黑河上游冰沟流域土壤养分与微生物空间异质性研究
|
摘要
为了深入研究黑河上游冰沟流域不同海拔下土壤微生物数量与土壤理化性质的关系,本研究采集了黑河上游冰沟流域10个不同海拔梯度0~20cm土层土壤,进行理化性质测定和可培养微生物的种类及数量分析,并探讨其垂直分布特征和变化规律。结果表明:不同海拔梯度土壤养分差异显著(P<0.05),其中有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷在3204~3479m海拔处含量较高,而土壤中全钾和速效钾在中低海拔处含量较高。不同海拔和植被类型土壤中可培养微生物的数量和种类差异显著(P<0.05),灌木林微生物数量最高,其次为草地,乔木林最低。其中解磷菌、解钾菌和真菌主要分布在3250m海拔处,而硅酸盐细菌和芽孢杆菌在2911和3071m海拔处最高。解磷菌、解钾菌、硅酸盐细菌和真菌与植被盖度呈正相关且差异显著(P<0.05);真菌与全氮、全磷呈正相关且差异极显著(P<0.01),而解磷菌与全氮、全磷呈正相关且差异显著(P<0.05),芽孢杆菌与pH值呈正相关且差异显著(P<0.05)。在主成分分析中,有机碳,速效磷、全氮和全磷是影响土壤养分的主要因素,不同海拔土壤养分通过综合评价,在海拔3479m处肥力最好,其次为3204、2911m处,在海拔3172m处最低;微生物的主成分分析表明,在海拔3250m处排序第一,其次为2911m处。以上结果表明,土壤养分含量、微生物数量的空间变异主要受海拔和植被及植被盖度的影响。
In order to study changes in bacteria abundance and communities in response to soil factors in Binggou Valley,the upper reaches of Heihe,we collected 10 surface soil samples at different altitudes and analyzed the culturable microorganisms' abundance and the soils' physico-chemical properties.The results showed that soil nutrients vary markedly by altitude.High concentrations of soil organic carbon(SOC),total N and P,nitrate N,ammonium N and available P were found at high altitudes,while the concentrations of total K and available K were high at low altitudes.The abundance and diversity of culturable microorganisms vary markedly according to vegetation types and degree of cover.The abundance of phosphorus bacteria and fungi are significantly positively related to total N and P(P<0.05).Bacillus is significantly positively related to pH(P<0.05).The comprehensive evaluation of soil composition at different altitudes showed that the most fertile soil is located at 3479 maltitude,the second most fertile at 3204 m,followed by 2911 and 3172 m.Analysis of surface soil composition showed that phosphorus bacteria,potassium bacteria and silicate bacterium are the dominant strains.Analysis of the main components of microorganisms showed the most significant diversity in samples taken at 3205 maltitude.These results indicate that soil nutrients and microorganism abundance in the Binggou valley are mainly influenced by altitude,vegetation types and degree of cover.
In order to study changes in bacteria abundance and communities in response to soil factors in Binggou Valley,the upper reaches of Heihe,we collected 10 surface soil samples at different altitudes and analyzed the culturable microorganisms' abundance and the soils' physico-chemical properties.The results showed that soil nutrients vary markedly by altitude.High concentrations of soil organic carbon(SOC),total N and P,nitrate N,ammonium N and available P were found at high altitudes,while the concentrations of total K and available K were high at low altitudes.The abundance and diversity of culturable microorganisms vary markedly according to vegetation types and degree of cover.The abundance of phosphorus bacteria and fungi are significantly positively related to total N and P(P<0.05).Bacillus is significantly positively related to pH(P<0.05).The comprehensive evaluation of soil composition at different altitudes showed that the most fertile soil is located at 3479 maltitude,the second most fertile at 3204 m,followed by 2911 and 3172 m.Analysis of surface soil composition showed that phosphorus bacteria,potassium bacteria and silicate bacterium are the dominant strains.Analysis of the main components of microorganisms showed the most significant diversity in samples taken at 3205 maltitude.These results indicate that soil nutrients and microorganism abundance in the Binggou valley are mainly influenced by altitude,vegetation types and degree of cover.
