基于DEM的坡形与水土流失的关系——以西溪小流域为研究区
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摘要
为探讨对水土保持及生态环境的保护具有重要意义的坡形与水土流失关系,弥补以往多基于小区或室内试验的代表性不足,以DEM为基础数据,在现有P指数的基础上构建了表征纵向坡形的Pv指数,并以西溪流域中的小流域为研究区域,分析坡形-水土流失关系。结果表明:1)Pv指数表征的坡形-水土流失关系更符合小区试验结果,因此在量化纵向坡形方面更合理;2)总体上,直线坡的水土流失强度最大,然后向凸形坡和凹形坡的方向递减,且凸形坡的水土流失强度大于凹形坡,但坡度<15°时,直线坡的水土流失强度降为最小,向两侧递增;3)坡形对水土流失的作用小于坡度、大于坡长,且坡度为25°～35°、坡长为30～50m时该作用最显著;3)坡形对水土流失的作用主要集中在微凸坡和微凹坡与直线坡之间,其他坡形对水土流失的作用较小,因此Pv为-0.4～-0.2和0.2～0.4时改造坡形对防止水土流失的收效最佳。
The study the relationship between slope shape and Soil and Water Loss(SWL)taking DEM as main data,Pvindex representing profile slope shape is established on the basis of Pindex,and then taking a catchment in Xixi watershed as the study area to research the relationship between slope shape and SWL.The results show that:1)The rationality of Pvindex on representing profile slope shape is confirmed by comparing with previous studies which based on plot or artificial rainfall experiments.2)The relationship between slope shape and SWL generally shows SWL at uniform slope is the greatest and descends following the direction of convex slope and concave slope.SWL at convex slope is greater than that at concave slope.However,there is an exception that SWL at uniform slope is the smallest when slope gradient lower than 15°and increases following the direction of convex slope and concave slope.3)The effort of slope shape on SWL is less than slope gradient and greater than slope length,which is the most significant when slope gradient within 25°-35°and slope length within 30-50 m.4)The effect of slope shape on SWL is more significant when between micro convex slope and micro concave slope,while the effect at other shapes is more obscure,therefore,transformation slope shape when Pv within-0.4--0.2 or 0.2-0.4 is the most effective for water and soil conservation.The results can provide a novel way to study the relationship between slope shape and SWL,which is also helpful for the prevention and control on SWL.
The study the relationship between slope shape and Soil and Water Loss(SWL)taking DEM as main data,Pvindex representing profile slope shape is established on the basis of Pindex,and then taking a catchment in Xixi watershed as the study area to research the relationship between slope shape and SWL.The results show that:1)The rationality of Pvindex on representing profile slope shape is confirmed by comparing with previous studies which based on plot or artificial rainfall experiments.2)The relationship between slope shape and SWL generally shows SWL at uniform slope is the greatest and descends following the direction of convex slope and concave slope.SWL at convex slope is greater than that at concave slope.However,there is an exception that SWL at uniform slope is the smallest when slope gradient lower than 15°and increases following the direction of convex slope and concave slope.3)The effort of slope shape on SWL is less than slope gradient and greater than slope length,which is the most significant when slope gradient within 25°-35°and slope length within 30-50 m.4)The effect of slope shape on SWL is more significant when between micro convex slope and micro concave slope,while the effect at other shapes is more obscure,therefore,transformation slope shape when Pv within-0.4--0.2 or 0.2-0.4 is the most effective for water and soil conservation.The results can provide a novel way to study the relationship between slope shape and SWL,which is also helpful for the prevention and control on SWL.
