基于养分专家系统评估双季稻区的氮肥减施潜力
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摘要
在双季稻区,不同肥力水平稻田的化肥减施潜力还不明晰。本研究针对高中低肥力的双季稻田,通过在养分专家系统(NE)推荐的施氮量基础上设置氮肥增减15%、30%和45%的田间试验,分析了水稻产量及其与氮肥用量的量化关系。结果表明:高中低肥力等级上各处理的早晚稻产量大体呈现出高肥力>中肥力>低肥力的趋势,与低肥力相比,中高肥力的早稻产量提高了2.30%～8.56%,晚稻产量提高了13.56%～17.94%。在NE基础上氮肥减施30%和45%处理下,高中低肥力水平的早稻产量比NE处理降低了8.05%～12.52%,晚稻产量降低了2.03%～6.67%,但低肥力中NE基础上氮肥减施30%的早稻产量则无显著降低。同时,NE基础上氮肥减施15%以及增施15%、30%和45%均不能显著提高高中低肥力水平的早晚稻产量。进一步通过一元二次方程拟合表明,不同肥力等级上早晚稻的产量潜力和对应的氮肥合理用量均呈现出高肥力大于中肥力和低肥力的趋势,养分专家系统可以在实现95%的产量潜力下将氮肥减施12.94%～34.07%,且在维持高产的前提下,高肥力的氮肥减施比例明显低于中肥力和低肥力。因此,在南方双季稻地区,养分专家系统可以在高中低肥力水平实现化肥减施增效,但不同肥力等级氮肥减施比例存在差异。
It is still unclear about the potential of chemical fertilizer reduction among different soil fertility levels in the double-cropping rice area of China. In this study, the field experiments were conducted in the higher, medium and lower soil fertility levels of fields in double-cropping rice area. The treatments were different rates of nitrogen(N)fertilizers, which included the N rate from the Nutrient Expert system(NE) and the N rates increasing or decreasing of 15%, 30% and 45% based on N application rate recommended by NE. Then, the rice yield and its relationship with N rates were analyzed. The results showed that: the yield of early and late rice was followed by higher fertility > medium fertility > lower fertility. Compared with the lower fertility, the yield of early rice in the medium and high fertility levels were increased by 2.30%～8.56%, and they were increased by 13.56%～17.94% in late rice. For the treatment of decreasing 30% and 45% N fertilizer on the basis of NE, the yield of early rice were decreased by 8.05%～12.52% among the higher, medium and lower soil fertility levels than the NE treatment; while their yield of late rice were decreased by 2.03%～6.67%, respectively, excepted for the lower soil fertility. However, compared with the NE treatment, the yield of early and late rice was no significant decrease in the treatments of decreasing N fertilizer by 15% and the increasing of 15%, 30% and 45% N rates on the basis of NE among different soil fertility levels. Furthermore, the yield potential in different soil fertility levels and the corresponding rational amount of N fertilizer were followed that higher fertility was the higher than the medium fertility and lower fertility through the fitting equation. It indicated that the N fertilizer could be reduced by 12.94%～34.07% for 95% yield potential by using the NE model.Meanwhile, the N reduction rate of higher fertility was significantly lower to maintain higher yield than those of the medium and lower fertility levels. Therefore, in the double-cropping rice areas of southern China, the NE model could achieve the reduction of N fertilizer and the improvement of efficiency among higher, medium and lower soil fertility levels. There are differences in the proportion of N fertilizer reduction in different soil fertility levels.
It is still unclear about the potential of chemical fertilizer reduction among different soil fertility levels in the double-cropping rice area of China. In this study, the field experiments were conducted in the higher, medium and lower soil fertility levels of fields in double-cropping rice area. The treatments were different rates of nitrogen(N)fertilizers, which included the N rate from the Nutrient Expert system(NE) and the N rates increasing or decreasing of 15%, 30% and 45% based on N application rate recommended by NE. Then, the rice yield and its relationship with N rates were analyzed. The results showed that: the yield of early and late rice was followed by higher fertility > medium fertility > lower fertility. Compared with the lower fertility, the yield of early rice in the medium and high fertility levels were increased by 2.30%～8.56%, and they were increased by 13.56%～17.94% in late rice. For the treatment of decreasing 30% and 45% N fertilizer on the basis of NE, the yield of early rice were decreased by 8.05%～12.52% among the higher, medium and lower soil fertility levels than the NE treatment; while their yield of late rice were decreased by 2.03%～6.67%, respectively, excepted for the lower soil fertility. However, compared with the NE treatment, the yield of early and late rice was no significant decrease in the treatments of decreasing N fertilizer by 15% and the increasing of 15%, 30% and 45% N rates on the basis of NE among different soil fertility levels. Furthermore, the yield potential in different soil fertility levels and the corresponding rational amount of N fertilizer were followed that higher fertility was the higher than the medium fertility and lower fertility through the fitting equation. It indicated that the N fertilizer could be reduced by 12.94%～34.07% for 95% yield potential by using the NE model.Meanwhile, the N reduction rate of higher fertility was significantly lower to maintain higher yield than those of the medium and lower fertility levels. Therefore, in the double-cropping rice areas of southern China, the NE model could achieve the reduction of N fertilizer and the improvement of efficiency among higher, medium and lower soil fertility levels. There are differences in the proportion of N fertilizer reduction in different soil fertility levels.