引文
[1]Chen H Z,Su D S,LüX,et al.Dynamic characteristics of soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon of evergreen broad-leaved foresting Wuyi mountain.Journal of Agriculture,2011,1(10):38-42.陈涵贞,苏德森,吕新,等.武夷山常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的动态特征.农学学报,2011,1(10):38-42.
[2]Meng Y,Xue J Y,Sha L Q,et al.Variations of soil NH4-N,NO3-N and N mineralization under different forests in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25(1):99-104.孟盈,薛敬意,沙丽清,等,西双版纳不同热带森林下土壤铵态氮和硝态氮动态研究.植物生态学报,2001,25(1):99-104.
[3]Hu Z D,Liu S R,Shi Z M,et al.Variations of soil nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen of Quercus aquifolioides forest at different attitudes in Balang Mountains,Sichuan.Forest Research,2012,25(3):261-268.胡宗达,刘世荣,史作民,等.川滇高山栎林土壤氮素和微生物量碳氮随海拔变化的特征.林业科学研究,2012,25(3):261-268.
[4]Yu S,Li Y.Study on the soil microbial biomass as a bio-indicator of soil quality in the red earth ecosystem.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1999,36(3):413-422.俞慎,李勇.土壤微生物生物量作为红壤质量生物指标的探讨.土壤学报,1999,36(3):413-422.
[5]Peng P Q,Zhang W J,Tong C L,et al.Ertical distribution of soil organic carbon,nitrogen and microbial biomass C,N at soil profiles in wetlands of Dongting Lake floodplain.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(1):49-53.彭佩钦,张文菊,童成立,等.洞庭湖典型湿地土壤碳,氮和微生物碳,氮及其垂直分布.水土保持学报,2005,19(1):49-53.
[6]Zhang X,Zhao X,Zhang M.Functional diversity changes of microbial communities along a soil aquifer for reclaimed water recharge.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2012,80(1):9-18.
[7]Chen D D,Zhang S H,Du G Z.Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization potential along an altitudinal gradient on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2010,46(3):86-96.陈懂懂,张世虎,杜国祯.青藏高原东北缘不同海拔梯度土壤微生物量与氮矿化的潜力.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(3):86-96.
[8]Richardson A E,Simpson R J.Soil microorganisms mediating phosphorus availability update on microbial phosphorus.Plant Physiology,2011,156(3):989-996.
[9]Ge H L,Ji X E.Screening identification and promoting effects of potassium-solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere of cucumber.Northern Horticulture,2017,(13):21-25.葛红莲,纪秀娥.黄瓜根际解钾细菌的分离筛选、鉴定及其促生效果.北方园艺,2017,(13):21-25.
[10]Wu Z Y,Lin W X,Chen Z F,et al.Variations of soil microbial community diversity along an elevational gradient in mid-subtropical forest.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(5):397-406.吴则焰,林文雄,陈志芳,等.中亚热带森林土壤微生物群落多样性随海拔梯度的变化.植物生态学报,2013,37(5):397-406.
[11]Zhang Y,Qin J H,Zhao Y C,et al.Change of soil physical and chemical properties organic carbon and nutrients of different soil profile on different forest Binggou of Heihe basin.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):126-130.张勇,秦嘉海,赵芸晨,等.黑河上游冰沟流域不同林地土壤理化性质及有机碳和养分的剖面变化规律.水土保持学报,2013,27(2):126-130.
[12]Mao W L,Tai X S,Wu X K,et al.Altitudinal variation characteristics of the cultivable soil bacterial community on the upper reaches of the Heihe river,Qilian mountain.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(2):447-456.毛文梁,台喜生,伍修锟,等.黑河上游祁连山区土壤可培养细菌群落生境的垂直分异特征.冰川冻土,2013,35(2):447-456.
[13]Wang F,Meng H F,Hou D M,et al.Relationship between soil organic carbon distribution and soil properties among three woodlands at Ice Valley in the upper reaches of Heihe basin.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(4):640-646.王凤,孟浩峰,侯德明,等.黑河上游冰沟流域3种林地土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系.草业科学,2015,32(4):640-646.
[14]Qiu L H,Qin J H,Zhang Y.Effect of banning grazing on alpine meadow soil organic carbon,physio-chemical properties and enzyme activities in Binggou Watershed,Qilian Mountain.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(4):178-184.邱丽华,秦嘉海,张勇.禁牧对祁连山冰沟流域高山草甸土有机碳及理化性质和酶活性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(4):178-184.
