金属离子污染砂土复电阻率的时变特征及形成机制
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摘要
为研究不同污染情况下土壤复电阻率的时间变异特征及控制机制,设计了人工砂土和水2种不同的介质作对照,以NaCl、MnCl_2和模拟海水作为污染物分别模拟海水入侵和金属离子污染场景,测量10~0～10~3Hz范围内的相位变化并观测其时变特性.结果显示,无论在纯液相介质中还是在土壤介质中,相位值都随着污染物浓度的增大而减小,随频率的增大而增大.随着污染物浓度的变化,土壤介质中的相位比水相介质中更加敏感.在土壤和水的背景环境下,通入1g/L的NaCl溶液,在1Hz条件下测量,土壤相位下降了约42%,而水相介质几乎看不出相位变化.针对固定频率进行多次测量的结果表明,水相介质中的相位值稳定而土壤介质中的相位值在中高频段(>16Hz)表现出了明显的时变特征,这种时变性也随着污染物浓度的增大而减小.在10~2Hz时,测得沙柱背景值的相位浮动范围在-4.05～-11.67mrad,方差达到4.8,而在水相溶液中方差仅为0.09.复电阻率法对金属离子污染土壤的反应很灵敏,有较好的指示意义,其参数变化主要与孔隙水中金属离子含量有关.但由于多相介质的相界面特征以及孔隙结构的复杂性,使得交变电流下电荷载流子在介质中的迁移极化规律混乱,造成相位波动.
In order to understand the time-varying characteristics and control mechanisms of complex resistivity in soils with different contamination degree,the experiment of sand column and water column was designed to measure the phase in 10~0～10~3Hz by taking NaCl,MnCl_2 and artificial seawater as contaminants.The results showed that the phase decreased with the pollutant concentration and increased with the frequency.The phase in sand column was more sensitive than that in water column with the change of pollutant concentration.Under the background of soil and water,when contaminated by 1g/L NaCl,the phase of soil decreased by about 42%,while the change in water column was almost invisible at 1Hz.The results of repeated measurements for fixed frequencies showed that the phase in water column was stable while it took on obvious time-varying property in sand column(>16Hz).This property also decreased with pollutant content in solution.At 10~2Hz,the background value of phase measurement in sand column was between-4.05～-11.67mrad,the variance reached 4.8 while it was only 0.09 in water column.Complex resistivity method has better performance in detection and monitoring of cations contaminated sites,the change of its parameters is mainly related to the content of cations in pore water.However,due to the interface properties and the complexity of the pore structure,migration and polarization of charge carrier in the medium are chaotic by the alternating current,and finally cause phase fluctuation.
In order to understand the time-varying characteristics and control mechanisms of complex resistivity in soils with different contamination degree,the experiment of sand column and water column was designed to measure the phase in 10~0～10~3Hz by taking NaCl,MnCl_2 and artificial seawater as contaminants.The results showed that the phase decreased with the pollutant concentration and increased with the frequency.The phase in sand column was more sensitive than that in water column with the change of pollutant concentration.Under the background of soil and water,when contaminated by 1g/L NaCl,the phase of soil decreased by about 42%,while the change in water column was almost invisible at 1Hz.The results of repeated measurements for fixed frequencies showed that the phase in water column was stable while it took on obvious time-varying property in sand column(>16Hz).This property also decreased with pollutant content in solution.At 10~2Hz,the background value of phase measurement in sand column was between-4.05～-11.67mrad,the variance reached 4.8 while it was only 0.09 in water column.Complex resistivity method has better performance in detection and monitoring of cations contaminated sites,the change of its parameters is mainly related to the content of cations in pore water.However,due to the interface properties and the complexity of the pore structure,migration and polarization of charge carrier in the medium are chaotic by the alternating current,and finally cause phase fluctuation.
引文
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[20]Orlando L,Renzi B.Electrical permittivity and resistivity time lapses of multiphase DNAPLs in a lab test[J].Water Resources Research,2015,51(1):377-389.
