美国地震预警系统ShakeAlert测试与评估
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摘要
美国地震预警系统ShakeAlert目前已向美国西海岸3个州的试验用户发送地震预警信息。地震预警算法在正式上线之前必须经过严格的实时原位测试和离线测试。实时原位测试主要针对被测试系统或模块的鲁棒性进行压力测试,以评估新的系统是否可以上线运行;离线测试选取一定数量的历史地震事件进行回放测试,并基于点源结果和地震动强度预测结果这两种方式对系统的算法进行测试评估。本文以Cochran等~([1])这篇文章为蓝本,编译并概要介绍了美国地震预警系统ShakeAlert测试与评估的流程和算法等。
An earthquake early warning system,ShakeAlert,is providing alerts to beta end users in the western United States. Earthquake early warning algorithms have to undergo rigorous real-time and off-line testing before being accepted into the ShakeAlert production system. Real-time in situ tests ensure functionality in the current seismic environment and the robustness of candidate code. The off-line tests use a data suite of historical events,based on point-source assessments and ground-motion predictions assessments to give a comprise stress test of candidate code to assess if the code is production ready.
An earthquake early warning system,ShakeAlert,is providing alerts to beta end users in the western United States. Earthquake early warning algorithms have to undergo rigorous real-time and off-line testing before being accepted into the ShakeAlert production system. Real-time in situ tests ensure functionality in the current seismic environment and the robustness of candidate code. The off-line tests use a data suite of historical events,based on point-source assessments and ground-motion predictions assessments to give a comprise stress test of candidate code to assess if the code is production ready.
引文
[1]Cochran E S,Kohler M D,Given D D,et al.Earthquake early warning shakeAlert system:Testing and certification platform[J].Seismol.Res.Lett.,2018,89(1):108-117
[2]Brocher T M,Baltay A S,Hardebeck J L,et al.The Mw6.0 24 August 2014 South Napa earthquake[J].Seismol.Res.Lett.,2015,86(2A):309-326
[3]Stevens M.Napa Calif.earthquake:Economic hit could reach$1 billion[N].Los Angeles Times,2014-08-25
[4]Allen R M,Given D D,Heaton T H,et al.Successful ShakeAlert performance for the Napa Quake[C].San Francisco,CA:AGU Fall Meeting.44(S44D-01):S44D-01.Bibcode:2014AGUFM.S44D.01A.2014
[5]Given D D,Allen R M,Baltay A S,et al.Revised technical implementation plan for the ShakeAlert system-An earthquake early warning system for the West Coast of the United States[EB/OL].U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1155:42.https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181155
[6]The apache software foundation.flexible&powerful open source multi-protocol messaging[EB/OL].(2004-01-01)[2018-12-11].http://activemq.apache.org/index.html
[7]Kohler M D,Cochran E S,Given D,et al.Earthquake early warning ShakeAlert system:West coast wide production prototype[J].Seismol.Res.Lett.,2018,89(1):99-107
[8]Earthworm google groups list.Tankplayer overview[EB/OL].(2008-09-09)[2018-12-11].http://www.earthwormcentral.org/documentation3/ovr/tankplayer_ovr.html
[9]Instrumental software technologies,Inc.Earthworm central[EB/OL].(2016-11-11)[2018-12-11].http://www.earthwormcentral.org/
[10]B?se M,Heaton T,Hauksson E.Real-time finite fault rupture detector(FinDer)for large earthquakes[J].Geophys.J.Inter.,2012,191(2):803-812
[11]Worden C B,Gerstenberger M C,Rhoades D A,et al.Probabilistic relationships between ground-motion parameters and modified Mercalli intensity in California[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,2012,102(1):204-221
[12]马强.地震预警技术研究及应用[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2008
[13]张红才,王士成.地震烈度速报产品可靠性分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2016,36(5):65-75
[14]Meier M-A.How“good”are real-time ground motion predictions from earthquake early warning systems?[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2017,122:5561-5577
[15]张红才,金星.地震预警信息可靠度研究[J].地震学报,2014,36(4):615-630
[16]Minson S E,Meier M-A,Baltay A S,et al.The limits of earthquake early warning:Timeliness of ground motion estimates[J].Sci.Adv,2018,4(3):eaaq0504
[2]Brocher T M,Baltay A S,Hardebeck J L,et al.The Mw6.0 24 August 2014 South Napa earthquake[J].Seismol.Res.Lett.,2015,86(2A):309-326
[3]Stevens M.Napa Calif.earthquake:Economic hit could reach$1 billion[N].Los Angeles Times,2014-08-25
[4]Allen R M,Given D D,Heaton T H,et al.Successful ShakeAlert performance for the Napa Quake[C].San Francisco,CA:AGU Fall Meeting.44(S44D-01):S44D-01.Bibcode:2014AGUFM.S44D.01A.2014
[5]Given D D,Allen R M,Baltay A S,et al.Revised technical implementation plan for the ShakeAlert system-An earthquake early warning system for the West Coast of the United States[EB/OL].U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1155:42.https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181155
[6]The apache software foundation.flexible&powerful open source multi-protocol messaging[EB/OL].(2004-01-01)[2018-12-11].http://activemq.apache.org/index.html
[7]Kohler M D,Cochran E S,Given D,et al.Earthquake early warning ShakeAlert system:West coast wide production prototype[J].Seismol.Res.Lett.,2018,89(1):99-107
[8]Earthworm google groups list.Tankplayer overview[EB/OL].(2008-09-09)[2018-12-11].http://www.earthwormcentral.org/documentation3/ovr/tankplayer_ovr.html
[9]Instrumental software technologies,Inc.Earthworm central[EB/OL].(2016-11-11)[2018-12-11].http://www.earthwormcentral.org/
[10]B?se M,Heaton T,Hauksson E.Real-time finite fault rupture detector(FinDer)for large earthquakes[J].Geophys.J.Inter.,2012,191(2):803-812
[11]Worden C B,Gerstenberger M C,Rhoades D A,et al.Probabilistic relationships between ground-motion parameters and modified Mercalli intensity in California[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Amer.,2012,102(1):204-221
[12]马强.地震预警技术研究及应用[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2008
[13]张红才,王士成.地震烈度速报产品可靠性分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2016,36(5):65-75
[14]Meier M-A.How“good”are real-time ground motion predictions from earthquake early warning systems?[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2017,122:5561-5577
[15]张红才,金星.地震预警信息可靠度研究[J].地震学报,2014,36(4):615-630
[16]Minson S E,Meier M-A,Baltay A S,et al.The limits of earthquake early warning:Timeliness of ground motion estimates[J].Sci.Adv,2018,4(3):eaaq0504