[15]Liu Z W,Chen R S,Song Y X,et al.Estimation of aboveground biomass for alpine shrubs in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin,Northwestern China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(9):5513-5521.
[16]Tai X S,Yang X L,Liu G X,et al.Variations of N-and P-cycling bacterial populations along with altitude in the Qilian Mountain.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):214-221.台喜生,杨秀丽,刘光琇,等.祁连山不同海拔氮磷循环细菌数量变化特征.冰川冻土,2014,36(1):214-221.
[17]Lu Q Z,Ma R P,Zhang L.Specien diversity of Qinghai Qilian mountain area.Qinghai Prataculture,2009,18(4):24-26.逯庆章,马仁萍,张灵.青海祁连山地物种多样性分析.青海草业,2009,18(4):24-26.
[18]The National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center.Soil analysis technology standard(2nd Ed).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2009.全国农业技术推广服务中心.土壤分析技术规范(第二版).北京:中国农业出版社,2009.
[19]Zhang J E.A common experimental study of methods and techniques on ecology.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2006.章家恩.生态学常用实验研究方法与技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[20]Wu J S,Lin Q M,Huang Q Y,et al.Soil microbial biomass-method and application.Beijing:China Meteorology Press,2006.吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量的测定方法及其应用.北京:气象出版社,2006.
[21]Xiao G G,Sun D S,Cao F.Wearthering of silicate minerals by metabolites produced by silicate bacteria in culture experiments.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2013,33(1):8-15.肖国光,孙德四,曹飞.硅酸盐细菌代谢产物影响斜长石风化作用的模拟试验.矿物岩石,2013,33(1):8-15.
[22]Li Z G,Luo Y M,Teng Y.Research method of soil and environmental microorganism.Beijing:Science Press,2008,52-61.李振高,骆永明,滕应.土壤与环境微生物研究法.北京:科学出版社,2008,52-61.
[23]Yang J X,Guo B L,Zhang W H,et al.The studies of principal component analysis on the main economic character and superior variety selection of walnut.Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2001,24(4):39-42.杨俊霞,郭宝林,张卫红,等.核桃主要经济性状的主成分分析及优良品种选择的研究.河北农业大学学报,2001,24(4):39-42.
[24]Zhang J P,Zhang L B,Wang F Y,et al.Spatial variation of soil nutrient contents in the Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve.Soils,2014,46(20):262-268.张继平,张林波,王风玉,等.井冈山国家级自然保护区森林土壤养分含量的空间变化.土壤,2014,46(20):262-268.
[25]Hu Q W,Ouyang H,Liu X D.Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen along the altitudinal belt in the northern slope of Qilian Mountains.Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(6):654-661.胡启武,欧阳华,刘贤德.祁连山北坡垂直带土壤碳氮分布特征.山地学报,2006,24(6):654-661.
[26]Gao Y,Xu Y J,Chen W L,et al.Changes and coupling of C and N in hillslope cropland of purple soil and microbial biomass.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(7):1794-1800.高扬,徐亚娟,陈维梁,等.紫色土坡耕地C,N与微生物C,N变化及其耦合特征.环境科学学报,2014,34(7):1794-1800.
[27]Xiang S M,Lu M,Xu L B,et al.Nitrogen content and microbial characteristics of forest soil of 5stands.Journal of West China Forestry Science,2008,37(1):41-45.向仕敏,陆梅,徐柳斌,等.5种林分类型林地土壤氮含量与其土壤微生物学性质的研究.西部林业科学,2008,37(1):41-45.
[28]Liu G X,Dong X P,Zhang W,et al.The changing mechanisms of microbial number on surface soil with altitude.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(6):1170-1174.刘光琇,董小培,张威,等.不同海拔表层土壤微生物数量消长的机理.冰川冻土,2010,32(6):1170-1174.
[29]Shi H X,Yu J L.Quantity of microbes in the different vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(1):47-51.石红霄,于健龙.青藏高原不同植被类型土壤微生物数量及影响因子.土壤通报,2012,43(1):47-51.
[30]Liu B R,Zhang X Z,Hu T H,et al.Soil microbial diversity under typical vegetation zones along an elevation gradient in Helan Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(22):7211-7220.刘秉儒,张秀珍,胡天华,等.贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性.生态学报,2013,33(22):7211-7220.
