应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系和NRC模型评价发酵全混合日粮的营养价值
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摘要
本试验利用微生物发酵技术将新鲜的全混合日粮(TMR)进行裹包,制作成发酵全混合日粮(FTMR),分别于贮存后的第0、3、7、15和30天取样进行营养价值的测定。应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)模型对蛋白质和碳水化合物(CHO)组分进行剖分,并预测其潜在营养价值供给量,应用NRC(2001)模型估测可消化养分和能值。结果表明:1)随着FTMR贮存时间的延长,干物质(DM)含量显著降低(P<0.05),7 d之后含量趋于稳定;粗蛋白质(CP)含量差异不显著(P>0.05);可溶性蛋白质(SP)、非蛋白氮(NPN)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、粗脂肪(EE)和粗灰分含量显著增加(P<0.05);中性洗涤不溶蛋白质(NDIP)、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白质(ADIP)和淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05)。2)随着FTMR贮存时间的延长,非蛋白氮(PA)和快速降解真蛋白质(PB1)的含量显著增加(P<0.05);中速降解真蛋白质(PB2)、慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)和不可降解蛋白质(PC)含量显著降低(P<0.05);CHO、中速降解碳水化合物(CB1)和缓慢降解碳水化合物(CB2)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。3)随着FTM R贮存时间的延长,瘤胃可降解蛋白质(RDP)含量显著增加(P<0.05),瘤胃能氮平衡(RENB)值显著降低(P<0.05)。4)第0、3、7和15天的FTMR能提供有效维持水平总可消化养分(TDNm)和净能(NE)。由此可见,贮存15 d之前的FTMR能有效保持饲粮的营养物质,为瘤胃微生物生长提供更多的氮源和能量,有利于提高饲粮的利用率。
This experiment used fermentation technology to wrap fresh total mixed ration(TMR) into fermentation total mixed ration(FTMR).Samples were collected after 0,3,7,15 and 30 days after storage to determine the nutrient values.The partition of protein and carbohydrate of FTMR was estimated using Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system(CNCPS) model,and predicted potential nutrient supply.The digestible nutrient contents and energy values were predicted using NRC(2001) models.The results showed as follows:1)the dry matter content of FTMR significantly decreased with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05),and the content of dry matter tended to be stable after 7 days.The difference of crude protein content was not significant(P>0.05).The contents of soluble protein,non-protein nitrogen,neutral detergent fiber,acid detergent lignin,crude fat and ash increased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The contents of neutral washing insoluble protein,acid washing insoluble protein and starch decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).2) The contents of non-protein nitrogen and fast degradation of true proteins increased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The contents of moderate degradation of true protein,slow degradation of true protein and non-degradable proteins decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The contents of carbohydrate,moderate degradation of carbohydrates and slowly degrade carbohydrates decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).3) The contents of rumen degradable protein increased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The rumen energy-nitrogen balance value decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).4) The FTMR at 0,3,7 and 15 d could supply effectively maintain total digestible nutrients and net energy.Thus,FTMR of 15 days can effectively maintain feed nutrients and provide more nitrogen source and energy for the growth of rumen microorganisms.It is beneficial to improve feed utilization rate.
This experiment used fermentation technology to wrap fresh total mixed ration(TMR) into fermentation total mixed ration(FTMR).Samples were collected after 0,3,7,15 and 30 days after storage to determine the nutrient values.The partition of protein and carbohydrate of FTMR was estimated using Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system(CNCPS) model,and predicted potential nutrient supply.The digestible nutrient contents and energy values were predicted using NRC(2001) models.The results showed as follows:1)the dry matter content of FTMR significantly decreased with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05),and the content of dry matter tended to be stable after 7 days.The difference of crude protein content was not significant(P>0.05).The contents of soluble protein,non-protein nitrogen,neutral detergent fiber,acid detergent lignin,crude fat and ash increased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The contents of neutral washing insoluble protein,acid washing insoluble protein and starch decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).2) The contents of non-protein nitrogen and fast degradation of true proteins increased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The contents of moderate degradation of true protein,slow degradation of true protein and non-degradable proteins decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The contents of carbohydrate,moderate degradation of carbohydrates and slowly degrade carbohydrates decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).3) The contents of rumen degradable protein increased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).The rumen energy-nitrogen balance value decreased significantly with the prolongation of storage time(P<0.05).4) The FTMR at 0,3,7 and 15 d could supply effectively maintain total digestible nutrients and net energy.Thus,FTMR of 15 days can effectively maintain feed nutrients and provide more nitrogen source and energy for the growth of rumen microorganisms.It is beneficial to improve feed utilization rate.
