不同孵化方式、培育密度和附着基对瘤背石磺人工繁育的影响
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摘要
为提高瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)在胚胎发育和幼虫发育过程中受精卵的孵化速率和幼虫的存活率,本试验模拟滩涂生态环境对瘤背石磺亲贝进行人工养殖,并促使其交配产卵。将采集的瘤背石磺新鲜卵块置于盐度18,水温25～26℃的水体中进行孵化。比较3种不同孵化方式对孵化速率的影响,并研究不同孔径(1.0～1.5 mm)海绵附着基和不同培育密度对幼虫存活率的影响,同时结合幼虫在各水层中分布的变化规律,探索瘤背石磺胚胎发育和幼虫发育过程的关键技术。结果显示,采用3种方式("喷淋"、"露空"和"梯笼")孵化,受精卵至出膜面盘幼虫期所需时间分别为8、6和9 d;大孔径(1.2～1.5 mm)海绵组对幼虫的附着效果较好,存活率显著高于小孔径(1.0～1.2 mm)海绵组(P<0.05),且两者均显著高于未添加附着基组(P<0.05);存活率与不同培育密度的二次多项式回归分析显示,瘤背石磺幼虫培育密度为55～61个/mL时存活率较高。上述结果表明,"露空"孵化方式能显著缩短瘤背石磺孵化所需时间;在生产过程中,幼虫培育密度以55～61个/mL为宜,面盘幼虫期投放大孔径海绵作为幼虫附着基能显著提高幼虫存活率且能明显缩短胚胎发育和幼虫发育所需时间。
Onchidium struma belongs to Mollusca,Gastropoda,Stylommatophore,which usually lives in the intertidal zone.The objective of this study was to improve the fertilized eggs hatching rate and survival rate of Onchidium struma in the process of embryonic and larvae development.In this experiment,the ecological environment of beaches was simulated in artificial breeding of the Onchidium struma,whose gonad has matured,and urge its mating and laying eggs.The gathered egg mass was put into water with temperature of 25～26℃ and salinity 18 for hatching.The effect of three hatching ways on hatching rate and the effects of cultivating densities and incubators(the aperture is 1.0～1.5 mm) on the survival rate of the O.struma larvae in combination with the changing rules of the larvae distribution in water to explore the key techniques of artificial breeding of O.struma.The results showed that the time from the fertilized eggs hatching to the out-membrane veliger stage required in three hatching way("spray","exposure" and "ladder cage") was 8 d,6 d and 9 d respectively.The incubator(sponge) has significant effect on the survival of the larvae(P<0.05).The larvae attachment and the survival rate of a large aperture sponge(1.2～1.5 mm) are significantly better than the small aperture sponge(1.0～1.2 mm)(P<0.05).An analysis of the relationship between survival rate and different cultivating densities by a second order polynomial regression suggested that it had the highest survival rate when the cultivating density of larvae was 55～61 ind./mL.The results indicated that the "exposure" hatching way could markedly shorten the hatching time,and the optimal cultivating density was 55～61 ind./mL in the production process.In addition,it could significantly improve the survival rate of larvae and could obviously reduce the time when put the sponge into the water in the veliger stage of the embryonic development and larvae development process.
Onchidium struma belongs to Mollusca,Gastropoda,Stylommatophore,which usually lives in the intertidal zone.The objective of this study was to improve the fertilized eggs hatching rate and survival rate of Onchidium struma in the process of embryonic and larvae development.In this experiment,the ecological environment of beaches was simulated in artificial breeding of the Onchidium struma,whose gonad has matured,and urge its mating and laying eggs.The gathered egg mass was put into water with temperature of 25～26℃ and salinity 18 for hatching.The effect of three hatching ways on hatching rate and the effects of cultivating densities and incubators(the aperture is 1.0～1.5 mm) on the survival rate of the O.struma larvae in combination with the changing rules of the larvae distribution in water to explore the key techniques of artificial breeding of O.struma.The results showed that the time from the fertilized eggs hatching to the out-membrane veliger stage required in three hatching way("spray","exposure" and "ladder cage") was 8 d,6 d and 9 d respectively.The incubator(sponge) has significant effect on the survival of the larvae(P<0.05).The larvae attachment and the survival rate of a large aperture sponge(1.2～1.5 mm) are significantly better than the small aperture sponge(1.0～1.2 mm)(P<0.05).An analysis of the relationship between survival rate and different cultivating densities by a second order polynomial regression suggested that it had the highest survival rate when the cultivating density of larvae was 55～61 ind./mL.The results indicated that the "exposure" hatching way could markedly shorten the hatching time,and the optimal cultivating density was 55～61 ind./mL in the production process.In addition,it could significantly improve the survival rate of larvae and could obviously reduce the time when put the sponge into the water in the veliger stage of the embryonic development and larvae development process.
