砍切式玉米秸秆还田机的设计与试验
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摘要
针对中国北方一年两熟区玉米收获后地表秸秆量大,甩刀式秸秆还田机粉碎长度合格率低,影响后续小麦少免耕播种等问题,基于四连杆机构往复运动原理,利用地表作为支撑,提出了利用砍切对秸秆切段还田的思路,进而研发出一种砍切式玉米秸秆还田机。为避免后续小麦播种时出现拥堵现象,设计秸秆切断长度不超过小麦窄行行距的一半(6 cm);通过理论计算和动力学仿真分析,优化了切刀的运动轨迹并确定切秆装置各杆件尺寸并分析了机具切割功耗为28.39 kW;利用ANSYS软件对切刀进行有限元静力分析,切刀力学性能满足设计要求。田间对比试验结果表明,在玉米收获后秸秆全量保留的条件下,与甩刀式秸秆还田机相比,砍切式秸秆还田机粉碎后秸秆平均长度短0.73 cm,秸秆长度不合格率小5个百分点,秸秆长度变异系数小0.218;机具运行平稳性试验表明砍切式玉米秸秆还田机振动略大于甩刀式玉米秸秆还田机,但差异不显著,该机平稳性满足作业要求;切刀入土平均深度为7.71 cm,可明显降低0~10 cm土层土壤容重;后续播种试验试验表明在砍切式秸秆还田机作业后地表进行播种时,播种机无拥堵现象且播种深度合格率比甩刀式大2.3个百分点。该文研究成果能够为中国北方一年两熟区玉米秸秆还田提供一种新型装备,有利于促进秸秆还田技术的推广。
In annual double cropping areas in northern China,the straw is directly returned to the field after maize harvest,and the wheat is sown by no-tillage planter.However,the high water content and strong toughness of maize straw result in the low qualification rate of traditional rotary flail knife type returning machine,which can easily lead to straw blocking and thereby affect wheat sowing quality.To address the above problems,in this paper,a chopping method based on the principle of four-bar linkage mechanism was put forward.The maize straw was chopped using ground as the support.A chopping-type straw returning machine,composed of the frame,pressure roller,transmission device and straw cutting device,was developed.The pressure roller was located at the front of the machine,and was designed to press the standing or lying straws forward in the direction of machine movement.The cutting device was at the back of the roller,and was designed to cut the lying parallel straw into segments.To avoid straw blocking,maize straw was chopped into segments with the length less than 6 cm,and the length was half of the narrow row spacing of wheat.Based on theoretical calculation and motion simulation,the size of 4-link mechanism of cutting device was designed and the cutters' movement trajectory was optimized.In 4-link mechanism,the minimum transmission angle was 70°,the maximum swing angle of rocker was 20°,the eccentric distance of eccentric wheel was 80 mm,and the lengths of cutter holder(connecting rod) and rocker were 267.375 and 460.702 mm,respectively.The distance between the rotation center of eccentric wheel and the hinge point of rocker on frame was 526.627 mm.According to the finite element static analysis by using ANSYS software,the maximum stress of the cutter was calculated as 162 MPa generated near the bolt holes on both sides,which met the design requirements.The field performance experiment was conducted in Hebei Province to compare the chopping-type straw returning machine and traditional flail knife type machine.The comparison and research objects included the unqualified rate of straw length,working stability,soil physical property and the subsequent sowing operation effect.The experiment results showed that the average length of the straw with the designed machine was 4.8 cm,the unqualified rate was 6% and the coefficient of variation was 0.209,which were all superior to the traditional machine.The vibration of the designed one was slightly larger than that of traditional one with no significant difference,and both of the machines worked stably.The cutting depth of new cutter reached 7.71 cm averagely,and soil bulk density in 0-10 cm depth decreased obviously.The subsequent wheat seeding experiments were carried out,and the results showed that there was no straw blocking during seeding when the seeder operated on the surface on which the chop-cutting straw returning machine worked,and the coefficient of sowing depth was 92.5% and it was significantly higher than another one.This study provides a new equipment for the maize straw returning in the double cropping areas in northern China,and it is also conducive to the popularization of straw returning technology.
