苹果一年生枝春、秋季养分变化分析
|
摘要
[目的]通过研究苹果一年生枝春、秋季养分回流状况,分析其养分贮藏与再分配的规律,为苹果春、秋季管理尤其是施肥方案的制定提供理论依据。[方法]以‘富士’和‘金帅’苹果一年生枝为试材,于春、秋季对枝条中有机碳以及矿质营养元素含量随时间及温度的变化进行测定,并分析不同元素变化间的相关性。[结果]秋季‘富士’和‘金帅’苹果一年生枝养分从9月上中旬开始迅速回流,随着时间推移,N、K含量均显著降低,Mg、Zn含量呈小幅下降趋势,碳氮比增大。春季两品种一年生枝从3月初开始至4月上旬活动旺盛,其中K、Mg含量以及‘金帅’枝条中的P含量显著下降,Cu、Ni含量及‘富士’枝条中P含量小幅下降。2个苹果品种养分变化趋势基本相同。各元素含量变化尤其是在春季具有显著的相关性,其中K、P、Cu与其他多种元素表现为显著相关关系。[结论]‘富士’和‘金帅’苹果一年生枝中养分在秋季发生迅速回流,春季时秋季回流的养分则重新分配,因生长发育而显著减少,2个品种苹果一年生枝春、秋季养分变化规律相近,且多种元素含量的变化具有显著相关性。
[Objectives]The study was done on the one-year-old branches of apple trees nutrients backflow condition in spring and autumn,analyzing the law of its nutrient storage and redistribution,to provide theoretical basis for the establishment of apple trees management solution especially fertilization scheme in spring and autumn. [Methods]In this study,‘Fuji'and‘Golden Delicious' apple trees one-year-old branches were used as test materials. We measured the organic carbon and many kinds of mineral elements contents variation of spring and autumn branches along with the change of time,and analyzed the correlation between different elements changes. [Results]The one-year-old branches' nutrients began to rapidly backflow in early or middle September. And the results showed that N and K contents in the autumn branches obviously reduced,Mg and Zn contents slightly declined,and C/N increased. The period of germination began at early March,and the fastigium was at early April. K,Mg and P levels of spring branches in the‘Golden Delicious' dropped significantly. Cu,Ni and P contents in branches of‘Fuji'fell slightly. There were similar nutrient variation rules between the two varieties in spring and autumn. Most of the elements content variation had significant correlation especially in spring,and among them,K,P and Cu significantly related to a variety of elements. [Conclusions]One-year-old branches' nutrients of‘Fuji'and‘Golden Delicious' apple trees began to rapidly backflow in autumn. The nutrient that backflowed in autumn reallocated,and they reduced obviously in spring because they were used to grow. The one-year-old branches' nutrient of two varieties changed in similar condition. The changes of most elements content had significant correlation.
[Objectives]The study was done on the one-year-old branches of apple trees nutrients backflow condition in spring and autumn,analyzing the law of its nutrient storage and redistribution,to provide theoretical basis for the establishment of apple trees management solution especially fertilization scheme in spring and autumn. [Methods]In this study,‘Fuji'and‘Golden Delicious' apple trees one-year-old branches were used as test materials. We measured the organic carbon and many kinds of mineral elements contents variation of spring and autumn branches along with the change of time,and analyzed the correlation between different elements changes. [Results]The one-year-old branches' nutrients began to rapidly backflow in early or middle September. And the results showed that N and K contents in the autumn branches obviously reduced,Mg and Zn contents slightly declined,and C/N increased. The period of germination began at early March,and the fastigium was at early April. K,Mg and P levels of spring branches in the‘Golden Delicious' dropped significantly. Cu,Ni and P contents in branches of‘Fuji'fell slightly. There were similar nutrient variation rules between the two varieties in spring and autumn. Most of the elements content variation had significant correlation especially in spring,and among them,K,P and Cu significantly related to a variety of elements. [Conclusions]One-year-old branches' nutrients of‘Fuji'and‘Golden Delicious' apple trees began to rapidly backflow in autumn. The nutrient that backflowed in autumn reallocated,and they reduced obviously in spring because they were used to grow. The one-year-old branches' nutrient of two varieties changed in similar condition. The changes of most elements content had significant correlation.