[2]Meng Y,Xue J Y,Sha L Q,et al.Variations of soil NH4-N,NO3-N and N mineralization under different forests in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2001,25(1):99-104.孟盈,薛敬意,沙丽清,等,西双版纳不同热带森林下土壤铵态氮和硝态氮动态研究.植物生态学报,2001,25(1):99-104.
[3]Hu Z D,Liu S R,Shi Z M,et al.Variations of soil nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen of Quercus aquifolioides forest at different attitudes in Balang Mountains,Sichuan.Forest Research,2012,25(3):261-268.胡宗达,刘世荣,史作民,等.川滇高山栎林土壤氮素和微生物量碳氮随海拔变化的特征.林业科学研究,2012,25(3):261-268.
[4]Yu S,Li Y.Study on the soil microbial biomass as a bio-indicator of soil quality in the red earth ecosystem.Acta Pedologica Sinica,1999,36(3):413-422.俞慎,李勇.土壤微生物生物量作为红壤质量生物指标的探讨.土壤学报,1999,36(3):413-422.
[5]Peng P Q,Zhang W J,Tong C L,et al.Ertical distribution of soil organic carbon,nitrogen and microbial biomass C,N at soil profiles in wetlands of Dongting Lake floodplain.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(1):49-53.彭佩钦,张文菊,童成立,等.洞庭湖典型湿地土壤碳,氮和微生物碳,氮及其垂直分布.水土保持学报,2005,19(1):49-53.
[6]Zhang X,Zhao X,Zhang M.Functional diversity changes of microbial communities along a soil aquifer for reclaimed water recharge.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2012,80(1):9-18.
[7]Chen D D,Zhang S H,Du G Z.Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization potential along an altitudinal gradient on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2010,46(3):86-96.陈懂懂,张世虎,杜国祯.青藏高原东北缘不同海拔梯度土壤微生物量与氮矿化的潜力.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(3):86-96.
[8]Richardson A E,Simpson R J.Soil microorganisms mediating phosphorus availability update on microbial phosphorus.Plant Physiology,2011,156(3):989-996.
[9]Ge H L,Ji X E.Screening identification and promoting effects of potassium-solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere of cucumber.Northern Horticulture,2017,(13):21-25.葛红莲,纪秀娥.黄瓜根际解钾细菌的分离筛选、鉴定及其促生效果.北方园艺,2017,(13):21-25.
[10]Wu Z Y,Lin W X,Chen Z F,et al.Variations of soil microbial community diversity along an elevational gradient in mid-subtropical forest.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(5):397-406.吴则焰,林文雄,陈志芳,等.中亚热带森林土壤微生物群落多样性随海拔梯度的变化.植物生态学报,2013,37(5):397-406.
[11]Zhang Y,Qin J H,Zhao Y C,et al.Change of soil physical and chemical properties organic carbon and nutrients of different soil profile on different forest Binggou of Heihe basin.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):126-130.张勇,秦嘉海,赵芸晨,等.黑河上游冰沟流域不同林地土壤理化性质及有机碳和养分的剖面变化规律.水土保持学报,2013,27(2):126-130.
[12]Mao W L,Tai X S,Wu X K,et al.Altitudinal variation characteristics of the cultivable soil bacterial community on the upper reaches of the Heihe river,Qilian mountain.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(2):447-456.毛文梁,台喜生,伍修锟,等.黑河上游祁连山区土壤可培养细菌群落生境的垂直分异特征.冰川冻土,2013,35(2):447-456.
[13]Wang F,Meng H F,Hou D M,et al.Relationship between soil organic carbon distribution and soil properties among three woodlands at Ice Valley in the upper reaches of Heihe basin.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(4):640-646.王凤,孟浩峰,侯德明,等.黑河上游冰沟流域3种林地土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系.草业科学,2015,32(4):640-646.
[14]Qiu L H,Qin J H,Zhang Y.Effect of banning grazing on alpine meadow soil organic carbon,physio-chemical properties and enzyme activities in Binggou Watershed,Qilian Mountain.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(4):178-184.邱丽华,秦嘉海,张勇.禁牧对祁连山冰沟流域高山草甸土有机碳及理化性质和酶活性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(4):178-184.