引文
[1]黄金田.瘤背石磺及其物种保护[J].水产养殖,2005,26(6):40-41.
[2]黄金田,王爱民.瘤背石磺营养成分分析及品质评价[J].海洋科学,2008,32(11):29-35.
[3]沈和定,陈汉春,陈贤龙,等.几种饲料对石磺的暂养效果及其消化率的初步研究[J].上海水产大学学报,2004,13(4):293-297.
[4]王金庆,成永旭,吴旭干,等.瘤背石磺的形态、习性和生殖行为[J].动物学杂志,2005,40(1):32-40.
[5]Deshpande U D,Nagabhushanam R,Hanumante M M.Reproductive ecology of the marine pulmonate,On-chidium verruculatum[J].Hydrobiologia,1980,83-85.
[6]黄金田,沈伯平,王资生.瘤背石磺的生态习性观察[J].海洋渔业,2004,26(2):103-109.
[7]沈和定,陈汉春,陈贤龙,等.石磺繁殖生物学的实验研究[J].水产学报,2006,30(6):753-769.
[8]Hatsuo H,Satoru I.Chaotic nature of bursting dis-charges in the Onchidium pacemaker neuron[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1992,156(3):269-291.
[9]沈和定,陈贤龙,陈汉春,等.水温对石磺胚胎发育的影响[J].水产学报,2005,29(6):776-782.
[10]沈和定,陈汉春,陈贤龙,等.盐度对石磺胚胎发育的影响[J].上海水产大学学报,2006,15(3):297-302.
[11]滕炜鸣,吴旭干,唐伯平,等.瘤背石磺滩涂生态繁殖的初步研究[J].海洋渔业,2007,29(3):214-219.
[12]金春华,郑忠明,华建权,等.瘤背石磺人工繁育关键技术的研究[J].水产科学,2010,29(10):597-600.
[13]王金庆,成永旭,吴旭干,等.瘤背石磺的胚胎和幼虫发育[J].上海水产大学学报,2005,14(2):108-115.
[14]Ruthensteiner B,Schaefer K.The cephalic sensory organ in veliger of pulmonates(Gastropoda:Mollusca)[J].Journal of Morphology,2002,251(1):93-102.
[15]Smith A,Kenny R.Reproduction and development of Onchidium dameliiSemper[J].J Malac Soc Aust,1987,8:37-39.
[16]Deshpande U D,Nagabhushanam R,Hanumante M M.Reproductive ecology of the marine pulmonate,On-chidium verruculatum[J].Hydrobiologia,1980,71:83-85.
[17]Deshpande U D,Nagabhushanam R.Annual reproduc-tive cycle of the marine pulmonate,Onchidium ver-ruculatum(Cuvier)and its control by environmental factors[J].Indian Journal of Marine Sciences,New Delhi,1983,12(2):122-124.
[18]Nanaware S G,Gonjari G R.Studies on the reproduc-tive physiology of molluscs:6Histochemical observa-tions on the mucosubstances of spermatheca of marine slug Onchidium verruculatum(Cuv.)[J].Comparative Physiology and Ecology,1989,14(3):149-154.
[19]黄金田,张余霞.瘤背石磺室内温箱养殖试验[J].海洋科学,2004,28(10):14-16.
[20]包永波,尤仲杰.几种环境因子对海洋贝类幼虫生长的影响[J].水产科学,2004,23(12):39-41.