引文
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[2]LIU Q H,LI X Y,DESTA S T,et al.Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and fibrolytic enzyme on the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of total mixed rations silage including rape straw[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15(9):2087-2096.
[3]MIYAJI M,MATSUYAMA H,HOSODA K.Effect of substituting brown rice for corn on lactation and digestion in dairy cows fed diets with a high proportion of grain[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(2):952-960.
[4]赵广永,CHRISTENSEN D A,MCKINNON J J.用净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系评定反刍动物饲料营养价值[J].中国农业大学学报,1994,4(增刊):71-76.
[5]YUAN X J,GUO G,WEN A Y,et al.The effect of different additives on the fermentation quality,in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of a total mixed ration silage[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2015,207:41-50.
[6]YUAN X J,WEN A Y,WANG J,et al.Effects of ethanol,molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation quality,in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silages in the Tibetan plateau of China[J].Animal Science Journal,2016,87(5):681-689.
[7]王勇,原现军,郭刚,等.西藏不同饲草全混合日粮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的研究[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):95-102.
[8]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[S].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[9]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 34-2004奶牛饲养标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[10]AOAC.Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists[M].13th ed.Washington,D.C.:Association of Official Analytical Chemists,1980.
[11]VEN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[12]KRISHNAMOORTHY U,SNIFFEN C J,STERN MD,et al.Evaluation of a mathematical model of rumen digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimate the rumen-undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):555-658.
[13]张旭,蒋桂韬,王向荣,等.酶法测定谷物副产品中淀粉含量[J].广东饲料,2013,22(10):33-35.
[14]SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNORJ D,VAN SOEST P J,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrate and protein availability[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3562-3577.
[15]杜晋平,任丽萍,赵金石,等.利用CNCPS研究玉米和豆粕中碳水化合物不同组分的瘤胃降解和小肠消化[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2008,29(6):126-129.
[16]林曦.甜菜渣青贮营养价值的评定及其在奶牛生产中应用的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.
[17]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The cornell net carbohydrate and protein system model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2004,112(1/2/3/4):29-78.
[18]NRC.Nutrient requirements of beef cattle[S].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2000.
[19]KIM J S,LEE Y H,KIM Y I,et al.Effect of microbial inoculant or molasses on fermentative quality and aerobic stability of sawdust-based spent mushroom substrate[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,216:188-195.
[20]NING T T,WANG H L,ZHENG M L,et al.Effects of microbial enzymes on starch and hemicellulose degradation in total mixed ration silages[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2017,30(2):171-180.
[21]王晶,王加启,国卫杰,等.全混合日粮裹包贮存效果及对奶牛生产和血液生化指标的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2009,14(3):69-74.
[22]WANG J,WANG J Q,BU D P,et al.Effect of storing total mixed rations anaerobically in bales on feed quality[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2010,161(3/4):94-102.
[23]侯建建,白春生,张庆,等.单一和复合乳酸菌添加水平对苜蓿青贮营养品质及蛋白组分的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(10):2119-2125.
[24]HERON S J E,EDWARDS R A,PHILLIPS P.Effect of pH on the activity of ryegrass Lolium multiflorum proteases[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2010,46(3):267-277.
[25]陈韵虹,赵钢,余土元.不同青贮处理对3种青贮饲料CNCPS蛋白质组分的影响[J].仲恺农业工程学院学报,2013,26(3):13-17.
[26]李真真,白春生,余奕东,等.刈割期及添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质及CNCPS蛋白组分的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(11):167-172.
[27]YAHAYA M S,KIMURA A,HARAI J,et al.Effect of length of ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of lucerne and orchardgrass[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2001,92(3/4):141-148.
