安太堡煤矿复垦区土壤重金属含量及污染评价
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摘要
[目的]为了解矿区复垦土壤中重金属元素的含量及环境质量,为安太堡露天煤矿的土地复垦及复垦土壤合理利用提供依据,本文以山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿复垦区为研究区域,采集8个样地土壤样品[方法]利用酸消解法,测定了其中8种重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Hg和Cd的全量含量并进行污染评价和生态风险评价。[结果]各样地土壤重金属均未超过GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》的标准值;不同重金属单项污染指数为P_(As)>P_(Cu)>P_(Cr)>P_(Zn)>P_(Ni)>P_(Cd)>P_(Pb)>P_(Hg),内梅罗综合污染指数为0.318～0.389,土壤达清洁水平;各样地不同重金属的潜在生态风险参数为E_(As)>E_(Cd)>E_(Cu)>E_(Ni)>E_(Cr)>E_(Pb)>E_(Hg)>E_(Zn),潜在生态风险指数为9.93～12.65,属于轻微生态风险。KMO与Bartlett球形度检验的结果显示明安太堡煤矿复垦区中的不同复垦方式下土壤中重金属可能存在共同来源[结论]As、Cd和Ni是复垦过程中需要关注的元素,它们极易受人类活动影响;随着复垦年限的增加以及复垦模式变化,各重金属含量及污染指数无明显变化规律,复垦基质本身的含量及煤矸石堆垫、淋溶是影响土壤环境质量的重要原因。
[Objectives]This study was conducted in the Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine in Pingshuo,Shanxi Province to investigate the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the reclaimed soil and provide a scientific evidence for land reclamation and rational use of reclaimed soil.[Methods]The contents of eight heavy metals(Cr,Pb,As,Hg,Cd,Ni,Cu,Zn)were measured using acid digestion method.Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals were conducted based on the heavy metals'total content in reclamation soil under different reclamation modes.Single-factor index method and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method was applied to evaluate the status of heavy metals at each sampling point.[Results]showed that the concentrations of all heavy metals in the reclaimed soil were all below the standard values determined by GB15618-2018"Soil Environmental Quality Control of Soil Pollution Risk of Agricultural Land(Trial)".The degree of different heavy metals'single pollution index was in the order of P_(As)>P_(Cu)>P_(Cr)>P_(Zn)>P_(Ni)>P_(Cd)>P_(Pb)>P_(Hg),and the Nemero comprehensive pollution index was between 0.318and 0.389which indicated that the soil condition reached up to the cleanliness level.The potential ecological risk level of different heavy metals was determined as the order of E_(As)>E_(Cd)>E_(Cu)>E_(Ni)>E_(Cr)>E_(Pb)>E_(Hg)>E_(Zn),and the potential ecological risk index was between 9.93and 12.65which displayed a slightly risk degree.The results of KMO and Bartlett sphericity test demonstrated that tested heavy metals in the soil under different reclamation modes might share the common resources.[Conclusion]As、Cd and Ni possessed the greatest potentially ecological risk in reclaimed soil at Antaibao opencast mine because their contents are easily to be influenced by human activities.The increase of the reclamation years and the different reclaimed vegetation patterns didn't produce a regular alternation of heavy metal content as well as pollution coefficient,which indicated that the content of the reclaimed matrix itself and the heap leaching of coal gangue were the more important factors affecting the soil environmental quality.
[Objectives]This study was conducted in the Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine in Pingshuo,Shanxi Province to investigate the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the reclaimed soil and provide a scientific evidence for land reclamation and rational use of reclaimed soil.[Methods]The contents of eight heavy metals(Cr,Pb,As,Hg,Cd,Ni,Cu,Zn)were measured using acid digestion method.Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals were conducted based on the heavy metals'total content in reclamation soil under different reclamation modes.Single-factor index method and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method was applied to evaluate the status of heavy metals at each sampling point.[Results]showed that the concentrations of all heavy metals in the reclaimed soil were all below the standard values determined by GB15618-2018"Soil Environmental Quality Control of Soil Pollution Risk of Agricultural Land(Trial)".The degree of different heavy metals'single pollution index was in the order of P_(As)>P_(Cu)>P_(Cr)>P_(Zn)>P_(Ni)>P_(Cd)>P_(Pb)>P_(Hg),and the Nemero comprehensive pollution index was between 0.318and 0.389which indicated that the soil condition reached up to the cleanliness level.The potential ecological risk level of different heavy metals was determined as the order of E_(As)>E_(Cd)>E_(Cu)>E_(Ni)>E_(Cr)>E_(Pb)>E_(Hg)>E_(Zn),and the potential ecological risk index was between 9.93and 12.65which displayed a slightly risk degree.The results of KMO and Bartlett sphericity test demonstrated that tested heavy metals in the soil under different reclamation modes might share the common resources.[Conclusion]As、Cd and Ni possessed the greatest potentially ecological risk in reclaimed soil at Antaibao opencast mine because their contents are easily to be influenced by human activities.The increase of the reclamation years and the different reclaimed vegetation patterns didn't produce a regular alternation of heavy metal content as well as pollution coefficient,which indicated that the content of the reclaimed matrix itself and the heap leaching of coal gangue were the more important factors affecting the soil environmental quality.
引文
[1]李小飞,陈志彪,陈志强,等.南方稀土采矿地土壤和蔬菜重金属含量及其健康风险评价[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(1):146-151.
[2]樊文华,白中科,李慧峰,等.复垦土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):348-354.