[21]李长松,房斌,王慧,等.青蛤稚贝放养密度与地质中硫化物相关性研究[J].水产学报,2006,30(6):796-800.
[22]赵越,王金海,张丛尧,等.培育密度及饵料种类对四角蛤蜊幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响[J].水产科学,2011,30(3):160-163.
[23]周琳,于业绍,陆平,等.青蛤受精卵和幼虫密度对孵化和生长的影响[J].海洋渔业,1999,21(4):157-159.
[24]闫喜武,赵生旭,张澎,等.培育密度及饵料种类对大竹蛏幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2010,25(5):386-390.
[25]闫喜武.菲律宾蛤仔养殖生物学、养殖技术及品种选育[D].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所,2005.
[26]李华琳,李文姬,张明.培育密度对长牡蛎面盘幼虫生长影响的对比试验[J].水产科学,2004,23(6):20-21.
[27]吴进锋,陈利雄,张汉华,等.2种东风螺繁殖及苗种生长发育的比较[J].南方水产,2006,2(1):39-42.
[28]严俊贤,王世峰,周永灿,等.糙海参胚胎和幼体发育的形态观察[J].水产学报,2012,36(7):1073-1080.
[29]Bonar D B,Coon S L.Control of oyster settlement and metamorphosis by Endogenous and exogenous chemi-cal cues[J].Bull of Mart Sci,1990,46(2):454-495.
[30]Barker S M,Mann R.Effect of hyPoxia and anoxia on larval Settlement juvenile growth,and juvenile survival of the oyster Crassostrea virginica[J].Biol Bull,1992,182:265-269.
[31]Parsons G J,M J Dadswell M J,Roff J C.Influence of biolfilm on settlement of Sea seallop,Plaeopeeten ma-gellanieus(Gmelin,1791)in Passamaquoddy bay,new brunswieh,Canada[J].J Shellfish Res,1993,12(2):279-283.
[32]Rodriguez S R,Ojeda F P,Inestrosa N C.Settlement of benthic marine Invertebrates[J].Marine Ecology Pro-gress Series,1993,97:193-207.
[33]Hadfield M G.Settlement and recruitment of marine invertebrates:a PersPective and some ProPosals[J].Bull of Mari Sci,1986,39(2):418-425.
[34]黄渤,邓中日,王小兵,等.中国海耳鲍胚胎发育特征[J].海洋科学,2007,31(4):68-72.
[2]黄金田,王爱民.瘤背石磺营养成分分析及品质评价[J].海洋科学,2008,32(11):29-35.
[3]沈和定,陈汉春,陈贤龙,等.几种饲料对石磺的暂养效果及其消化率的初步研究[J].上海水产大学学报,2004,13(4):293-297.
[4]王金庆,成永旭,吴旭干,等.瘤背石磺的形态、习性和生殖行为[J].动物学杂志,2005,40(1):32-40.
[5]Deshpande U D,Nagabhushanam R,Hanumante M M.Reproductive ecology of the marine pulmonate,On-chidium verruculatum[J].Hydrobiologia,1980,83-85.
[6]黄金田,沈伯平,王资生.瘤背石磺的生态习性观察[J].海洋渔业,2004,26(2):103-109.
[7]沈和定,陈汉春,陈贤龙,等.石磺繁殖生物学的实验研究[J].水产学报,2006,30(6):753-769.
[8]Hatsuo H,Satoru I.Chaotic nature of bursting dis-charges in the Onchidium pacemaker neuron[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1992,156(3):269-291.
[9]沈和定,陈贤龙,陈汉春,等.水温对石磺胚胎发育的影响[J].水产学报,2005,29(6):776-782.
[10]沈和定,陈汉春,陈贤龙,等.盐度对石磺胚胎发育的影响[J].上海水产大学学报,2006,15(3):297-302.
[11]滕炜鸣,吴旭干,唐伯平,等.瘤背石磺滩涂生态繁殖的初步研究[J].海洋渔业,2007,29(3):214-219.