[21]Revil A,Coperey A,Shao Z,et al.Complex conductivity of soils[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(8):7121-7147.
[22]BérubéC,Chouteau M,Shamsipour P,et al.Bayesian inference of spectral induced polarization parameters for laboratory complex resistivity measurements of rocks and soils[J].Computers&Geosciences,2017,105:51-64.
[23]Loke M,Chambers J,Ogilvy R.Inversion of 2D spectral induced polarization imaging data[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2010,54(3):287-301.
[24]Revil A,Linde N.Chemico-electromechanical coupling in microporous media[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2006,302(2):682-694.
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[26]Personna Y R,Slater L,Ntarlagiannis D,et al.Complex resistivity signatures of ethanol in sand-clay mixtures[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2013,149:76-87.
[27]ASTM D1141-98(2003),Standard Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water[S].
[28]Lee J H,Oh M H,Park J,et al.Dielectric dispersion characteristics of sand contaminated by heavy metal,landfill leachate and BTEX(02-104B)[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2003,105(1-3):83-102.
[29]Kaya A,Fang Y H.Identification of contaminated soils by dielectric constant and electrical conductivity[J].Journal of Environmentol Engineering,1997,123(2):169-177.
[30]Leroy P,Revil A,Kemna A,et al.Complex conductivity of watersaturated packs of glass beads[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2008,321(1):103-117.
[31]Vaudelet P,Revil A,Schmutz M,et al.Induced polarization signatures of cations exhibiting differential sorption behaviors in saturated sands[J].Water Resources Research,2011,47(2):247-255.
[2]徐辉,詹良通,穆青翼,等.高有机质含量垃圾的含水量监测试验研究--利用表面处理的TDR探头[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(8):2030-2039.Xu H,Zhan L T,Mu Q Y,et al.Experimental study on monitoring moisture content in municipal solid wastes with high organic content:using coated TDR probe[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(8):2030-2039.
[3]李忠,能昌信,宁书年,等.物探技术在固体废弃物探测的应用及前景展望[J].环境科学与技术,2006,29(12):93-95.LI Zhong,Nai C X,Ning S N,et al.Application and prospect of physical exploring technology for solid waste[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2006,29(12):93-95.
[4]李金铭.地电场与电法勘探[M].北京:地质出版社,2005:1-27.Li J M.Geoelectric field and electrical exploration[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2005:1-27.
[5]孙亚坤,能昌信,刘玉强,等.铬污染土壤电阻率特性及其影响因素研究[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(9):1992-1998.Sun Y K,Nai C X,Liu Y Q,et al.Investigation on the electrical resistivity of chromium contaminated soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(9):1992-1998.
[6]刘国华,王振宇,黄建平.土的电阻率特性及其工程应用研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(1):83-87.Liu G H,Wang Z Y,Huang J P.Research on electrical resistivity feature of soil and it's application[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(1):83-87.
[7]Delaney A,Peapples P,Arcone S.Electrical resistivity of frozen and petroleum-contaminated fine-grained soil[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,2001,32(2/3):107-119.
[8]郭高山,李永涛,张岩,等.垃圾填埋场污染土的电性与磁性响应研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,39(9):2737-2744.Guo G S,Li Y T,Zhang Y,et al.The study of electric and magnetic response on polluted soil at waste landfill[J].China Environmental Science,2015,39(9):2737-2744.
[9]管绍朋,王玉玲,能昌信,等.电学方法在双衬层填埋场渗漏检测中的应用[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(12):2013-2017.Guan S P,Wang Y L,Nai C X,et al.Application of electrical leak detection method in double-lined landfills[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(12):2013-2017.
[10]董路,叶腾飞,能昌信,等.ERT技术在无机酸污染场地调查中的应用[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(6):67-71.Dong L,Ye T F,Nai C X,et al.Application of ERT technology to invest igate inorganic polluted sites[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(6):67-71.