[28]DEWAR W A,MCDONALD P,WHITTENBURY R.The hydrolysis of grass hemicelluloses during ensilage[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1963,14(6):411-417.
[29]国家科学研究委员会组织.奶牛营养需要[M].孟庆翔译.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2002.
[2]LIU Q H,LI X Y,DESTA S T,et al.Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and fibrolytic enzyme on the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of total mixed rations silage including rape straw[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15(9):2087-2096.
[3]MIYAJI M,MATSUYAMA H,HOSODA K.Effect of substituting brown rice for corn on lactation and digestion in dairy cows fed diets with a high proportion of grain[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(2):952-960.
[4]赵广永,CHRISTENSEN D A,MCKINNON J J.用净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系评定反刍动物饲料营养价值[J].中国农业大学学报,1994,4(增刊):71-76.
[5]YUAN X J,GUO G,WEN A Y,et al.The effect of different additives on the fermentation quality,in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of a total mixed ration silage[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2015,207:41-50.
[6]YUAN X J,WEN A Y,WANG J,et al.Effects of ethanol,molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation quality,in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silages in the Tibetan plateau of China[J].Animal Science Journal,2016,87(5):681-689.
[7]王勇,原现军,郭刚,等.西藏不同饲草全混合日粮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的研究[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):95-102.
[8]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[S].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[9]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 34-2004奶牛饲养标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[10]AOAC.Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists[M].13th ed.Washington,D.C.:Association of Official Analytical Chemists,1980.
[11]VEN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[12]KRISHNAMOORTHY U,SNIFFEN C J,STERN MD,et al.Evaluation of a mathematical model of rumen digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimate the rumen-undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):555-658.
[13]张旭,蒋桂韬,王向荣,等.酶法测定谷物副产品中淀粉含量[J].广东饲料,2013,22(10):33-35.
[14]SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNORJ D,VAN SOEST P J,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrate and protein availability[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3562-3577.
[15]杜晋平,任丽萍,赵金石,等.利用CNCPS研究玉米和豆粕中碳水化合物不同组分的瘤胃降解和小肠消化[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2008,29(6):126-129.
[16]林曦.甜菜渣青贮营养价值的评定及其在奶牛生产中应用的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.
[17]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The cornell net carbohydrate and protein system model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2004,112(1/2/3/4):29-78.
[18]NRC.Nutrient requirements of beef cattle[S].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2000.
[19]KIM J S,LEE Y H,KIM Y I,et al.Effect of microbial inoculant or molasses on fermentative quality and aerobic stability of sawdust-based spent mushroom substrate[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,216:188-195.
[20]NING T T,WANG H L,ZHENG M L,et al.Effects of microbial enzymes on starch and hemicellulose degradation in total mixed ration silages[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2017,30(2):171-180.
[21]王晶,王加启,国卫杰,等.全混合日粮裹包贮存效果及对奶牛生产和血液生化指标的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2009,14(3):69-74.
[22]WANG J,WANG J Q,BU D P,et al.Effect of storing total mixed rations anaerobically in bales on feed quality[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2010,161(3/4):94-102.
[23]侯建建,白春生,张庆,等.单一和复合乳酸菌添加水平对苜蓿青贮营养品质及蛋白组分的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(10):2119-2125.
[24]HERON S J E,EDWARDS R A,PHILLIPS P.Effect of pH on the activity of ryegrass Lolium multiflorum proteases[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2010,46(3):267-277.
[25]陈韵虹,赵钢,余土元.不同青贮处理对3种青贮饲料CNCPS蛋白质组分的影响[J].仲恺农业工程学院学报,2013,26(3):13-17.
[26]李真真,白春生,余奕东,等.刈割期及添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质及CNCPS蛋白组分的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(11):167-172.
[27]YAHAYA M S,KIMURA A,HARAI J,et al.Effect of length of ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of lucerne and orchardgrass[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2001,92(3/4):141-148.
[28]DEWAR W A,MCDONALD P,WHITTENBURY R.The hydrolysis of grass hemicelluloses during ensilage[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1963,14(6):411-417.
[29]国家科学研究委员会组织.奶牛营养需要[M].孟庆翔译.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2002.