中美儿童安全座椅产品的召回与易用性评价
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摘要
正确使用无缺陷的儿童安全座椅(并称为儿童乘员约束系统,CRS),可降低在交通事故中儿童伤亡率。作者开展了中国儿童安全座椅使用情况问卷调研,对比分析了中美两国的CRS使用率和误使用情况、CRS易用性评价体系2010—2017年间CRS召回数据和召回实施情况。结果表明:在中国5大城市中儿童安全座椅的使用率仅占20.9%,远低于美国;而误使用率在80%以上,高于美国。中国的儿童座椅易用性评价指标和方法,更符合中国市场特征以及中国用户的使用习惯。美国儿童安全座椅的召回数量远远大于中国,召回监管的力度也大于中国。因而作者建议:中国政府应加强儿童安全座椅的国家立法和消费者宣传;儿童安全座椅行业应完善易用性评价,加大缺陷产品的召回力度,提升产品质量,保障儿童乘车安全。
Children's safety seat or named child restraint system(CRS) can effectively reduce the casualty rate of the children in traffic accidents without misuses and defects. The authors made questionnaire survey on the use of CRSs in China, investigated the assessment system of ease of use, and comparatively analyzed the situation of usage rate and the misuse, the assessment system of ease of use and the recall data for CRSs in 2010-2017 in China and the US. The results show that the usage rate of CRSs in five large cities in China accounts for only 20.9%, which is far lower than that of the US, and the users' misuse rate in China is over 80%, which is also higher than that in the US. The assessment method of ease of use of CRSs in China is suitable for the market and the users' habits in China. The number of recalled defect CRSs in the US is far greater than that in China, and the recall supervisions of defect CRSs are more severe than that in China. Therefore, the authors proposed some suggestions that Chinese government should strengthen the legislation and the customer propagation for CRSs, while whole CRS industry should complete the assessment of ease of use and strengthen the supervisions for defect CRS product recall to improve the product quality and to protect the safety of children in vehicles.
Children's safety seat or named child restraint system(CRS) can effectively reduce the casualty rate of the children in traffic accidents without misuses and defects. The authors made questionnaire survey on the use of CRSs in China, investigated the assessment system of ease of use, and comparatively analyzed the situation of usage rate and the misuse, the assessment system of ease of use and the recall data for CRSs in 2010-2017 in China and the US. The results show that the usage rate of CRSs in five large cities in China accounts for only 20.9%, which is far lower than that of the US, and the users' misuse rate in China is over 80%, which is also higher than that in the US. The assessment method of ease of use of CRSs in China is suitable for the market and the users' habits in China. The number of recalled defect CRSs in the US is far greater than that in China, and the recall supervisions of defect CRSs are more severe than that in China. Therefore, the authors proposed some suggestions that Chinese government should strengthen the legislation and the customer propagation for CRSs, while whole CRS industry should complete the assessment of ease of use and strengthen the supervisions for defect CRS product recall to improve the product quality and to protect the safety of children in vehicles.
引文
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[12]白雪梅.关于统计分析的内容与方法[J].中国统计,1998(4):29-31.BAI Xuemei.Contents and methods of statistical analysis[J].China Statistics,1998(4):29-31.
[13]邓雪,李家铭,曾浩健,等.层次分析法权重计算方法分析及其应用研究[J].数学的实践与认识,2012,42(7):93-100.DENG Xue,LI Jiaming,ZENG Haojian,et al.Analytic hierarchy process weight calculation method and its application research[J].Math Practice and Theory,2012,42(7):93-100.(in Chinese)
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[17]聂玲.缺陷产品召回法律制度研究[D].合肥:安徽大学,2006.NIE Ling.Research on the legal system of defective product recall[D].Hefei:Anhui University,2006.
