择伐后落叶松云冷杉林直径结构及生长的动态变化
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摘要
【目的】混交林择伐技术对实现林分可持续经营至关重要。本文对择伐后的落叶松云冷杉林林分直径结构和生长动态变化进行研究,为科学进行择伐活动和合理调整林木径级株数结构提供参考。【方法】以落叶松云冷杉近天然混交林为研究对象,设置对照样地(0%)和轻度(20%)、中度(30%)、强度(40%)择伐样地各4块,利用伐后5~11年的观测结果,比较分析了不同强度择伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林林分结构及生长的影响。【结果】研究发现中度、强度择伐后落叶松云冷杉混交林断面积和蓄积生长率明显增大,表明择伐为林分中保留木创造养分空间,加速了林分胸径和蓄积的生长进程。伐后5~11年,对照样地和中度择伐样地Weibull分布曲线呈右偏,样地内中小径材居多,且中度择伐样地径级分布宽广;轻度择伐和强度择伐样地呈左偏分布,林分内中大径材较多。对照样地Weibull分布的c值变化不大,择伐样地c值随时间增加而增大,说明择伐去除劣势木,增加林分空间,林分结构得到优化。一定强度的择伐还能降低林分中林木的枯损率,而高强度择伐会增加林木风倒的风险。【结论】从可持续经营角度看,可根据不同经营目的选择适当的择伐策略。中度择伐后落叶松云冷杉林的林木生长速率明显增大,林分中林木径级较完整,林分结构稳定,林木枯损率减少,有利于林分生长的可持续发展。
[Objective] Thinning program is crucial to the management of mixed forests. The diameter structure and growth changes of larch-spruce-fir stand after selective thinning were studied in order to help creating better thinning programs and improve stand quality. [Method] Larch-spruce-fir mixed forests including 12 selective thinning plots with different thinning intensities(light,20%; medium,30%;heavy,40%) and 4 control(0%) plots were established. The effects of selective thinning and dynamic changes on diameter structure stand growth were analyzed based on stand inventory of the 5-11 th yearafter thinning. [Result] We found that medium thinning and heavy thinning had significantly increased the growth of basal area and stand volume,which conformed thinning program leading to faster stand growth because more space and nutrient were provided for standing trees after thinning. The diameter distribution(Weibull distribution) curves of control stand and medium thinning stand were right-skewed,which demonstrated small and medium trees dominated in these stands. While the diameter distribution curves of light thinning and heavy thinning stand were left-skewed which showed a higher number of bigger trees. The parameter c of Weibull function remained the same in unthinned stand,while it increased with time in thinned stands. This indicated thinning treatment optimized stand structure by removing inferior trees and increasing stand space. Simultaneously,thinning treatments could decrease tree mortality,however,heavy thinning increased the risks of wind throw. [Conclusion] Different selective thinning schemes can be applied to the forest according to the management goal. For sustainable management,medium thinning faster the stand growth,which also resulted in a stable diameter structure with higher DBH range and less tree mortality,hence medium thinning may promote sustainable forest development.
[Objective] Thinning program is crucial to the management of mixed forests. The diameter structure and growth changes of larch-spruce-fir stand after selective thinning were studied in order to help creating better thinning programs and improve stand quality. [Method] Larch-spruce-fir mixed forests including 12 selective thinning plots with different thinning intensities(light,20%; medium,30%;heavy,40%) and 4 control(0%) plots were established. The effects of selective thinning and dynamic changes on diameter structure stand growth were analyzed based on stand inventory of the 5-11 th yearafter thinning. [Result] We found that medium thinning and heavy thinning had significantly increased the growth of basal area and stand volume,which conformed thinning program leading to faster stand growth because more space and nutrient were provided for standing trees after thinning. The diameter distribution(Weibull distribution) curves of control stand and medium thinning stand were right-skewed,which demonstrated small and medium trees dominated in these stands. While the diameter distribution curves of light thinning and heavy thinning stand were left-skewed which showed a higher number of bigger trees. The parameter c of Weibull function remained the same in unthinned stand,while it increased with time in thinned stands. This indicated thinning treatment optimized stand structure by removing inferior trees and increasing stand space. Simultaneously,thinning treatments could decrease tree mortality,however,heavy thinning increased the risks of wind throw. [Conclusion] Different selective thinning schemes can be applied to the forest according to the management goal. For sustainable management,medium thinning faster the stand growth,which also resulted in a stable diameter structure with higher DBH range and less tree mortality,hence medium thinning may promote sustainable forest development.