引文
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[5]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,程先富.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38Zhao M S,Li D C,Zhang G L,Cheng X F.Evaluation of soil erosion and soil nutrient loss in Anhui Province based on RUSLE model[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):28-38(in Chinese)
[6]潘美慧,伍永秋,任斐鹏,董一帆,江源.基于USLE的东江流域土壤侵蚀量估算[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2154-2164Pan M H,Wu Y Q,Ren F P,Dong Y F,Jiang Y.Estimating soil erosion in the Dongjiang River basin based on USLE[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2154-2164(in Chinese)
[7] Yoshimura K,Onda Y,Kato H.Evaluation of radiocaesium wash-off by soil erosion from various land uses using USLE plots[J].Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,2015,139:362-369
[8]王效科,欧阳志云,肖寒,苗鸿,傅伯杰.中国水土流失敏感性分布规律及其区划研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(1):14-19Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,Xiao H,Miao H,Fu B J.Distribution and division of sensitivity to water-caused soil loss in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(1):14-19(in Chinese)
[9]徐刚.小流域水土流失地形因素的定量评价与分析:以黄水河流流域为例[D].济南:山东师范大学,2010Xu G.Analysis and quantitative evaluation of soil and water loss topography factors in small watershed:The case ofHuangshui River basin[D].Jinan:Shandong Normal University,2010(in Chinese)
[10]郭明航,杨勤科,王春梅.中国主要水蚀典型区侵蚀地形特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):81-89Guo M H,Yang Q K,Wang C M.Analysis on erosional terrain characteristics of typical samples in main water erosion region of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(13):81-89(in Chinese)
[11]徐勇,杨波,刘国彬,刘普灵.黄土高原作物产量及水土流失地形分异模拟[J].地理学报,2008,63(11):1218-1226Xu Y, Yang B, Liu G B,Liu P L. Topographic differentiation simulation of crop yield and soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(11):1218-1226(in Chinese)
[12]张宏鸣,杨勤科,李锐,刘晴蕊.基于GIS和多流向算法的流域坡度与坡长估算[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(10):159-164Zhang H M,Yang Q K,Li R,Liu Q R.Estimation methods of slope gradient and slope length in watershed based on GIS and multiple flow direction algorithm[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(10):159-164(in Chinese)
[13]杨丽娜,范昊明,郭成久,王铁良,郑国相.不同坡形坡面侵蚀规律试验研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(4):237-239,243Yang L N,Fan H M,Guo C J,Wang T L,Zheng G X.Experimental study of soil erosion in different slope[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(4):237-239,243(in Chinese)
[14]于晓杰,魏勇明.不同坡形坡面侵蚀产沙过程的影响研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):97-100Yu X J, Wei Y M.Study on soil erosion characters in different slopes[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(1):97-100(in Chinese)
[15]范昊明,王铁良,周丽丽,武敏,于晓杰,郭成久.不同坡形坡面径流流速时空分异特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(6):35-38Fan H M,Wang T L,Zhou L L,Wu M,Yu X J,Guo C J.Study on temporal and spatial variation of current velocity on different form slopes[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(6):35-38(in Chinese)
[16] Sensoy H,Kara O.Slope shape effect on runoff and soil erosion under natural rainfall conditions[J].IForestBiogeosciences and Forestry,2014,7(2):110-114
[17] Gray D.Effect ofslope shape on soil erosion[J].Journal of Civil&Environment Engineering,2016,6(3):231
[18] Rieke-Zapp D H,Nearing M A.Slope shape effects on erosion:A laboratory study[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,69:1463-1471
[19]李俊.基于GIS的小流域坡度坡长因子计算方法研究[D].西安:西北农林大学,2011Li J.Calculation of slope length and slope gradient factors based on GIS in small watershed[D].Xian:Northwest A&F University,2011(in Chinese)
[20]黄栋,乔建平,张小刚,陈宇龙.堆积层斜坡地震动地形效应试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(3):587-598Huang D,Qiao J P,Zhang X G,Chen Y L.Experimental research of the topographic effects of slopes in earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(3):587-598(in Chinese)
[21]焦超卫.基于DEM的1∶50 000区域尺度水土流失地形因子研究:以黄土高原部分样区的实验为例[D].西安:西北大学,2006Jiao C W.A research on 1∶50 000regional soil and water loss topographic factors based on DEM:Sampled on several regions of Loess Plateau[D].Xian:Northwest University,2006(in Chinese)
[22]邓欧平,周稀,黄萍萍,邓良基.川中紫色丘区土壤养分空间分异与地形因子相关性研究[J].资源科学,2013,35(12):2434-2443Deng O P,Zhou X,Huang P P,Deng L J.Correlations between spatial variability of soil nutrients and topographic factors in the purple hilly region of Sichuan[J].Resources Science,2013,35(12):2434-2443(in Chinese)
[23]张宏,温永宁,刘爱利.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2006Zhang H,Wen Y N,Liu A L.Algorithm Foundation of Geographic Information System[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2006(in Chinese)
