria in cattle manure[J].China Biogas,2015,33(4):18-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Luo L N,Li W Z,Dou Y C,et al.Effect of urea pretreatments on solid-state anaerobic digestion of rice straw for improving biogas production[J].International Agricultural Engineering Journal,2013,22(1):7-13.
[28]Wiegant W M,Zeeman G.The mechanism of ammonia inhibition in the thermophilic digestion of livestock wastes[J].Agricultural Wastes,1986,16(4):243-253.
[29]曹先艳,赵由才,袁玉玉,等.氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响[J].太阳能学报,2008,29(6):751-755.Cao Xianyang,Zhao Youcai,Yuan Yuyu,et al.Effect of Ammonia nitrogen on hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2008,29(6):751-755.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]任南琪.厌氧生物技术原理与应用[M].北京:北京化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心,2004.
[31]Rouches E,Herpo?l-gimbert I,Steyer J P,et al.Improvement of anaerobic degradation by white-rot fungi pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass:A review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016(59):179-198.
[32]Sheng K C,Xiang C,Pan J M,et al.Effect of ammonia and nitrate on biogas production from food waste via anaerobic digestion[J].Biosystems Engineering,2013,116(2):205-212.
[33]王渝昆,袁月祥,李东,等.产甲烷复合菌剂的性能评价及中试试验产气效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(16):247-255.Wang Yukun,Yuan Yuexiang,Li Dong,et al.Performance of evaluation of methanogenic microbial inoculant and its effect of biogas production in pilot scale test[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(16):247-255.
[34]Mustafa A M,Poulsen T G,Xia Y,et al.Combinations of fungal and milling pretreatments for enhancing rice straw biogas production during solid-state anaerobic digestion[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,224(174)
[35]Chandra R,Takeuchi H,Hasegawa T.Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes:A review in context to second generation of biofuel production[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(3):1462-1476.