[11]Power C,Gerhard J I,Tsourlos P,et al.Improved time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of dense non-aqueous phase liquids with surface-to-horizontal borehole arrays[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2015,112:1-13.
[12]Liu Z B,Liu S Y,Cai Y,et al.Electrical resistivity characteristics of diesel oil-contaminated kaolin clay and a resistivity-based detection method[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2015,22(11):8216-8223.
[13]杨振威,许江涛,赵秋芳,等.复电阻率法(CR)发展现状与评述[J].地球物理学进展,2015,30(2):899-904.Yang Z W,Xu J T,Zhao Q F,et al.Current situation and review of complex resistivity[J].Progress in Geophysics,2015,30(2):899-904.
[14]Revil A,Glover P W J.Theory of ionic-surface electrical conduction in porous media[J].Physical Review B,1997,55(3):1757-1773.
[15]Kemna A,Binley A,Ramirez A,et al.Complex resistivity tomography for environmental applications[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2000,77(1):11-18.
[16]Revil A,Skold M.Salinity dependence of spectral induced polarization in sands and sandstones[J].Geophysical Journal International,2011,187(2):813-824.
[17]能昌信,刘玉强,刘豪睿,等.铬污染土壤的导电性、频谱激电性和介电特性的实验结果[J].环境科学,2011,32(3):758-765.Nai C X,Liu Y Q,Liu H R,et al.Experiment results of conduction,spectral induced polarization and dielectric characteristics for chromecontaminated soil[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(3):758-765.
[18]Schmutz M,Revil A,Vaudelet P,et al.Influence of oil saturation upon spectral induced polarization of oil-bearing sands[J].Geophysical Journal International,2010,183(1):211-224.
[19]Grimm R E,Olhoeft G R,Mckinley K,et al.Nonlinear complex-resistivity survey for DNAPL at the Savannah River Site A-014outfall[J].Journal of Environmental&Engineering Geophysics,2005,10(4):351-364.
[20]Orlando L,Renzi B.Electrical permittivity and resistivity time lapses of multiphase DNAPLs in a lab test[J].Water Resources Research,2015,51(1):377-389.
[21]Revil A,Coperey A,Shao Z,et al.Complex conductivity of soils[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(8):7121-7147.
[22]BérubéC,Chouteau M,Shamsipour P,et al.Bayesian inference of spectral induced polarization parameters for laboratory complex resistivity measurements of rocks and soils[J].Computers&Geosciences,2017,105:51-64.
[23]Loke M,Chambers J,Ogilvy R.Inversion of 2D spectral induced polarization imaging data[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2010,54(3):287-301.
[24]Revil A,Linde N.Chemico-electromechanical coupling in microporous media[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2006,302(2):682-694.
[25]Yoon G L,Park J B.Sensitivity of leachate and fine contents on electrical resistivity variations of sandy soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2001,84(2):147-161.
[26]Personna Y R,Slater L,Ntarlagiannis D,et al.Complex resistivity signatures of ethanol in sand-clay mixtures[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2013,149:76-87.
[27]ASTM D1141-98(2003),Standard Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water[S].
[28]Lee J H,Oh M H,Park J,et al.Dielectric dispersion characteristics of sand contaminated by heavy metal,landfill leachate and BTEX(02-104B)[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2003,105(1-3):83-102.
[29]Kaya A,Fang Y H.Identification of contaminated soils by dielectric constant and electrical conductivity[J].Journal of Environmentol Engineering,1997,123(2):169-177.
[30]Leroy P,Revil A,Kemna A,et al.Complex conductivity of watersaturated packs of glass beads[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2008,321(1):103-117.
[31]Vaudelet P,Revil A,Schmutz M,et al.Induced polarization signatures of cations exhibiting differential sorption behaviors in saturated sands[J].Water Resources Research,2011,47(2):247-255.