奶牛围产期典型代谢特征及其营养调控的技术途径
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摘要
围产期是奶牛泌乳周期中的一个关键阶段,奶牛处于多种营养素的负平衡状态,部分生理代谢功能紊乱,易发多种代谢性及其他疾病,严重威胁奶牛健康和高效生产。因此,奶牛围产期的营养调控已成为研究热点和重点。基于本课题组近年的研究积累,本文以奶牛围产期营养生理过程为理论基础,以机体代谢葡萄糖的精准、高效供应为核心目标,从瘤胃代谢调控、小肠淀粉高效利用和肝脏功能调控3个层次论述了奶牛围产期营养调控的相关进展和技术思路,旨在为相关研究和制订奶业营养对策提供参考。
The negative balances of nutrients usually occur in transition dairy cows,which leads to physiological dysfunction and incidences of metabolic disorders and other diseases,decreasing the healthy status as well as limiting postpartum lactation performance. Hence,the transition period has been regarded as one of the most important phases in a lactation circle of dairy cows. Moreover,the regulation of nutritional metabolism in transition dairy cows has long been a research focus. Based on the research accumulation of our group in recent years,as well as on the theoretical basis of nutritional physiological process,we discussed the research advances in the nutritional regulation of transition dairy cows,including regulation of rumen metabolism,efficient utilization of intestinal starch and the regulation of liver function in this review. The precise and efficient supply of metabolizable glucose is the core goal in this regulatory system,aiming at providing scientific and technical references for associated studies and dairy practices.
The negative balances of nutrients usually occur in transition dairy cows,which leads to physiological dysfunction and incidences of metabolic disorders and other diseases,decreasing the healthy status as well as limiting postpartum lactation performance. Hence,the transition period has been regarded as one of the most important phases in a lactation circle of dairy cows. Moreover,the regulation of nutritional metabolism in transition dairy cows has long been a research focus. Based on the research accumulation of our group in recent years,as well as on the theoretical basis of nutritional physiological process,we discussed the research advances in the nutritional regulation of transition dairy cows,including regulation of rumen metabolism,efficient utilization of intestinal starch and the regulation of liver function in this review. The precise and efficient supply of metabolizable glucose is the core goal in this regulatory system,aiming at providing scientific and technical references for associated studies and dairy practices.
引文
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[14]GERSPACH C,IMHASLY S,GUBLER M,et al.Altered plasma lipidome profile of dairy cows with fatty liver disease[J].Research in Veterinary Science,2017,110:47-59.
[15]SCHFERS S,VON SOOSTEN D,MEYER U,et al.Influence of conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin E on performance,energy metabolism,and change of fat depot mass in transitional dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(4):3193-3208.
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[20]ELEK P,GAL T,HUSVTH F.Influence of rumen-protected choline on liver composition and blood variables indicating energy balance in periparturient dairy cows[J].Acta Veterinaria Hungarica,2013,61(1):59-70.
[21]LI X W,GUAN Y,LI Y,et al.Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on the assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoproteins in cow hepatocytes in vitro[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,2016,226:82-87.
[22]LIU L,LI X W,LI Y,et al.Effects of nonesterified fatty acids on the synthesis and assembly of very low density lipoprotein in bovine hepatocytes in vitro[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(3):1328-1335.
[23]SHAHSAVARI A,D’OCCHIO M,AL JASSIM R.The role of rumen-protected choline in hepatic function and performance of transition dairy cows[J].The British Journal of Nutrition,2016,116(1):35-44.
[24]王建,孙鹏,卜登攀,等.围产期奶牛免疫抑制发生原因及其缓解的营养对策[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(12):3579-3586.
[25]WHITE H M,CARVALHO E R,KOSER S L,et al.Short communication:regulation of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes by dietary glycerol in transition dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(1):812-817.
[26]刘大森,姜明明.围产期奶牛健康指标体系和营养代谢研究进展[J].饲料工业,2015,36(8):1-4.
[27]LEAN I J,VAN SAUN R,DEGARIS P J.Energy and protein nutrition management of transition dairy cows[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2013,29(2):337-366.
[28]DENG Q,ODHIAMBO J F,FAROOQ U,et al.Intravaginal probiotics modulated metabolic status and improved milk production and composition of transition dairy cows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(2):760-770.
[29]AMETAJ B N,ZHANG G S,DERVISHI E,et al.Targeted metabolomics reveals multiple metabolite alterations in the urine of transition dairy cows preceding the incidence of lameness[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94:72-73.
[30]CALAMARI L,FERRARI A,MINUTI A,et al.Assessment of the main plasma parameters included in a metabolic profile of dairy cow based on fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy:preliminary results[J].BMC Veterinary Research,2016,12(1):4.
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[32]BERTONI G,TREVISI E.Use of the liver activity index and other metabolic variables in the assessment of metabolic health in dairy herds[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2013,29(2):413-431.
[33]INGVARTSEN K L,MOYES K.Nutrition,immune function and health of dairy cattle[J].Animal,2013,7(S1):112-122.
[34]RETAMAL P M.Nutritional management of the prepartum dairy cow[M]//RISCO C A,RETAMAL P M.Dairy production medicine.Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,2011:7-17.
[35]姚军虎,曹阳春,蔡传江.奶畜能量代谢调控机理与措施[J].饲料工业,2015,36(17):1-7.
[36]姚军虎,李飞,李发弟,等.反刍动物有效纤维评价体系及需要量[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(10):3168-3174.
[37]姚军虎.反刍动物碳水化合物高效利用的综合调控[J].饲料工业,2013,34(17):1-12.
[38]PITTA D W,KUMAR S,VECCHIARELLI B,et al.Temporal dynamics in the ruminal microbiome of dairy cows during the transition period.Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(9):4014-4022.
[39]WANG X X,LI X B,ZHAO C X,et al.Correlation between composition of the bacterial community and concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen during the transition period and ketosis in dairy cows[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(7):2386-2392.
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