[24]林敬兰,黄炎和,张德斌,王妍,陈起军,陈记平,武晓莉.水分对崩岗土体抗剪切特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(3):55-58Lin J L,Huang Y H,Zhang D B,Wang Y,Chen Q J,Chen J P,Wu X L.Influence of soil moisture content on shear characteristics of Benggang[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(3):55-58(in Chinese)
[25]葛宏力,黄炎和,蒋芳市.福建省崩岗发生的地质和地貌条件分析[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(2):128-140Ge H L, Huang Y H, Jiang F S. Geologic and geomorphologic conditions for slope collapse occurrences in Fujian[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(2):128-140(in Chinese)
[26]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005Tang G A,Liu X J,Lv G N.Principles and Methods of Digital Elevation Model and Geoscience Analysis[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005(in Chinese)
[27]钟霞,薛重生.基于栅格模块地形因子提取及其水土流失评价中的应用:以湖北省房县水土流失评价为例[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(1):92-94Zhong X,Xue C S.The processing of terrain factors based on the grid module and its applying to estimating soil erosion[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,11(1):92-94(in Chinese)
[28]陈东风,巩伦宝,李振.基于不同空间尺度DEM河网提取的阈值选取准则研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(2):109-113Chen D F,Gong L B,Li Z.Study on principle of threshold selection of river network extraction based on different DEM scales[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2015,26(2):109-113(in Chinese)
[29]魏小强.空间统计分析组件开发与应用研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2009Wei X Q. Spatial statistical analysis of component development and its applied research[D].Beijing:Capital Normal University,2009(in Chinese)
[30]陈善沐,杨玉盛,林文莲.福建省亚热带红壤区人为破坏的水土流失与治理定量研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):6-10Chen S M,Yang Y S,Lin W L.Quantitative research on soil and water loss and countermeasures in man-made destroyed red soil region in subtropical region of Fujian Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(4):6-10(in Chinese)
[2] Cavalli M,Goldin B,Comiti F,Brardinoni F,Marchi L.Assessment of erosion and deposition in steep mountain basins bydifferencingsequentialdigitalterrainmodels[J].Geomorphology,2016,4:13
[3] Li Y C,Liu C X,Yuan X Z.Spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2009,19:81-94
[4]刘新华,张晓萍,杨勤科,李锐.同尺度下影响水土流失地形因子指标的分析与选取[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(6):107-111Liu X H,Zhang XP,Yang Q K,Li R.Analysis and selection of topographical indices influencing soil loss on different scales[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2004,32(6):107-111(in Chinese)
[5]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,程先富.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38Zhao M S,Li D C,Zhang G L,Cheng X F.Evaluation of soil erosion and soil nutrient loss in Anhui Province based on RUSLE model[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):28-38(in Chinese)
[6]潘美慧,伍永秋,任斐鹏,董一帆,江源.基于USLE的东江流域土壤侵蚀量估算[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2154-2164Pan M H,Wu Y Q,Ren F P,Dong Y F,Jiang Y.Estimating soil erosion in the Dongjiang River basin based on USLE[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2154-2164(in Chinese)
[7] Yoshimura K,Onda Y,Kato H.Evaluation of radiocaesium wash-off by soil erosion from various land uses using USLE plots[J].Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,2015,139:362-369
[8]王效科,欧阳志云,肖寒,苗鸿,傅伯杰.中国水土流失敏感性分布规律及其区划研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(1):14-19Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,Xiao H,Miao H,Fu B J.Distribution and division of sensitivity to water-caused soil loss in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(1):14-19(in Chinese)
[9]徐刚.小流域水土流失地形因素的定量评价与分析:以黄水河流流域为例[D].济南:山东师范大学,2010Xu G.Analysis and quantitative evaluation of soil and water loss topography factors in small watershed:The case ofHuangshui River basin[D].Jinan:Shandong Normal University,2010(in Chinese)
[10]郭明航,杨勤科,王春梅.中国主要水蚀典型区侵蚀地形特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):81-89Guo M H,Yang Q K,Wang C M.Analysis on erosional terrain characteristics of typical samples in main water erosion region of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(13):81-89(in Chinese)
[11]徐勇,杨波,刘国彬,刘普灵.黄土高原作物产量及水土流失地形分异模拟[J].地理学报,2008,63(11):1218-1226Xu Y, Yang B, Liu G B,Liu P L. Topographic differentiation simulation of crop yield and soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(11):1218-1226(in Chinese)