引文
[1]黄雪蔓,尤业明,蓝嘉川,等.不同采伐强度对杉木人工林碳储量及其分配的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(1):156-163.Huang X M,You Y M,Lan J C,et al.The effect of carbon storage and its allocation in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with different thinning intensities[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(1):156-163.
[2]高云昌,张文辉,何景峰,等.黄龙山油松人工林采伐效果的综合评价[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5):1313--1319.Gao Y C,Zhang W H,He J F,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Huanglong Mountain,Northwest China:a comprehensive evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1313-1319.
[3]Forrester D I,Collopy J J,Beadle C L,et al.Interactive effects of simultaneously applied thinning,pruning and fertiliser application treatments on growth,biomass production and crown architecture in a young Eucalyptus nitens plantation[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2012,267(3):104--116.
[4]Verschuyl J,Riffell S,Miller D,et al.Biodiversity response to intensive biomass production from forest thinning in North American forests:a meta-analysis[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2011,261(2):221--232.
[5]Horner G J,Baker P J,Nally R M,et al.Forest structure,habitat and carbon benefits from thinning floodplain forests:managing early stand density makes a difference[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2010,259(3):286--293.
[6]He Z,Zhao W,Hu L,et al.Successional process of Picea crassifolia,forest after logging disturbance in semiarid mountains:a case study in the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2010,260(3):396-402.
[7]孙志虎,王秀琴,陈祥伟.不同抚育间伐强度对落叶松人工林生态系统碳储量影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(12):1-13.Sun Z H,Wang X Q,Chen X W.Effects of thinning intensity on carbon storage of Larix olgensis plantation ecosystem[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(12):1--13.
[8]吴建强,王懿祥,杨一,等.干扰树采伐对杉木人工林林分生长和林分结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(2):340--348.Wu J Q,Wang Y X,Yang Y,et al.Effects of crop tree release on stand growth and stand structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(2):340--348.
[9]雷相东,陆元昌,张会儒,等.采伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):78--85.Lei X D,Lu Y C,Zhang H R,et al.Effects of thinning on mixed stands of Larix olgensis,Abies nephrolepis and Picea jazoensis[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(4):78-85.
[10]贾忠奎,公宁宁,姚凯,等.采伐强度对塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长进程和生物量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(3):5--7,31.Jia Z K,Gong N N,Yao K,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on the growth and biomass of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in Saihanba,Hebei Province[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2012,40(3):5-7,31.
[11]Nilsson U,Agestam E,Ek9 P M,et al.Thinning of Scots pine and Norway spruce monocultures in Sweden[J].Studia Forestalia Suecica,2010,219:1-46.
[12]马履一,李春义,王希群,等.不同强度采伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):1--9.Ma L Y,Lin C Y,Wang X Q,et al.Effects of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Beijing mountainous areas[J].Scientia Silvae Sinica,2007,43(5):1-9.
[13]董希斌,李耀翔,姜立春.采伐对兴安落叶松人工林林分结构的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(1):16-18.Dong X B,Li Y X,Jiang L C.The effects of thinning on stand structure for larch plantation[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2000,28(1):16--18.
[14]王蒙,李凤日.基于采伐效应的落叶松人工林直径分布动态模拟[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2429--2437.Wang M,Li F R.Modeling the diameter distribution of Larix olgensis plantation based on thinning effects[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(8):2429--2437.
[15]李春明,杜纪山,张会儒.采伐对森林生长的影响及其模型研究[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(5):636-641.Li C M,Du J S,Zhang H R.The effects of thinning on forest growth and model study[J].Forest Research,2003,16(5):636-641.
[16]杜纪山,唐守正.抚育间伐对林分生长的效应及其模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(1):79--83.Du J S,Tang S Z.Modeling thinning effects on stand growth[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1996,18(1):79--83.
[17]Lei X D,Lu Y C,Peng C H,et al.Growth and structure development of semi-natural larch-spruce-fir(Larix olgensis-Picea jezoensis-Abies nephrolepis)forests in northeast China:12-year results after thinning[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2007,240(1):165--177.
[18]胡云云.基于采伐的长白山地区天然云冷杉针阔混交林生长和结构动态的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.Hu Y Y.Study on dynamic of stand growth and structure for spruce-fir mixed forest after selective cutting in Changbai Mountains[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2010.
