青藏高原高寒草地植被物候时空变化特征
|
摘要
植被物候是生态系统对气候变化反馈的重要感应器,研究青藏高原高寒草地植被物候变化对揭示高寒生态系统对全球气候变化的响应机制具有重要的科学意义。本研究选取2001–2015年MODIS植被指数(vegetation index,VI)16 d最大值合成产品MOD13A1,以TIMESAT 3.2平台为基础,采用阈值法提取青藏高原高寒草地植被物候期,包括返青期(start of growth season, SOG)、枯黄期(end of growth season, EOG)和生长季长度(length of growth season,LOG),分析青藏高原高寒草地2001–2015年植被物候时空变化及其驱动力。结果表明,1)随着水热条件的差异,青藏高原由东南向西北,返青期逐渐推迟,从儒略日第110天推迟到第170天;枯黄期逐渐提前,从儒略日第300天提前到第260天;生长季长度逐渐缩短,由170 d逐渐缩短为100 d。不同草地类型的物候期表现出明显的差异。2)青藏高原高寒草地植被物候年际变化中返青期呈提前趋势,枯黄期也呈提前趋势,整体上,生长季长度呈增长趋势。3)海拔是影响青藏高原高寒草地类型物候空间分布异质性的主要因素。在3 500 m以下,植被物候随海拔变化的波动较大,没有明显的规律;在3 500–5 000 m,物候与海拔的关系密切,随着海拔升高,不同草地类型的返青期逐渐推迟,枯黄期逐渐提前,生长期长度也逐渐缩短。
Vegetation phenology is an important sensor for ecosystem feedbacks on climate change. The study of phenological changes of alpine grassland vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau is of great scientific significance, to reveal the response mechanisms of alpine ecosystems to global climate change. In this study, we selected the 16-day maximum synthetic product MOD13 A1 of the MODIS Vegetation Index(VI) from 2001 to 2015. Based on the TIMESAT 3.2 platform,the threshold method was used to extract the vegetation phenological period of the alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau,including the start of growth season(SOG), end of growth season(EOG), and length of growth season(LOG). We analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of the vegetation phenology and its driving forces in an alpine grassland of the Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2015. The conclusions are summarized as follows: 1) From southeast to northwest, with the deterioration of water and heat conditions and the uplift of topography, the SOG became gradually more delayed, from the110 days to 170 days. The EOG became gradually more advanced, from the 300 days to 260 days. Finally, the LOG became gradually shorter, from the 300 days to 260 days. However, major differences were noted for the different grassland types. 2)The interannual variation of alpine grasslands showed a tendency for the SOG and EOG to advance, but the LOG increased on the Tibetan Plateau. 3) Altitude is the main factor that affects the phenological heterogeneity of the different grassland types on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Phenology is closely related to altitude between 3 500 m and 5 000 m. With increasing elevation, the SOG of different grassland types became gradually more delayed, the EOG became gradually more advanced,and the LOG became gradually shorter. However, below 3 500 m, the alpine grassland phenology fluctuated greatly with elevation, with no obvious regularity.
Vegetation phenology is an important sensor for ecosystem feedbacks on climate change. The study of phenological changes of alpine grassland vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau is of great scientific significance, to reveal the response mechanisms of alpine ecosystems to global climate change. In this study, we selected the 16-day maximum synthetic product MOD13 A1 of the MODIS Vegetation Index(VI) from 2001 to 2015. Based on the TIMESAT 3.2 platform,the threshold method was used to extract the vegetation phenological period of the alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau,including the start of growth season(SOG), end of growth season(EOG), and length of growth season(LOG). We analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of the vegetation phenology and its driving forces in an alpine grassland of the Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2015. The conclusions are summarized as follows: 1) From southeast to northwest, with the deterioration of water and heat conditions and the uplift of topography, the SOG became gradually more delayed, from the110 days to 170 days. The EOG became gradually more advanced, from the 300 days to 260 days. Finally, the LOG became gradually shorter, from the 300 days to 260 days. However, major differences were noted for the different grassland types. 2)The interannual variation of alpine grasslands showed a tendency for the SOG and EOG to advance, but the LOG increased on the Tibetan Plateau. 3) Altitude is the main factor that affects the phenological heterogeneity of the different grassland types on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Phenology is closely related to altitude between 3 500 m and 5 000 m. With increasing elevation, the SOG of different grassland types became gradually more delayed, the EOG became gradually more advanced,and the LOG became gradually shorter. However, below 3 500 m, the alpine grassland phenology fluctuated greatly with elevation, with no obvious regularity.