引文
[1]韩振海,王倩.我国果树营养研究的现状和展望:文献述评[J].园艺学报,1995,22(2):138-146.Han Z H,Wang Q.Current situation and prospects of research on ruit mineral nutrition in China:a literature review[J].Acta Horticultural Sinica,1995,22(2):138-146(in Chinese with English abstract).
[2]樊红柱.苹果树体生长发育、养分吸收利用与累积规律[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.Fan H Z.The growth,nutrients uptake,utilization and accumulation in apple tree[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2006(in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]Denise N,Peter M,Gerald H,et al.Nitrogen uptake,efficiency of use,and partitioning for growth in young apple trees[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2001,126(1):144-150.
[4]刘增文,陈凯,米彩虹,等.陕西关中地区常见树种落叶前N、P、K养分回流现象的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(12):98-104.Liu Z W,Chen K,Mi C H,et al.Nutrient(N,P,K)back-flowing before leaves withering in many common tree species in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2009,37(12):98-104(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]刘慧,王为木,杨晓华,等.我国苹果矿质营养研究现状[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(2):245-250,255.Liu H,Wang W M,Yang X H,et al.Current situation in the study of apple tree mineral nutrition in China[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2001,32(2):245-250,255(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]张绍铃,孟月娥,王东升.短枝型苹果幼树营养元素含量年周期变化研究[J].中国农学通报,1997,13(3):21-23.Zhang S L,Meng Y E,Wang D S.Studies on annual eriodica changes of nutrient elements of apple young trees with spur-type variety[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Blletin,1997,13(3):21-23(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]赵德英,吕德国,刘国成,等.不同土壤管理制度对‘寒富’苹果树体养分回流的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(4):18-21.Zhao D Y,LüD G,Liu G C,et al.Influence of different soil cultivation systems on nutrient backflux in hanfu apple trees[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2009,37(4):18-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]刘国锋,董星晨,樊亮,等.陇东红富士果树养分回流对土壤表层管理的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(11):3862-3870.Liu G F,Dong X C,Fan L,et al.Response of nutrient backflux dynamics within Fuji trees to soil groundcover management approaches in East Gansu Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(11):3862-3870(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]于冬梅,戴永利,刘振盼,等.平欧榛子达维1年生枝条主要营养元素年动态规律研究[J].辽宁林业科技,2012(3):8-9,25.Yu D M,Dai Y L,Liu Z P,et al.Research on annual dynamic changes of the contents and distributions of main nutrition elements in annual shoots of Corylus heterophylla×C.avellan[J].Journal of Liaoning Forestry Science and Technology,2012(3):8-9,25(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10]Grassi G,Millard P,Goacchini P.Recycling of nitrogen in the xylem of Prunus avium trees starts when spring remobilization of internal reserves declines[J].Tree Physiology,2003,23(15):1061.