[12]张宏鸣,杨勤科,李锐,刘晴蕊.基于GIS和多流向算法的流域坡度与坡长估算[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(10):159-164Zhang H M,Yang Q K,Li R,Liu Q R.Estimation methods of slope gradient and slope length in watershed based on GIS and multiple flow direction algorithm[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(10):159-164(in Chinese)
[13]杨丽娜,范昊明,郭成久,王铁良,郑国相.不同坡形坡面侵蚀规律试验研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(4):237-239,243Yang L N,Fan H M,Guo C J,Wang T L,Zheng G X.Experimental study of soil erosion in different slope[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(4):237-239,243(in Chinese)
[14]于晓杰,魏勇明.不同坡形坡面侵蚀产沙过程的影响研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):97-100Yu X J, Wei Y M.Study on soil erosion characters in different slopes[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(1):97-100(in Chinese)
[15]范昊明,王铁良,周丽丽,武敏,于晓杰,郭成久.不同坡形坡面径流流速时空分异特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(6):35-38Fan H M,Wang T L,Zhou L L,Wu M,Yu X J,Guo C J.Study on temporal and spatial variation of current velocity on different form slopes[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(6):35-38(in Chinese)
[16] Sensoy H,Kara O.Slope shape effect on runoff and soil erosion under natural rainfall conditions[J].IForestBiogeosciences and Forestry,2014,7(2):110-114
[17] Gray D.Effect ofslope shape on soil erosion[J].Journal of Civil&Environment Engineering,2016,6(3):231
[18] Rieke-Zapp D H,Nearing M A.Slope shape effects on erosion:A laboratory study[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,69:1463-1471
[19]李俊.基于GIS的小流域坡度坡长因子计算方法研究[D].西安:西北农林大学,2011Li J.Calculation of slope length and slope gradient factors based on GIS in small watershed[D].Xian:Northwest A&F University,2011(in Chinese)
[20]黄栋,乔建平,张小刚,陈宇龙.堆积层斜坡地震动地形效应试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(3):587-598Huang D,Qiao J P,Zhang X G,Chen Y L.Experimental research of the topographic effects of slopes in earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(3):587-598(in Chinese)
[21]焦超卫.基于DEM的1∶50 000区域尺度水土流失地形因子研究:以黄土高原部分样区的实验为例[D].西安:西北大学,2006Jiao C W.A research on 1∶50 000regional soil and water loss topographic factors based on DEM:Sampled on several regions of Loess Plateau[D].Xian:Northwest University,2006(in Chinese)
[22]邓欧平,周稀,黄萍萍,邓良基.川中紫色丘区土壤养分空间分异与地形因子相关性研究[J].资源科学,2013,35(12):2434-2443Deng O P,Zhou X,Huang P P,Deng L J.Correlations between spatial variability of soil nutrients and topographic factors in the purple hilly region of Sichuan[J].Resources Science,2013,35(12):2434-2443(in Chinese)
[23]张宏,温永宁,刘爱利.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2006Zhang H,Wen Y N,Liu A L.Algorithm Foundation of Geographic Information System[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2006(in Chinese)
[24]林敬兰,黄炎和,张德斌,王妍,陈起军,陈记平,武晓莉.水分对崩岗土体抗剪切特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(3):55-58Lin J L,Huang Y H,Zhang D B,Wang Y,Chen Q J,Chen J P,Wu X L.Influence of soil moisture content on shear characteristics of Benggang[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(3):55-58(in Chinese)
[25]葛宏力,黄炎和,蒋芳市.福建省崩岗发生的地质和地貌条件分析[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(2):128-140Ge H L, Huang Y H, Jiang F S. Geologic and geomorphologic conditions for slope collapse occurrences in Fujian[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(2):128-140(in Chinese)
[26]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005Tang G A,Liu X J,Lv G N.Principles and Methods of Digital Elevation Model and Geoscience Analysis[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005(in Chinese)
[27]钟霞,薛重生.基于栅格模块地形因子提取及其水土流失评价中的应用:以湖北省房县水土流失评价为例[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(1):92-94Zhong X,Xue C S.The processing of terrain factors based on the grid module and its applying to estimating soil erosion[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,11(1):92-94(in Chinese)
[28]陈东风,巩伦宝,李振.基于不同空间尺度DEM河网提取的阈值选取准则研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(2):109-113Chen D F,Gong L B,Li Z.Study on principle of threshold selection of river network extraction based on different DEM scales[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2015,26(2):109-113(in Chinese)
[29]魏小强.空间统计分析组件开发与应用研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2009Wei X Q. Spatial statistical analysis of component development and its applied research[D].Beijing:Capital Normal University,2009(in Chinese)
[30]陈善沐,杨玉盛,林文莲.福建省亚热带红壤区人为破坏的水土流失与治理定量研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):6-10Chen S M,Yang Y S,Lin W L.Quantitative research on soil and water loss and countermeasures in man-made destroyed red soil region in subtropical region of Fujian Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(4):6-10(in Chinese)