[15]Liu Z W,Chen R S,Song Y X,et al.Estimation of aboveground biomass for alpine shrubs in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin,Northwestern China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(9):5513-5521.
[16]Tai X S,Yang X L,Liu G X,et al.Variations of N-and P-cycling bacterial populations along with altitude in the Qilian Mountain.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):214-221.台喜生,杨秀丽,刘光琇,等.祁连山不同海拔氮磷循环细菌数量变化特征.冰川冻土,2014,36(1):214-221.
[17]Lu Q Z,Ma R P,Zhang L.Specien diversity of Qinghai Qilian mountain area.Qinghai Prataculture,2009,18(4):24-26.逯庆章,马仁萍,张灵.青海祁连山地物种多样性分析.青海草业,2009,18(4):24-26.
[18]The National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center.Soil analysis technology standard(2nd Ed).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2009.全国农业技术推广服务中心.土壤分析技术规范(第二版).北京:中国农业出版社,2009.
[19]Zhang J E.A common experimental study of methods and techniques on ecology.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2006.章家恩.生态学常用实验研究方法与技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[20]Wu J S,Lin Q M,Huang Q Y,et al.Soil microbial biomass-method and application.Beijing:China Meteorology Press,2006.吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量的测定方法及其应用.北京:气象出版社,2006.
[21]Xiao G G,Sun D S,Cao F.Wearthering of silicate minerals by metabolites produced by silicate bacteria in culture experiments.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2013,33(1):8-15.肖国光,孙德四,曹飞.硅酸盐细菌代谢产物影响斜长石风化作用的模拟试验.矿物岩石,2013,33(1):8-15.
[22]Li Z G,Luo Y M,Teng Y.Research method of soil and environmental microorganism.Beijing:Science Press,2008,52-61.李振高,骆永明,滕应.土壤与环境微生物研究法.北京:科学出版社,2008,52-61.
[23]Yang J X,Guo B L,Zhang W H,et al.The studies of principal component analysis on the main economic character and superior variety selection of walnut.Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2001,24(4):39-42.杨俊霞,郭宝林,张卫红,等.核桃主要经济性状的主成分分析及优良品种选择的研究.河北农业大学学报,2001,24(4):39-42.
[24]Zhang J P,Zhang L B,Wang F Y,et al.Spatial variation of soil nutrient contents in the Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve.Soils,2014,46(20):262-268.张继平,张林波,王风玉,等.井冈山国家级自然保护区森林土壤养分含量的空间变化.土壤,2014,46(20):262-268.
[25]Hu Q W,Ouyang H,Liu X D.Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen along the altitudinal belt in the northern slope of Qilian Mountains.Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(6):654-661.胡启武,欧阳华,刘贤德.祁连山北坡垂直带土壤碳氮分布特征.山地学报,2006,24(6):654-661.
[26]Gao Y,Xu Y J,Chen W L,et al.Changes and coupling of C and N in hillslope cropland of purple soil and microbial biomass.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(7):1794-1800.高扬,徐亚娟,陈维梁,等.紫色土坡耕地C,N与微生物C,N变化及其耦合特征.环境科学学报,2014,34(7):1794-1800.
[27]Xiang S M,Lu M,Xu L B,et al.Nitrogen content and microbial characteristics of forest soil of 5stands.Journal of West China Forestry Science,2008,37(1):41-45.向仕敏,陆梅,徐柳斌,等.5种林分类型林地土壤氮含量与其土壤微生物学性质的研究.西部林业科学,2008,37(1):41-45.
[28]Liu G X,Dong X P,Zhang W,et al.The changing mechanisms of microbial number on surface soil with altitude.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(6):1170-1174.刘光琇,董小培,张威,等.不同海拔表层土壤微生物数量消长的机理.冰川冻土,2010,32(6):1170-1174.
[29]Shi H X,Yu J L.Quantity of microbes in the different vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(1):47-51.石红霄,于健龙.青藏高原不同植被类型土壤微生物数量及影响因子.土壤通报,2012,43(1):47-51.
[30]Liu B R,Zhang X Z,Hu T H,et al.Soil microbial diversity under typical vegetation zones along an elevation gradient in Helan Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(22):7211-7220.刘秉儒,张秀珍,胡天华,等.贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性.生态学报,2013,33(22):7211-7220.