引文
[1]竺可桢,宛敏渭.物候学.北京:科学出版社,1973.ZHU K Z,WAN M W.Phenology.Beijing:China Science Press,1973.
[2]张学霞,葛全胜,郑景云.北京地区气候变化和植被的关系:基于遥感数据和物候资料的分析.植物生态学报,2004,28:499-506.ZHANG X X,GE Q S,ZHENG J Y.Relationships between climate change and vegetation in Beijing using remote sensed data and phenological data.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28:499-506.
[3]陆佩玲,于强,贺庆棠.植物物候对气候变化的响应.生态学报,2006,26:923-929.LU P L,YU Q,HE Q T.Responses of plant phenology to climatic change.Acta Ecologicasinica,2006,26:923-929.
[4]第五次评估报告WGⅢ专栏.气候变化研究进展,2014,10(5):313.WGIII column of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.Progress in Climate Change Research,2014,10(5):313.
[5]MENZEL A.Phenology:It’s importance to the global change community.Climate Change,2002,54:379-385.
[6]SCHWARTZ M D.Green-wave phenology.Nature,1998,394:839-840.
[7]宋春桥,游松财,柯灵红,刘高焕,钟新科.藏北高原典型植被样区物候变化及其对气候变化的响应.生态学报,2012,32(4):1045-1055.SONG C Q,YOU S C,KE L H,LIU G H,ZHONG X K.Phenological variation of typical vegetation types in northern Tibet and its response to climate changes.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(4):1045-1055.
[8]田柳茜.基于遥感技术的青藏高原返青期的研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2015.TIAN L Q.Research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regreening period based on remote sensing technology.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.
[9]李鹏.青藏高原植被枯黄期的时空变化及其对极端气候事件的响应.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2017.LI P.Temporal and Spatial variations of vegetation in the yellow river period of the Tibetan Plateau and its response to extreme climate events.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2017.
[10]CONG N,WANG T,NAN H J,MA Y C,WANG X H,MYNENI R B,PIAO S L.Changes in satellite-derived spring vegetation green-up date and its linkage to climate in China from 1982 to 2010:A multimethod analysis.Global change biology,2013,19(3):881-891.
[11]SHEN M G,ZHANG G X,CONG N,WANG S P,KONG W D,PIAO S L.Increasing altitudinal gradient of spring vegetation phenology during the last decade on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189/190:71-80.
[12]丁明军,张镱锂,孙晓敏,刘林山,王兆锋.近10年青藏高原高寒草地物候时空变化特征分析.科学通报,2012,57(33):3185-3194.DING M J,ZHANG Y L,SUN X M,LIU L S,WANG Z F.Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of alpine grassland phenology in Tibet Plateau in recent 10 years.Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(33):3185-3194.
[13]司文才,刘峻明.冬小麦关键物候空间分布遥感监测方法研究.中国农业科技导报,2011,13(6):82-89.SI W C,LIU J M.Studies on remote sensing monitoring method for spatial distribution of winter wheat critical phenology.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(6):82-89.
[14]侯学会,牛铮,高帅.近十年中国东北森林植被物候遥感监测.光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34(2):515-519.HOU X H,NIU Z,GAO S.Phenology of forest vegetation in northeast of China in ten years using remote sensing.Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(2):515-519.
[15]YAO T D,ZHU L P.The response of environmental changes on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy.Advances in Earth Science,2006,21(5):459-464.
[16]TANG Y,WAN S,HE J,ZHAO X.Foreword to the Special Issue:Looking Into the Impacts of Global Warming from the Roof of the World.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[17]张镱锂,李炳元,郑度.论青藏高原范围与面积.地理研究,2002,21(1):1-8.ZHANG Y L,LI B Y,ZHENG D.A discussion on the boundary and area of the Tibetan Plateau in China.Geographical Research,2002,21(1):1-8.
[18]LUO C Y,XU G P,CHAO Z G,WANG S P,LIN X W,HU Y G,ZHANG Z H,DUAN J C,CHANG X F,SU A L,LI Y N,ZHAO X G,DU M Y,TANG Y H,KIMBALL B.Effect of warming and grazing on litter mass loss and temperature sensitivity of litter and dung mass loss on the Tibetan plateau.Global Change Biology,2010,16(5):1606-1617.