[18]孙雯.缺陷产品召回制度比较研究[J].南京大学法律评论,2003(20):220-228.(in Chinese)SUN Wen.Comparative study on defective product recall system[J].Nanjing University Law Review,2003(20):220-228.(in Chinese)
[19]贺光辉.论我国缺陷产品召回制度的具体构建[J].社会科学辑刊,2007(1):132-135.HE Guanghui.On the concrete construction of Chinese defective product recall system[J].Social Sci J,2007(1):132-135.(in Chinese)
[20]朱军.论缺陷产品召回制度[D].合肥:安徽大学,2006.ZHU Jun.On defective product recall system[D].Hefei:Anhui University,2006.(in Chinese)
[21]郑娟.我国缺陷产品召回法律制度研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.ZHENG Juan.Research on the legal system of defective product recall in China[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014.(in Chinese)
[22]颜先华,施卢丹,刘畅.我国缺陷汽车召回现状的统计研究[J].河北交通科技,2010(1):55-58.YAN Xianhua,SHI Ludan,LIU Chang.Statistical study on the current situation of defective automobile recall in China[J].Hebei Jiaotong Sci Tech,2010(1):55-58.(in Chinese)
[23]王利明.关于完善我国缺陷产品召回制度的若干问题[J].法学家,2008(2):69-76.WANG Liming.Some questions on improving China's defective product recall system[J].Jurists Review,2008(2):69-76.(in Chinese)
[24]容缨.关于构建我国缺陷产品召回制度的法律思考[J].政法学刊,2004,21(5):69-69.RONG Ying.Legal thinking on the establishment of defective product recall system in China[J].J Political Sci and Law,2004,21(5):69-69.(in Chinese)
[25]张晓婷.缺陷产品召回制度的经济法性质之思考[J].经济问题,2007(1):34-36.ZHANG Xiaoting.Reflections on the nature of economic law of defective product recall system[J].On Economic Problems,2007(1):34-36.(in Chinese)
[26]田丽.论我国缺陷产品召回制度[J].经济问题,2007(10):33-35.TIAN Li.On the recall system of defective products in China[J].On Economic Problems,2007(10):33-35.(in Chinese)
[27]谢非.美国的缺陷产品召回制度[J].消费经济,2001,17(4):56-58.XIE Fei.American defective product recall system[J].Consumer Economics,2001,17(4):56-58.(in Chinese)
[28]Jones L E,Ziebarth N R.US child safety seat laws:are they effective,and who complies[J].J Policy Anal Manag,2017,36(3):584-607.
[29]U S Government Publications Office(GPO)49CFR571.213-09 Child restraint systems[S].National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2017-10-01.
[30]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Safety issues and recalls[EB/OL].(2017-07-11).http://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/nhtsa-budget-information
[31]张金换,许述财,杨欣,等.汽车儿童乘员碰撞伤害与防护[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015:194-230.ZHANGJinchang,XU Shucai,YANG Xin,et al.Child Occupant Injury and Protection in Motor Vehicle Crashes[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2015:194-230.(in Chinese)
[32]邱春来,许述财,施金金,等.外观设计在汽车儿童座椅(CRS)误操作改良中的应用研究[C]//中国汽车工程学会汽车安全技术分会.第十七届汽车安全技术学术会议,保定,2014:685-694.QIU Chunlai,XU Shucai,SHI Jinjin,et al.Application research on the improvement of child restraint system(CRS)misuse through appearance design[C]//Safety Technology Committee of SAE-China,17th Conf Automotive Safety Tech,Baoding,2014:685-694.(in Chinese)
[2]周孔亢,张文娜,揭琳峰,等.汽车儿童约束系统的误用讨论[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(2):30-34.Zh OU Kongkang,ZHANG Wenna,JIE Linfeng,et al.Discussion on misuse of restraining system for automobile and children[J].China Safety Sci J,2007,17(2):30-34.(in Chinese)
[3]江明燕,吴斌,胡伟强,等.车内儿童约束系统法规以及发展趋势研究[J].北京汽车,2013(5):8-10.JIANG Mingyan,WU Bin,HU Weiqiang,et al.Regulations and development trend of in-car child restraint system[J].Beijing Automotive Engineering,2013(5):8-10.(in Chinese)
[4]张金换,章雄,肖凌云,等.儿童约束系统误使用安全性试验研究[J].汽车安全与节能学报,2014,1(5):30-37.ZHANG Jinchang,ZHANG Xiong,XIAO Lingyun,et al.Safety test study on misuse of children restraint system[J].J Automotive Safety Energy,2014,1(5):30-37.(in Chinese)
[5]郑卫华,孙波,汪立昕.美国汽车召回管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2008:88-89.ZHENG Weihua,SUN Bo,WANG Lixin.American Automobile Recall Management[M].Beijing:tsinghua university press,2008:88-89.(in Chinese)
[6]Peden M,Scurfield R,Sleet D,et al.World Report on Road Traffic Injury[J].Injury Prevention,2004,10(4):255.
[7]Decina L E,Lococo K H.Misuse of child restraints[R].SAE Tech Paper.USDOT/NHTSA No.DOT HS 809 671,2004.
[8]Glassbrenner D,Ye T J.Child restraint use in 2007:Use of correct restraint types[J].Traffic Safety Facts-Research Note,2008.
[9]章雄.汽车儿童安全座椅易用性分级评价体系研究[D].北京:清华大学,2014.ZHANG Xiong.Research on the classification and evaluation system of car safety seat usability[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2014.(in Chinese)
[10]Liu K,Qian Y,Xiao L,et al.Study on car seat ease-ofuse rating based on safety factors in China[C]//Int'l Conf Mach,Elect Contr Simu,2017:36-43.
[11]魏哲,强毅.汽车儿童约束系统技术法规和标准研究[J].机械工业标准化与质量,2008(12):28-33.WEI Zhe,QIANG Yi.Research on technical regulations and standards of automotive child restraint system[J].Mech Indu Standardization and Quality,2008(12):28-33.(in Chinese)
[12]白雪梅.关于统计分析的内容与方法[J].中国统计,1998(4):29-31.BAI Xuemei.Contents and methods of statistical analysis[J].China Statistics,1998(4):29-31.