[3]吴洋,杨军,周小勇,等.广西都安县耕地土壤重金属污染风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2964-2971.
[4]高继伟,谢英荷,李廷亮,等.不同培肥措施对矿区复垦土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):6-12.
[5]李俊颖.济宁市煤矿区土地复垦方式对土壤养分状况的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[6]栗丽,李廷亮,孟会生,等.菌剂与肥料配施对矿区复垦土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2016,22(6):1156-1160.
[7]张菁,江山,王改玲.安太堡露天矿不同复垦年限苜蓿地土壤养分和酶活性剖面特征[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(1):42-48.
[8]王芸.安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦模式对土壤有机碳库的影响[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.
[9]李晋川,白中科,柴书杰,等.平朔露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建技术研究[J].科技导报,2009,27(17):30-34.
[10]李晋川,白中科.露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建-平朔露天煤矿的研究与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:121-123.
[11]王改玲,李立科,郝明德,等.长期定位施肥对土壤重金属含量的影响及环境评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(3):60-63.
[12]张鹏岩,秦明周,陈龙,等.黄河下游滩区开封段土壤重金属分布特征及其潜在风险评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3654-3662.
[13]生态环境部,GB 15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2018:2-3.
[14]杨玉敏,师学义,张琛.基于内梅罗指数法的复垦村庄土壤重金属污染评价及空间分布[J].水土保持研究2016,23(4),338-343.
[15]岳征文,张瑞强,王健,等.苏尼特右旗草原矿区土壤重金属污染特征与生态恢复[J].林业资源管理,2017(6):124-130.
[16]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:A sedim-entological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[17]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[18]张世鑫,刘冬,邵飞,等.煤矸石综合利用工艺探索[J].洁净煤术,2013,19(5),92-95.
[19]张明亮,王海霞.煤矿区矸石山周边土壤重金属污染特征与规律[J].水土保持学报.2007,21(4):189-192.
[20]陈峰,胡振琪,柏玉,等.矸石山周围土壤重金属污染的生态风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(S2):575-578.
[21]王贵荣,邓伟妮,姚锐.煤矸石堆放对周围耕作层土壤中重金属含量的影响[J].西安科技大学学报,2008,28(3):489-492.
[22]亢晨宇,贺泽好,于亚军.复垦不同年限煤矸山土壤重金属污染状况评价[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):343-346.
[23]郑永红,张治国,姚多喜,等.煤矿复垦区土壤重金属含量时空分布及富集特征研究[J].煤炭学报,2013,38(8):1476-1483.
[24]徐良骥,黄璨,章如芹,等.煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(5):211-219.
[25]崔龙鹏,白建峰,史永红,等.采矿活动对煤矿区土壤中重金属污染研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(6):896-904.
[2]樊文华,白中科,李慧峰,等.复垦土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):348-354.
[3]吴洋,杨军,周小勇,等.广西都安县耕地土壤重金属污染风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2964-2971.
[4]高继伟,谢英荷,李廷亮,等.不同培肥措施对矿区复垦土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):6-12.
[5]李俊颖.济宁市煤矿区土地复垦方式对土壤养分状况的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[6]栗丽,李廷亮,孟会生,等.菌剂与肥料配施对矿区复垦土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2016,22(6):1156-1160.
[7]张菁,江山,王改玲.安太堡露天矿不同复垦年限苜蓿地土壤养分和酶活性剖面特征[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(1):42-48.
[8]王芸.安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦模式对土壤有机碳库的影响[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.
[9]李晋川,白中科,柴书杰,等.平朔露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建技术研究[J].科技导报,2009,27(17):30-34.
[10]李晋川,白中科.露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建-平朔露天煤矿的研究与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:121-123.
[11]王改玲,李立科,郝明德,等.长期定位施肥对土壤重金属含量的影响及环境评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(3):60-63.
[12]张鹏岩,秦明周,陈龙,等.黄河下游滩区开封段土壤重金属分布特征及其潜在风险评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3654-3662.
[13]生态环境部,GB 15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2018:2-3.
[14]杨玉敏,师学义,张琛.基于内梅罗指数法的复垦村庄土壤重金属污染评价及空间分布[J].水土保持研究2016,23(4),338-343.
[15]岳征文,张瑞强,王健,等.苏尼特右旗草原矿区土壤重金属污染特征与生态恢复[J].林业资源管理,2017(6):124-130.
[16]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:A sedim-entological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[17]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[18]张世鑫,刘冬,邵飞,等.煤矸石综合利用工艺探索[J].洁净煤术,2013,19(5),92-95.
[19]张明亮,王海霞.煤矿区矸石山周边土壤重金属污染特征与规律[J].水土保持学报.2007,21(4):189-192.
[20]陈峰,胡振琪,柏玉,等.矸石山周围土壤重金属污染的生态风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(S2):575-578.
[21]王贵荣,邓伟妮,姚锐.煤矸石堆放对周围耕作层土壤中重金属含量的影响[J].西安科技大学学报,2008,28(3):489-492.
[22]亢晨宇,贺泽好,于亚军.复垦不同年限煤矸山土壤重金属污染状况评价[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):343-346.
[23]郑永红,张治国,姚多喜,等.煤矿复垦区土壤重金属含量时空分布及富集特征研究[J].煤炭学报,2013,38(8):1476-1483.
[24]徐良骥,黄璨,章如芹,等.煤矸石充填复垦地理化特性与重金属分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(5):211-219.
[25]崔龙鹏,白建峰,史永红,等.采矿活动对煤矿区土壤中重金属污染研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(6):896-904.