[19]DING M J,ZHANG Y L,SUN X M,LIU L S,WANG Z F,BAI W Q.Spatiotemporal variation in alpine grassland phenology in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1999 to 2009.Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(03):396-405.
[20]ZHANG G,ZHANG Y,DONG J,XIAO X.Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011.PNAS,2013,110(11):4309-4314.
[21]BUITENWERF R,ROSE L,HIGGINS S.Three decades of multi-dimensional change in global leaf phenology.Nature Climate Change,2015,5(4):364-368.
[22]夏浩铭,李爱农,赵伟,边金虎,雷光斌.2001-2010年秦岭森林物候时空变化遥感监测.地理科学进展,2015,34(10):1297-1305.XIA H M,LI A N,ZHAO W,BIAN J H,LEI G B.Remote sensing monitoring of temporal and spatial changes of forest phenology in Qinling Mountains from 2001 to 2010.Progress in Geography,2015,34(10):1297-1305.
[23]J?NSSON P,EKLUNDH L.Seasonality extraction by function fitting to time-series of satellite sensor data.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2002,40(8):1824-1832.
[24]FISHER J I,MUSTARD J F,VADEBONCOEUR M A.Green leaf phenology at landsat resolution:Scaling from the field to the satellite.Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,100:265-279.
[25]SAVITZKY A,GOLAY M J E.Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures.Analytical Chemistry,1964,36(8):1627-1639.
[26]边金虎,李爱农,宋孟强,马利群,蒋锦刚.MODIS植被指数时间序列Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重构.遥感学报,2010(4):725-741.BIAN J H,LI A N,SONG M Q,MA L Q,JIANG J G.Reconstruction of NDVI time-series datasets of MODIS based on SavitzkyGolay filter.Journal of Remote Sensing,2010(4):725-741.
[27]LUO JW,YING K,HE P,BAI J.Properties of Savitzky-Golay digital differentiators.Digital Signal Processing,2004,15(2):122-136.
[28]刘玲玲,刘良云,胡勇.1982-2006年欧亚大陆植被生长季开始时间遥感监测分析.地理科学进展,2012,31(11):1433-1442.LU LL,LIU LY,HI Y.Assessment and intercomparison of satellite-derived start-of-season(SOS)measures in Eurasia for1982-2006.Progress in Geography,2012,31(11):1433-1442.
[29]H?GDA K A,T?MMERVIK H,KARLSEN S R.Trends in the start of the growing season in Fnnoscandia 1982-2011.Remote Sensing,2013,5(9):4304-4318.
[30]DUCHEMIN B,GOUBIER J,COURRIER G.Monitoring phenological key stages and cycle duration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems with NOAA/AVHRR data.Remote Sensing of Environment,1999,67(1):68-82.
[31]PIAO S L,FANG J Y,ZHOU L M.Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China's temperate vegetation.Global Change Biology,2006,12(4):672-685.
[32]MOULIN S,KERGOAT L,VIOVY N.Global-scale assessment of vegetation phenology using NOAA/AVHRR satellite measurements.Journal of Climate,1997,10(6):1154-1170.
[33]White M A,DE BEURS K M,DIDAN K.Intercomparison,interpretation,and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982-2006.Global Change Biology,2009,15(10):2335-2359.
[34]STOW D,PETERSEN A,HOPE A,ENGSTROM R,COULTER L.Greenness trends of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s:comparison of two NDVI data sets from NOAA AVHRR systems.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,28(21):4807-4822.
[35]STOW D,DAESCHNER S,HOPE A,DOUGLAS D,PETERSEN A,MYNENI R,ZHOU L,OECHEL W.Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s.International Journal of Remote Sensing.
[36]马晓芳,陈思宇,邓婕,冯琦胜,黄晓东.青藏高原植被物候监测及其对气候变化的响应.草业学报,2016,25(1):13-21.MA X F,CHEN S Y,DENG J,FENG Q S,HUANG X D.Vegetation phenology dynamics and its response to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(1):13-21.
[37]吕灿宾.青藏高原植被覆盖变化的节律及驱动因子分析.北京:中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2014.LYU C B.Tibetan Plateau’s vegetation phenology’s variations and the analysis its driving factor.Master Thesis.Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2014.