[12]金春华,郑忠明,华建权,等.瘤背石磺人工繁育关键技术的研究[J].水产科学,2010,29(10):597-600.
[13]王金庆,成永旭,吴旭干,等.瘤背石磺的胚胎和幼虫发育[J].上海水产大学学报,2005,14(2):108-115.
[14]Ruthensteiner B,Schaefer K.The cephalic sensory organ in veliger of pulmonates(Gastropoda:Mollusca)[J].Journal of Morphology,2002,251(1):93-102.
[15]Smith A,Kenny R.Reproduction and development of Onchidium dameliiSemper[J].J Malac Soc Aust,1987,8:37-39.
[16]Deshpande U D,Nagabhushanam R,Hanumante M M.Reproductive ecology of the marine pulmonate,On-chidium verruculatum[J].Hydrobiologia,1980,71:83-85.
[17]Deshpande U D,Nagabhushanam R.Annual reproduc-tive cycle of the marine pulmonate,Onchidium ver-ruculatum(Cuvier)and its control by environmental factors[J].Indian Journal of Marine Sciences,New Delhi,1983,12(2):122-124.
[18]Nanaware S G,Gonjari G R.Studies on the reproduc-tive physiology of molluscs:6Histochemical observa-tions on the mucosubstances of spermatheca of marine slug Onchidium verruculatum(Cuv.)[J].Comparative Physiology and Ecology,1989,14(3):149-154.
[19]黄金田,张余霞.瘤背石磺室内温箱养殖试验[J].海洋科学,2004,28(10):14-16.
[20]包永波,尤仲杰.几种环境因子对海洋贝类幼虫生长的影响[J].水产科学,2004,23(12):39-41.
[21]李长松,房斌,王慧,等.青蛤稚贝放养密度与地质中硫化物相关性研究[J].水产学报,2006,30(6):796-800.
[22]赵越,王金海,张丛尧,等.培育密度及饵料种类对四角蛤蜊幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响[J].水产科学,2011,30(3):160-163.
[23]周琳,于业绍,陆平,等.青蛤受精卵和幼虫密度对孵化和生长的影响[J].海洋渔业,1999,21(4):157-159.
[24]闫喜武,赵生旭,张澎,等.培育密度及饵料种类对大竹蛏幼虫生长、存活及变态的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2010,25(5):386-390.
[25]闫喜武.菲律宾蛤仔养殖生物学、养殖技术及品种选育[D].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所,2005.
[26]李华琳,李文姬,张明.培育密度对长牡蛎面盘幼虫生长影响的对比试验[J].水产科学,2004,23(6):20-21.
[27]吴进锋,陈利雄,张汉华,等.2种东风螺繁殖及苗种生长发育的比较[J].南方水产,2006,2(1):39-42.
[28]严俊贤,王世峰,周永灿,等.糙海参胚胎和幼体发育的形态观察[J].水产学报,2012,36(7):1073-1080.
[29]Bonar D B,Coon S L.Control of oyster settlement and metamorphosis by Endogenous and exogenous chemi-cal cues[J].Bull of Mart Sci,1990,46(2):454-495.
[30]Barker S M,Mann R.Effect of hyPoxia and anoxia on larval Settlement juvenile growth,and juvenile survival of the oyster Crassostrea virginica[J].Biol Bull,1992,182:265-269.
[31]Parsons G J,M J Dadswell M J,Roff J C.Influence of biolfilm on settlement of Sea seallop,Plaeopeeten ma-gellanieus(Gmelin,1791)in Passamaquoddy bay,new brunswieh,Canada[J].J Shellfish Res,1993,12(2):279-283.
[32]Rodriguez S R,Ojeda F P,Inestrosa N C.Settlement of benthic marine Invertebrates[J].Marine Ecology Pro-gress Series,1993,97:193-207.
[33]Hadfield M G.Settlement and recruitment of marine invertebrates:a PersPective and some ProPosals[J].Bull of Mari Sci,1986,39(2):418-425.
[34]黄渤,邓中日,王小兵,等.中国海耳鲍胚胎发育特征[J].海洋科学,2007,31(4):68-72.