引文
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[15]余瑞新,欧阳建平,王端飞,等.赣东北地区水稻土的有机质变化及其与产量和肥料利用率的相互关系[J].江西农业学报,2015,27(5),42-45.
[16]余喜初,李大明,柳开楼,等.长期施肥红壤稻田有机碳演变规律及影响因素[J].土壤,2013,45(4):655-660.
[17]张旭博.中国农田土壤有机碳演变及其增产协同效应[D].北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2016.
[18]王建红,曹凯,张贤.紫云英还田配施化肥对单季晚稻养分利用和产量的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):888-896.
[19]LI Z, LIU M, WU X, et al. Effects of long-term chemical fertilization and organic amendments on dynamics of soil organic C and total N in paddy soil derived from barren land in subtropical China[J]. Soil Tillage Res, 2010, 106(2):268-274.
[20]XU X, XIE J, HOU Y, et al. Estimating nutrient uptake requirements for rice in China[J]. Field Crop Res, 2015, 180:37-45.
[21]王伟妮,鲁剑巍,李银水,等.当前生产条件下不同作物施肥效果和肥料贡献率研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(19):3 997-4 007.
[2]潘晓华,李木英,曾勇军,等.江西双季稻主要种植方式及其配套栽培对策[J].江西农业大学学报,2013,35(1):1-6.
[3]潘晓华,石庆华.江西省双季水稻单产不高的原因及对策[J].中国稻米,2008,15(4):1-2.
[4]陈琦.农户水稻施肥现状调查与分析[D].南京:南京农业大学硕士学位论文,2013.
[5]吴建富,潘晓华,石庆华,等.江西双季水稻施肥中存在的问题及对策[J].中国稻米,2012,18(5):33-35.
[6]串丽敏,何萍,赵同科.作物推荐施肥方法研究进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2016,18(1):95-102.
[7]XU X, HE P, ZHAO S, et al. Quantification of yield gap and nutrient use efficiency of irrigated rice in China[J]. Field Crop Res, 2016,186:58-65.
[8]YANG F, XU X, MA J, et al. Experimental validation of a new approach for rice fertilizer recommendations across smallholder farms in China[J]. Soil Res, 2017, 55(6):579-589.
[9]何萍,徐新朋,周卫.基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[10]柳开楼,李大明,胡志华,等.养分专家系统在双季稻中的应用和评价[J].中国土壤与肥料,2019(1):184-189.
[11]徐建明,张甘霖,谢正苗,等.土壤质量指标与评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[12]李建军,辛景树,张会民,等.长江中下游粮食主产区25年来稻田土壤养分演变特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):92-103.
[13]曾祥明,韩宝吉,徐芳森,等.不同基础地力土壤优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(14):2 886-2 894.
[14]柳开楼,韩天富,黄庆海,等.鄱阳湖流域长期施肥下双季稻田的土壤基础地力[J].应用生态学报,2019,30(1):209-216.
[15]余瑞新,欧阳建平,王端飞,等.赣东北地区水稻土的有机质变化及其与产量和肥料利用率的相互关系[J].江西农业学报,2015,27(5),42-45.
[16]余喜初,李大明,柳开楼,等.长期施肥红壤稻田有机碳演变规律及影响因素[J].土壤,2013,45(4):655-660.
[17]张旭博.中国农田土壤有机碳演变及其增产协同效应[D].北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2016.
[18]王建红,曹凯,张贤.紫云英还田配施化肥对单季晚稻养分利用和产量的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):888-896.
[19]LI Z, LIU M, WU X, et al. Effects of long-term chemical fertilization and organic amendments on dynamics of soil organic C and total N in paddy soil derived from barren land in subtropical China[J]. Soil Tillage Res, 2010, 106(2):268-274.
[20]XU X, XIE J, HOU Y, et al. Estimating nutrient uptake requirements for rice in China[J]. Field Crop Res, 2015, 180:37-45.
[21]王伟妮,鲁剑巍,李银水,等.当前生产条件下不同作物施肥效果和肥料贡献率研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(19):3 997-4 007.