[38]CHEN X Q,HU B,YU R.2005.Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China.Global Change Biology,2005,11(7):1118-1130.
[2]张学霞,葛全胜,郑景云.北京地区气候变化和植被的关系:基于遥感数据和物候资料的分析.植物生态学报,2004,28:499-506.ZHANG X X,GE Q S,ZHENG J Y.Relationships between climate change and vegetation in Beijing using remote sensed data and phenological data.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28:499-506.
[3]陆佩玲,于强,贺庆棠.植物物候对气候变化的响应.生态学报,2006,26:923-929.LU P L,YU Q,HE Q T.Responses of plant phenology to climatic change.Acta Ecologicasinica,2006,26:923-929.
[4]第五次评估报告WGⅢ专栏.气候变化研究进展,2014,10(5):313.WGIII column of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.Progress in Climate Change Research,2014,10(5):313.
[5]MENZEL A.Phenology:It’s importance to the global change community.Climate Change,2002,54:379-385.
[6]SCHWARTZ M D.Green-wave phenology.Nature,1998,394:839-840.
[7]宋春桥,游松财,柯灵红,刘高焕,钟新科.藏北高原典型植被样区物候变化及其对气候变化的响应.生态学报,2012,32(4):1045-1055.SONG C Q,YOU S C,KE L H,LIU G H,ZHONG X K.Phenological variation of typical vegetation types in northern Tibet and its response to climate changes.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(4):1045-1055.
[8]田柳茜.基于遥感技术的青藏高原返青期的研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2015.TIAN L Q.Research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regreening period based on remote sensing technology.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.
[9]李鹏.青藏高原植被枯黄期的时空变化及其对极端气候事件的响应.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2017.LI P.Temporal and Spatial variations of vegetation in the yellow river period of the Tibetan Plateau and its response to extreme climate events.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2017.
[10]CONG N,WANG T,NAN H J,MA Y C,WANG X H,MYNENI R B,PIAO S L.Changes in satellite-derived spring vegetation green-up date and its linkage to climate in China from 1982 to 2010:A multimethod analysis.Global change biology,2013,19(3):881-891.
[11]SHEN M G,ZHANG G X,CONG N,WANG S P,KONG W D,PIAO S L.Increasing altitudinal gradient of spring vegetation phenology during the last decade on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189/190:71-80.
[12]丁明军,张镱锂,孙晓敏,刘林山,王兆锋.近10年青藏高原高寒草地物候时空变化特征分析.科学通报,2012,57(33):3185-3194.DING M J,ZHANG Y L,SUN X M,LIU L S,WANG Z F.Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of alpine grassland phenology in Tibet Plateau in recent 10 years.Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(33):3185-3194.
[13]司文才,刘峻明.冬小麦关键物候空间分布遥感监测方法研究.中国农业科技导报,2011,13(6):82-89.SI W C,LIU J M.Studies on remote sensing monitoring method for spatial distribution of winter wheat critical phenology.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(6):82-89.
[14]侯学会,牛铮,高帅.近十年中国东北森林植被物候遥感监测.光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34(2):515-519.HOU X H,NIU Z,GAO S.Phenology of forest vegetation in northeast of China in ten years using remote sensing.Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(2):515-519.
[15]YAO T D,ZHU L P.The response of environmental changes on Tibetan Plateau to global changes and adaptation strategy.Advances in Earth Science,2006,21(5):459-464.
[16]TANG Y,WAN S,HE J,ZHAO X.Foreword to the Special Issue:Looking Into the Impacts of Global Warming from the Roof of the World.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[17]张镱锂,李炳元,郑度.论青藏高原范围与面积.地理研究,2002,21(1):1-8.ZHANG Y L,LI B Y,ZHENG D.A discussion on the boundary and area of the Tibetan Plateau in China.Geographical Research,2002,21(1):1-8.
[18]LUO C Y,XU G P,CHAO Z G,WANG S P,LIN X W,HU Y G,ZHANG Z H,DUAN J C,CHANG X F,SU A L,LI Y N,ZHAO X G,DU M Y,TANG Y H,KIMBALL B.Effect of warming and grazing on litter mass loss and temperature sensitivity of litter and dung mass loss on the Tibetan plateau.Global Change Biology,2010,16(5):1606-1617.