[11]李洪娜,葛顺峰,门永阁,等.苹果树矮化中间砧SH6对幼树氮素吸收、分配和贮藏的影响[J].园艺学报,2014,41(5):851-858.Li H N,Ge S F,Men Y G,et al.Effect of SH6 dwarfing interstock on N absorption,distribution and storage characteristic in apple saplings[J].Acta Horticultural Sinica,2014,41(5):851-858(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]张乃文,董彩霞,徐阳春.梨树修剪枝和果实从树体移走的养分研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2013,36(4):37-42.DOI:10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2013.04.007.Zhang N W,Dong C X,Xu Y C.Nutrient amounts removed by the pruning branches and the fruit harvest from the pear tree[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2013,36(4):37-42(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]刘亚轩,李晓静,白金峰,等.植物样品中无机元素分析的样品前处理方法和测定技术[J].岩矿测试,2013,32(5):681-693.Liu Y X,Li X J,Bai J F,et al.Review on sample pretreatment methods and determination techniques for inorganic elements in plant samples[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2013,32(5):681-693(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]吴建之,葛滢,王晓月.植物样中氮磷铁硼等十六个元素的测定[J].理化检验(化学分册),1999,35(3):110-112.Wu J Z,Ge Y,Wang X Y.ICP-AES anglysis of some plant samples[J].Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis(Part B:Chemical Analysis),1999,35(3):110-112(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]邓穗生,洪彩香.靛酚蓝比色法测定植物全氮含量方法的改进[J].热带农业科学,2013,33(4):5-7,29.Deng S S,Hong C X.Improvement of phenol method for determining total nitrogen in plant[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2013,33(4):5-7,29(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,1981:30-34.Bao S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1981:30-34(in Chinese).
[17]Dong S,Cheng L,Scagel C F.Nitrogen absorption,translocation and distribution from urea applied in autumn to leaves of young potted apple(Malus domestica)trees[J].Tree Physiology,2002,18(22):1305.
[18]周学明.年周期中苹果树体内养分分配运转规律及实践应用[J].核农学报,1983(4):51-55.Zhou X M.The shift of growth centres and the distribution of nutrient within the apple tree in a years cycle[J].Application of Atomic Energy in Agriculture,1983(4):51-55(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]Giacommo G,Peter M,Paola G,et al.Spring growth of almond nursery trees depends upon nitrogen from both plant reserves and spring fertilizer application[J].Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology,2003,78(6):853-858.
[20]刘小勇,王发林,张坤,等.两个苹果品种不同枝类叶营养含量年周期变化及营养诊断方法研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(2):481-489.Liu X Y,Wang F L,Zhang K,et al.Study on the annual variations of foliar nutrient contents from different branches and nutrition diagnosis methods of two apple cultivars[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(2):481-489(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]范晓龙,张吉立.寒地旱柳早春萌芽期枝条氮磷钾含量变化研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(16):41-45.Fan X L,Zhang J L.Studies on change of N,P,K contents of Salix matsudana Koidz branch in budding early spring[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(16):41-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]吴礼树.土壤肥料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:197.Wu L S.Soil Fertilizer Science[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004:197(in Chinese).
[2]樊红柱.苹果树体生长发育、养分吸收利用与累积规律[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.Fan H Z.The growth,nutrients uptake,utilization and accumulation in apple tree[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2006(in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]Denise N,Peter M,Gerald H,et al.Nitrogen uptake,efficiency of use,and partitioning for growth in young apple trees[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2001,126(1):144-150.
[4]刘增文,陈凯,米彩虹,等.陕西关中地区常见树种落叶前N、P、K养分回流现象的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(12):98-104.Liu Z W,Chen K,Mi C H,et al.Nutrient(N,P,K)back-flowing before leaves withering in many common tree species in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2009,37(12):98-104(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]刘慧,王为木,杨晓华,等.我国苹果矿质营养研究现状[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(2):245-250,255.Liu H,Wang W M,Yang X H,et al.Current situation in the study of apple tree mineral nutrition in China[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2001,32(2):245-250,255(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]张绍铃,孟月娥,王东升.短枝型苹果幼树营养元素含量年周期变化研究[J].中国农学通报,1997,13(3):21-23.Zhang S L,Meng Y E,Wang D S.Studies on annual eriodica changes of nutrient elements of apple young trees with spur-type variety[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Blletin,1997,13(3):21-23(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]赵德英,吕德国,刘国成,等.不同土壤管理制度对‘寒富’苹果树体养分回流的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(4):18-21.Zhao D Y,LüD G,Liu G C,et al.Influence of different soil cultivation systems on nutrient backflux in hanfu apple trees[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2009,37(4):18-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]刘国锋,董星晨,樊亮,等.陇东红富士果树养分回流对土壤表层管理的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(11):3862-3870.Liu G F,Dong X C,Fan L,et al.Response of nutrient backflux dynamics within Fuji trees to soil groundcover management approaches in East Gansu Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(11):3862-3870(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]于冬梅,戴永利,刘振盼,等.平欧榛子达维1年生枝条主要营养元素年动态规律研究[J].辽宁林业科技,2012(3):8-9,25.Yu D M,Dai Y L,Liu Z P,et al.Research on annual dynamic changes of the contents and distributions of main nutrition elements in annual shoots of Corylus heterophylla×C.avellan[J].Journal of Liaoning Forestry Science and Technology,2012(3):8-9,25(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10]Grassi G,Millard P,Goacchini P.Recycling of nitrogen in the xylem of Prunus avium trees starts when spring remobilization of internal reserves declines[J].Tree Physiology,2003,23(15):1061.