[13]邓雪,李家铭,曾浩健,等.层次分析法权重计算方法分析及其应用研究[J].数学的实践与认识,2012,42(7):93-100.DENG Xue,LI Jiaming,ZENG Haojian,et al.Analytic hierarchy process weight calculation method and its application research[J].Math Practice and Theory,2012,42(7):93-100.(in Chinese)
[14]Saaty T L.Analytic Hierarchy Process[J].Encyclopedia of Biostatistics,2005:19-28.
[15]Satty T L.Vargas L G.Models,Methods,Concepts and Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process[M].Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001:32-40.
[16]杨洁,章雄,张金换.儿童约束系统易用性分级评价体系的建立[C]//中国汽车工程学会汽车安全技术分会第17届汽车安全技术学术会议,保定,2014:561-566.YANG Jie,ZHANG Xiong,ZHANG Jinhuan.Establishment of grading evaluation system of ease of use on child restraint system[C]//Safety Technology Committee of SAE-China,17th Conf Automotive Safety Tech,Baoding,2014:561-566.(in Chinese)
[17]聂玲.缺陷产品召回法律制度研究[D].合肥:安徽大学,2006.NIE Ling.Research on the legal system of defective product recall[D].Hefei:Anhui University,2006.
[18]孙雯.缺陷产品召回制度比较研究[J].南京大学法律评论,2003(20):220-228.(in Chinese)SUN Wen.Comparative study on defective product recall system[J].Nanjing University Law Review,2003(20):220-228.(in Chinese)
[19]贺光辉.论我国缺陷产品召回制度的具体构建[J].社会科学辑刊,2007(1):132-135.HE Guanghui.On the concrete construction of Chinese defective product recall system[J].Social Sci J,2007(1):132-135.(in Chinese)
[20]朱军.论缺陷产品召回制度[D].合肥:安徽大学,2006.ZHU Jun.On defective product recall system[D].Hefei:Anhui University,2006.(in Chinese)
[21]郑娟.我国缺陷产品召回法律制度研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.ZHENG Juan.Research on the legal system of defective product recall in China[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014.(in Chinese)
[22]颜先华,施卢丹,刘畅.我国缺陷汽车召回现状的统计研究[J].河北交通科技,2010(1):55-58.YAN Xianhua,SHI Ludan,LIU Chang.Statistical study on the current situation of defective automobile recall in China[J].Hebei Jiaotong Sci Tech,2010(1):55-58.(in Chinese)
[23]王利明.关于完善我国缺陷产品召回制度的若干问题[J].法学家,2008(2):69-76.WANG Liming.Some questions on improving China's defective product recall system[J].Jurists Review,2008(2):69-76.(in Chinese)
[24]容缨.关于构建我国缺陷产品召回制度的法律思考[J].政法学刊,2004,21(5):69-69.RONG Ying.Legal thinking on the establishment of defective product recall system in China[J].J Political Sci and Law,2004,21(5):69-69.(in Chinese)
[25]张晓婷.缺陷产品召回制度的经济法性质之思考[J].经济问题,2007(1):34-36.ZHANG Xiaoting.Reflections on the nature of economic law of defective product recall system[J].On Economic Problems,2007(1):34-36.(in Chinese)
[26]田丽.论我国缺陷产品召回制度[J].经济问题,2007(10):33-35.TIAN Li.On the recall system of defective products in China[J].On Economic Problems,2007(10):33-35.(in Chinese)
[27]谢非.美国的缺陷产品召回制度[J].消费经济,2001,17(4):56-58.XIE Fei.American defective product recall system[J].Consumer Economics,2001,17(4):56-58.(in Chinese)
[28]Jones L E,Ziebarth N R.US child safety seat laws:are they effective,and who complies[J].J Policy Anal Manag,2017,36(3):584-607.
[29]U S Government Publications Office(GPO)49CFR571.213-09 Child restraint systems[S].National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2017-10-01.
[30]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Safety issues and recalls[EB/OL].(2017-07-11).http://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/nhtsa-budget-information
[31]张金换,许述财,杨欣,等.汽车儿童乘员碰撞伤害与防护[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015:194-230.ZHANGJinchang,XU Shucai,YANG Xin,et al.Child Occupant Injury and Protection in Motor Vehicle Crashes[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2015:194-230.(in Chinese)
[32]邱春来,许述财,施金金,等.外观设计在汽车儿童座椅(CRS)误操作改良中的应用研究[C]//中国汽车工程学会汽车安全技术分会.第十七届汽车安全技术学术会议,保定,2014:685-694.QIU Chunlai,XU Shucai,SHI Jinjin,et al.Application research on the improvement of child restraint system(CRS)misuse through appearance design[C]//Safety Technology Committee of SAE-China,17th Conf Automotive Safety Tech,Baoding,2014:685-694.(in Chinese)