In annual double cropping areas in northern China,the straw is directly returned to the field after maize harvest,and the wheat is sown by no-tillage planter.However,the high water content and strong toughness of maize straw result in the low qualification rate of traditional rotary flail knife type returning machine,which can easily lead to straw blocking and thereby affect wheat sowing quality.To address the above problems,in this paper,a chopping method based on the principle of four-bar linkage mechanism was put forward.The maize straw was chopped using ground as the support.A chopping-type straw returning machine,composed of the frame,pressure roller,transmission device and straw cutting device,was developed.The pressure roller was located at the front of the machine,and was designed to press the standing or lying straws forward in the direction of machine movement.The cutting device was at the back of the roller,and was designed to cut the lying parallel straw into segments.To avoid straw blocking,maize straw was chopped into segments with the length less than 6 cm,and the length was half of the narrow row spacing of wheat.Based on theoretical calculation and motion simulation,the size of 4-link mechanism of cutting device was designed and the cutters' movement trajectory was optimized.In 4-link mechanism,the minimum transmission angle was 70°,the maximum swing angle of rocker was 20°,the eccentric distance of eccentric wheel was 80 mm,and the lengths of cutter holder(connecting rod) and rocker were 267.375 and 460.702 mm,respectively.The distance between the rotation center of eccentric wheel and the hinge point of rocker on frame was 526.627 mm.According to the finite element static analysis by using ANSYS software,the maximum stress of the cutter was calculated as 162 MPa generated near the bolt holes on both sides,which met the design requirements.The field performance experiment was conducted in Hebei Province to compare the chopping-type straw returning machine and traditional flail knife type machine.The comparison and research objects included the unqualified rate of straw length,working stability,soil physical property and the subsequent sowing operation effect.The experiment results showed that the average length of the straw with the designed machine was 4.8 cm,the unqualified rate was 6% and the coefficient of variation was 0.209,which were all superior to the traditional machine.The vibration of the designed one was slightly larger than that of traditional one with no significant difference,and both of the machines worked stably.The cutting depth of new cutter reached 7.71 cm averagely,and soil bulk density in 0-10 cm depth decreased obviously.The subsequent wheat seeding experiments were carried out,and the results showed that there was no straw blocking during seeding when the seeder operated on the surface on which the chop-cutting straw returning machine worked,and the coefficient of sowing depth was 92.5% and it was significantly higher than another one.This study provides a new equipment for the maize straw returning in the double cropping areas in northern China,and it is also conducive to the popularization of straw returning technology.
引文
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[2]毕于运,王亚静,高春雨.中国主要秸秆资源数量及其区域分布[J].农机化研究,2010,32(3):1-7.Bi Yuyun,Wang Yajing,Gao Chunyu.Straw resource quantity and its regional distribution in China[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(3):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王金武,唐汉,王金峰.东北地区作物秸秆资源综合利用现状与发展分析[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(5):1-21.Wang Jinwu,Tang Han,Wang Jinfeng.Comprehensive utilization status and development analysis of crop straw resource in northeast China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(5):1-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]刘哲,韩霁昌,孙增慧,等.δ13C法研究砂姜黑土添加秸秆后团聚体有机碳变化规律[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(14):179-187.Liu Zhe,Han Jichang,Sun Zenghui,et al.Change law of organic carbon in lime concretion black soil aggregates with application of straw byδ13C method[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(14):179-187.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]朱强根,朱安宁,张佳宝,等.保护性耕作下土壤动物群落及其与土壤肥力的关系[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(2):70-76.Zhu Qianggen,Zhu Anning,Zhang Jiabao,et al.Relation of agricultural soil fauna and soil fertility under conservation tillage systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(2):70-76.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]赵亚丽,薛志伟,郭海斌,等.耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤呼吸的影响及机理[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):155-165.Zhao Yali,Xue Zhiwei,Guo Haibin,et al.Effects of tillage and crop residue management on soil respiration and its mechanism[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(19):155-165.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]周怀平,解文艳,关春林,等.长期秸秆还田对旱地玉米产量、效益及水分利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(2):321-330.Zhou Huaiping,Xie Wenyan,Guan Chuanlin,et al.Effects of long-term straw-returning on corn yield,economic benefit and water use in arid farming areas[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2013,19(2):321-330.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]张喜瑞,何进,李洪文,等.小麦免耕播种机驱动链式防堵装置设计[J].农业机械学报,2009,40(10):44-48.Zhang Xirui,He Jin,Li Hongwen,et al.Design of the powered-chain anti-blocking mechanism for wheat no-till planter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2009,40(10):44-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Brandelero E M,de Araujo A G,Ralisch R.Soil mobilization and seeding depth by no-till seeder mechanisms for residue management[J].Engenharia Agricola,2014,34(2):263-272.
[10]卢彩云,赵春江,孟志军,等.基于滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置的秸秆摩擦特性研究[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):83-89.Lu Caiyun,Zhao Chunjiang,Meng Zhijun,et al.Straw friction characteristic based on rotary cutting anti-blocking device with slide plate pressing straw[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(11):83-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]张喜瑞,李洪文,何进,等.旋转拨刀式小麦免耕播种机的设计与试验[J].农机化研究,2012,34(3):149-151,158.Zhang Xirui,Li Hongwen,He Jin,et al.Experiment and design of rotating and dialing knife type no-till wheat planter[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2012,34(3):149-151,158.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]付雪高,李明,卢敬铭,等.秸秆粉碎还田机甩刀的研究进展[J].中国农机化学报,2011(1):83-87.Fu Xuegao,Li Ming,Lu Jingming,et al.Research on the cutter of straw crushing machine to field[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2011(1):83-87.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Johnson J M F,Acostamartinez V,Cambardella C A,et al.Crop and soil responses to using corn stover as a bioenergy feedstock:Observations from the northern US corn belt[J].Agriculture,2013,3(1):72-89.
[14]姚燕,姬裕江.基于锤爪式动刀的小麦秸秆粉碎装置试验研究[J].农机化研究,2010,32(1):156-158.Yao Yan,Ji Yujiang.Test study on smashing devices of sweat stalks[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(1):156-158.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]潘佛雏,康建明,颜利民,等.Y型甩刀式秸秆粉碎还田机关键部件的设计与性能试验[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(5):912-915.Pan Fuchu,Kang Jianming,Yan Limin,et al.Design and experiment to key components of Y type cutting device of smashed straw machine[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(5):912-915.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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