[19]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006:73-87,192.Meng X Y.Forest measurement[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2006:73--87,192.
[20]张鹏,王新杰,韩金,等.采伐对杉木人工林生长的短期影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2016,44(2):6--10,14.Zhang P,Wang X J,Han J,et al.Short-term effect of thinning on the growth of Chinese fir plantation[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2016,44(2):6--10,14.
[21]蒋子涵,金光泽.择伐对阔叶红松林主要树种径向与纵向生长的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(21):5843--5852.Jiang Z H,Jin G Z.Effects of selection cutting on diameter growth and vertical growth among major tree species in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(21):5843-5852.
[22]吕延杰,杨华,张青,等.云冷杉天然林林分空间结构对胸径生长量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):41-47.LüY J,Yang H,Zhang Q,et al.Effects of spatial structure on DBH increment of natural spruce-fir forest[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):41-47.
[23]陈亚南,杨华,马士友,等.长白山2种针阔混交林空间结构多样性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(12):48--58.Chen Y N,Yang H,Ma S Y,et al.Spatial structure diversity of semi-natural and plantation stands of larix gmelinii in Changbai Mountain,northeast China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(12):48--58.
[24]姚甲宝,曾平生,袁小平,等.采伐强度对木荷-萌芽杉木中龄混交林生长和林分结构的影响[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):511-517.Yao J B,Zeng P S,Yuan X P,et al.Impacts of thinning intensities on growth and stand structure of Schima superbasprouting Cuninghamia lanceolata mixed plantation[J].Forest Research,2017,30(3):511--517.
[25]武纪成.落叶松云冷杉林结构特征及调整研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2008.Wu J C.Study on structure and adjustment of larch-spruce-fir mixed stands[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2008.
[26]韩文轩,方精云.植物种群的自然稀疏规律:-3/2还是-4/3?[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(4):661-668.Han W X,Fang Y J.Self-thinning law in plant populations:-3/2 vs-4/3[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2008,44(4):661--668.
[27]尤文忠,赵刚,张慧东,等.采伐对蒙古栎次生林生长的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):56--64.You W Z,Zhao G,Zhang H D,et al.Effects of thinning on growth of Mongolian oak(Quercus mongolica)secondary forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(1):56--64.
[28]Wallentin C,Nilsson U.Storm and snow damage in a Norway spruce thinning experiment in southern Sweden[J].Forestry,2014,87(2):229--238.
[2]高云昌,张文辉,何景峰,等.黄龙山油松人工林采伐效果的综合评价[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5):1313--1319.Gao Y C,Zhang W H,He J F,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Huanglong Mountain,Northwest China:a comprehensive evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1313-1319.
[3]Forrester D I,Collopy J J,Beadle C L,et al.Interactive effects of simultaneously applied thinning,pruning and fertiliser application treatments on growth,biomass production and crown architecture in a young Eucalyptus nitens plantation[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2012,267(3):104--116.
[4]Verschuyl J,Riffell S,Miller D,et al.Biodiversity response to intensive biomass production from forest thinning in North American forests:a meta-analysis[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2011,261(2):221--232.
[5]Horner G J,Baker P J,Nally R M,et al.Forest structure,habitat and carbon benefits from thinning floodplain forests:managing early stand density makes a difference[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2010,259(3):286--293.
[6]He Z,Zhao W,Hu L,et al.Successional process of Picea crassifolia,forest after logging disturbance in semiarid mountains:a case study in the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2010,260(3):396-402.
[7]孙志虎,王秀琴,陈祥伟.不同抚育间伐强度对落叶松人工林生态系统碳储量影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(12):1-13.Sun Z H,Wang X Q,Chen X W.Effects of thinning intensity on carbon storage of Larix olgensis plantation ecosystem[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(12):1--13.
[8]吴建强,王懿祥,杨一,等.干扰树采伐对杉木人工林林分生长和林分结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(2):340--348.Wu J Q,Wang Y X,Yang Y,et al.Effects of crop tree release on stand growth and stand structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(2):340--348.
[9]雷相东,陆元昌,张会儒,等.采伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):78--85.Lei X D,Lu Y C,Zhang H R,et al.Effects of thinning on mixed stands of Larix olgensis,Abies nephrolepis and Picea jazoensis[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(4):78-85.
[10]贾忠奎,公宁宁,姚凯,等.采伐强度对塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长进程和生物量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(3):5--7,31.Jia Z K,Gong N N,Yao K,et al.Effects of thinning intensity on the growth and biomass of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in Saihanba,Hebei Province[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2012,40(3):5-7,31.