[11]李洪娜,葛顺峰,门永阁,等.苹果树矮化中间砧SH6对幼树氮素吸收、分配和贮藏的影响[J].园艺学报,2014,41(5):851-858.Li H N,Ge S F,Men Y G,et al.Effect of SH6 dwarfing interstock on N absorption,distribution and storage characteristic in apple saplings[J].Acta Horticultural Sinica,2014,41(5):851-858(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]张乃文,董彩霞,徐阳春.梨树修剪枝和果实从树体移走的养分研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2013,36(4):37-42.DOI:10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2013.04.007.Zhang N W,Dong C X,Xu Y C.Nutrient amounts removed by the pruning branches and the fruit harvest from the pear tree[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2013,36(4):37-42(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]刘亚轩,李晓静,白金峰,等.植物样品中无机元素分析的样品前处理方法和测定技术[J].岩矿测试,2013,32(5):681-693.Liu Y X,Li X J,Bai J F,et al.Review on sample pretreatment methods and determination techniques for inorganic elements in plant samples[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2013,32(5):681-693(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]吴建之,葛滢,王晓月.植物样中氮磷铁硼等十六个元素的测定[J].理化检验(化学分册),1999,35(3):110-112.Wu J Z,Ge Y,Wang X Y.ICP-AES anglysis of some plant samples[J].Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis(Part B:Chemical Analysis),1999,35(3):110-112(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]邓穗生,洪彩香.靛酚蓝比色法测定植物全氮含量方法的改进[J].热带农业科学,2013,33(4):5-7,29.Deng S S,Hong C X.Improvement of phenol method for determining total nitrogen in plant[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2013,33(4):5-7,29(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,1981:30-34.Bao S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1981:30-34(in Chinese).
[17]Dong S,Cheng L,Scagel C F.Nitrogen absorption,translocation and distribution from urea applied in autumn to leaves of young potted apple(Malus domestica)trees[J].Tree Physiology,2002,18(22):1305.
[18]周学明.年周期中苹果树体内养分分配运转规律及实践应用[J].核农学报,1983(4):51-55.Zhou X M.The shift of growth centres and the distribution of nutrient within the apple tree in a years cycle[J].Application of Atomic Energy in Agriculture,1983(4):51-55(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]Giacommo G,Peter M,Paola G,et al.Spring growth of almond nursery trees depends upon nitrogen from both plant reserves and spring fertilizer application[J].Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology,2003,78(6):853-858.
[20]刘小勇,王发林,张坤,等.两个苹果品种不同枝类叶营养含量年周期变化及营养诊断方法研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(2):481-489.Liu X Y,Wang F L,Zhang K,et al.Study on the annual variations of foliar nutrient contents from different branches and nutrition diagnosis methods of two apple cultivars[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(2):481-489(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]范晓龙,张吉立.寒地旱柳早春萌芽期枝条氮磷钾含量变化研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(16):41-45.Fan X L,Zhang J L.Studies on change of N,P,K contents of Salix matsudana Koidz branch in budding early spring[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(16):41-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]吴礼树.土壤肥料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:197.Wu L S.Soil Fertilizer Science[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004:197(in Chinese).