[19]DING M J,ZHANG Y L,SUN X M,LIU L S,WANG Z F,BAI W Q.Spatiotemporal variation in alpine grassland phenology in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1999 to 2009.Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(03):396-405.
[20]ZHANG G,ZHANG Y,DONG J,XIAO X.Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011.PNAS,2013,110(11):4309-4314.
[21]BUITENWERF R,ROSE L,HIGGINS S.Three decades of multi-dimensional change in global leaf phenology.Nature Climate Change,2015,5(4):364-368.
[22]夏浩铭,李爱农,赵伟,边金虎,雷光斌.2001-2010年秦岭森林物候时空变化遥感监测.地理科学进展,2015,34(10):1297-1305.XIA H M,LI A N,ZHAO W,BIAN J H,LEI G B.Remote sensing monitoring of temporal and spatial changes of forest phenology in Qinling Mountains from 2001 to 2010.Progress in Geography,2015,34(10):1297-1305.
[23]J?NSSON P,EKLUNDH L.Seasonality extraction by function fitting to time-series of satellite sensor data.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2002,40(8):1824-1832.
[24]FISHER J I,MUSTARD J F,VADEBONCOEUR M A.Green leaf phenology at landsat resolution:Scaling from the field to the satellite.Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,100:265-279.
[25]SAVITZKY A,GOLAY M J E.Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures.Analytical Chemistry,1964,36(8):1627-1639.
[26]边金虎,李爱农,宋孟强,马利群,蒋锦刚.MODIS植被指数时间序列Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重构.遥感学报,2010(4):725-741.BIAN J H,LI A N,SONG M Q,MA L Q,JIANG J G.Reconstruction of NDVI time-series datasets of MODIS based on SavitzkyGolay filter.Journal of Remote Sensing,2010(4):725-741.
[27]LUO JW,YING K,HE P,BAI J.Properties of Savitzky-Golay digital differentiators.Digital Signal Processing,2004,15(2):122-136.
[28]刘玲玲,刘良云,胡勇.1982-2006年欧亚大陆植被生长季开始时间遥感监测分析.地理科学进展,2012,31(11):1433-1442.LU LL,LIU LY,HI Y.Assessment and intercomparison of satellite-derived start-of-season(SOS)measures in Eurasia for1982-2006.Progress in Geography,2012,31(11):1433-1442.
[29]H?GDA K A,T?MMERVIK H,KARLSEN S R.Trends in the start of the growing season in Fnnoscandia 1982-2011.Remote Sensing,2013,5(9):4304-4318.
[30]DUCHEMIN B,GOUBIER J,COURRIER G.Monitoring phenological key stages and cycle duration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems with NOAA/AVHRR data.Remote Sensing of Environment,1999,67(1):68-82.
[31]PIAO S L,FANG J Y,ZHOU L M.Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China's temperate vegetation.Global Change Biology,2006,12(4):672-685.
[32]MOULIN S,KERGOAT L,VIOVY N.Global-scale assessment of vegetation phenology using NOAA/AVHRR satellite measurements.Journal of Climate,1997,10(6):1154-1170.
[33]White M A,DE BEURS K M,DIDAN K.Intercomparison,interpretation,and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982-2006.Global Change Biology,2009,15(10):2335-2359.
[34]STOW D,PETERSEN A,HOPE A,ENGSTROM R,COULTER L.Greenness trends of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s:comparison of two NDVI data sets from NOAA AVHRR systems.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,28(21):4807-4822.
[35]STOW D,DAESCHNER S,HOPE A,DOUGLAS D,PETERSEN A,MYNENI R,ZHOU L,OECHEL W.Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s.International Journal of Remote Sensing.
[36]马晓芳,陈思宇,邓婕,冯琦胜,黄晓东.青藏高原植被物候监测及其对气候变化的响应.草业学报,2016,25(1):13-21.MA X F,CHEN S Y,DENG J,FENG Q S,HUANG X D.Vegetation phenology dynamics and its response to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(1):13-21.
[37]吕灿宾.青藏高原植被覆盖变化的节律及驱动因子分析.北京:中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2014.LYU C B.Tibetan Plateau’s vegetation phenology’s variations and the analysis its driving factor.Master Thesis.Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2014.
[38]CHEN X Q,HU B,YU R.2005.Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China.Global Change Biology,2005,11(7):1118-1130.