[11]Nilsson U,Agestam E,Ek9 P M,et al.Thinning of Scots pine and Norway spruce monocultures in Sweden[J].Studia Forestalia Suecica,2010,219:1-46.
[12]马履一,李春义,王希群,等.不同强度采伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):1--9.Ma L Y,Lin C Y,Wang X Q,et al.Effects of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Beijing mountainous areas[J].Scientia Silvae Sinica,2007,43(5):1-9.
[13]董希斌,李耀翔,姜立春.采伐对兴安落叶松人工林林分结构的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(1):16-18.Dong X B,Li Y X,Jiang L C.The effects of thinning on stand structure for larch plantation[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2000,28(1):16--18.
[14]王蒙,李凤日.基于采伐效应的落叶松人工林直径分布动态模拟[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2429--2437.Wang M,Li F R.Modeling the diameter distribution of Larix olgensis plantation based on thinning effects[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(8):2429--2437.
[15]李春明,杜纪山,张会儒.采伐对森林生长的影响及其模型研究[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(5):636-641.Li C M,Du J S,Zhang H R.The effects of thinning on forest growth and model study[J].Forest Research,2003,16(5):636-641.
[16]杜纪山,唐守正.抚育间伐对林分生长的效应及其模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(1):79--83.Du J S,Tang S Z.Modeling thinning effects on stand growth[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1996,18(1):79--83.
[17]Lei X D,Lu Y C,Peng C H,et al.Growth and structure development of semi-natural larch-spruce-fir(Larix olgensis-Picea jezoensis-Abies nephrolepis)forests in northeast China:12-year results after thinning[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2007,240(1):165--177.
[18]胡云云.基于采伐的长白山地区天然云冷杉针阔混交林生长和结构动态的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.Hu Y Y.Study on dynamic of stand growth and structure for spruce-fir mixed forest after selective cutting in Changbai Mountains[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2010.
[19]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006:73-87,192.Meng X Y.Forest measurement[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2006:73--87,192.
[20]张鹏,王新杰,韩金,等.采伐对杉木人工林生长的短期影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2016,44(2):6--10,14.Zhang P,Wang X J,Han J,et al.Short-term effect of thinning on the growth of Chinese fir plantation[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2016,44(2):6--10,14.
[21]蒋子涵,金光泽.择伐对阔叶红松林主要树种径向与纵向生长的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(21):5843--5852.Jiang Z H,Jin G Z.Effects of selection cutting on diameter growth and vertical growth among major tree species in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(21):5843-5852.
[22]吕延杰,杨华,张青,等.云冷杉天然林林分空间结构对胸径生长量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):41-47.LüY J,Yang H,Zhang Q,et al.Effects of spatial structure on DBH increment of natural spruce-fir forest[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):41-47.
[23]陈亚南,杨华,马士友,等.长白山2种针阔混交林空间结构多样性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(12):48--58.Chen Y N,Yang H,Ma S Y,et al.Spatial structure diversity of semi-natural and plantation stands of larix gmelinii in Changbai Mountain,northeast China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(12):48--58.
[24]姚甲宝,曾平生,袁小平,等.采伐强度对木荷-萌芽杉木中龄混交林生长和林分结构的影响[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(3):511-517.Yao J B,Zeng P S,Yuan X P,et al.Impacts of thinning intensities on growth and stand structure of Schima superbasprouting Cuninghamia lanceolata mixed plantation[J].Forest Research,2017,30(3):511--517.
[25]武纪成.落叶松云冷杉林结构特征及调整研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2008.Wu J C.Study on structure and adjustment of larch-spruce-fir mixed stands[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2008.
[26]韩文轩,方精云.植物种群的自然稀疏规律:-3/2还是-4/3?[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(4):661-668.Han W X,Fang Y J.Self-thinning law in plant populations:-3/2 vs-4/3[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2008,44(4):661--668.
[27]尤文忠,赵刚,张慧东,等.采伐对蒙古栎次生林生长的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):56--64.You W Z,Zhao G,Zhang H D,et al.Effects of thinning on growth of Mongolian oak(Quercus mongolica)secondary forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(1):56--64.
[28]Wallentin C,Nilsson U.Storm and snow damage in a Norway spruce thinning experiment in southern Sweden[J].Forestry,2014,87(2):229--238.