西沙海槽盆地新生代沉积环境演化
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摘要
西沙海槽盆地处于南海北部陆坡洋陆壳过渡带,为一个分割南海北部陆架和西沙地块的新生代裂谷盆地,其沉积环境演化研究有助于进一步认识南海形成演化过程。通过南海陆坡区域地震地层对比,将西沙海槽盆地新生代以来划分出9个地层单元,采用地震线描和地震相分析方法,恢复各地层单元沉积时期的地层结构及古地貌,探讨其沉积环境演化过程。结果表明,古新世—始新世西沙海槽盆地为河流和湖泊沉积环境;渐新世—早中新世初,演变为分割南海北部陆架和西沙地块古陆、贯通琼东南盆地和西北次盆的海峡,沉积环境由滨-浅海过渡到半深海环境;中中新世以来盆地进入陆坡海槽发育阶段,晚中新世以后中央水道形成,演变为一个陆坡内深水海槽,为海流和浊流通道,整体处于半深海-深海沉积环境。
The Xisha Trough Basin is a Cenozoic rift basin located in a continental-oceanic transitional zone on the northern slope of the South China Sea(SCS),which separates the Xisha Block from the northern South China Sea continental shelf.In this paper,upon the basis of regional seismic stratigraphic correlation,we divided the Cenozoic of the Trough Basin into nine stratigraphic units.Seismic correlation and seismic facies analysis were carried out to restore the stratigraphic framework and paleo-geomorphology during deposition,and finally we discussed the sedimentary environment evolution process of the Trough Basin.The results show that,during the time from Paleocene to Eocene,the Xisha Trough area was dominated by rivers and lakes.From Oligocene to early Miocene,it became a strait,which separated the land from the northern SCS continental shelf,and connected the Qiongdongnan Basin on one end and the Northwest subbasin on the other.The sedimentary environment gradually changed from shallow water to deep water.Since middle Miocene,the Xisha Trough Basin has become a trough on continental slope.The Central Canyon was formed in the Miocene and became a pathway for turbidity currents under a bathyal-abyssal environment.
The Xisha Trough Basin is a Cenozoic rift basin located in a continental-oceanic transitional zone on the northern slope of the South China Sea(SCS),which separates the Xisha Block from the northern South China Sea continental shelf.In this paper,upon the basis of regional seismic stratigraphic correlation,we divided the Cenozoic of the Trough Basin into nine stratigraphic units.Seismic correlation and seismic facies analysis were carried out to restore the stratigraphic framework and paleo-geomorphology during deposition,and finally we discussed the sedimentary environment evolution process of the Trough Basin.The results show that,during the time from Paleocene to Eocene,the Xisha Trough area was dominated by rivers and lakes.From Oligocene to early Miocene,it became a strait,which separated the land from the northern SCS continental shelf,and connected the Qiongdongnan Basin on one end and the Northwest subbasin on the other.The sedimentary environment gradually changed from shallow water to deep water.Since middle Miocene,the Xisha Trough Basin has become a trough on continental slope.The Central Canyon was formed in the Miocene and became a pathway for turbidity currents under a bathyal-abyssal environment.
引文
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[19]夏斌,吕宝凤,吴国干,等.南海北部新生代盆地构造迁移及其对烃源岩的制约作用[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(5):629-634.[XIA Bin,LV Baofeng,WU Guogan,et al.The tectonic migration and its effect on the restriction of hydrocarbon source rocks of Cenozoic basins in north South China Sea[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2007,18(5):629-634.]
[20] Clift P D,Sun Z.The sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Yinggehai-Song Hong basin and the southern Haimargin,South China Sea:Implication for Tibetan uplift and monsoon intensification[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2006,111:1-28.
[21] XU Guoqiang,WU Shihu,ZHANG Li,et al.Stratigraphic division and depositional processes for the Mesozoic basin in Northern South China Sea[J].Marine Geophysical Research,2013,34:175-194.
[22] SUN Zhen,ZHOU Di,WU Shiming,et al.Patterns and dynamics of rifting on passive continental margin from shelf to slope of the northern South China Sea:evidence from 3Danalogue modeling[J].Journal of Earth Science,2009,20:136-146.
[23]徐国强,庞雄,胡琏,等.一种恢复沉积层序原型剖面的方法[P].中国,201410124609.2014-10-12.[XU Guoqiang,PANG Xiong,HU Lian,et al.A method of restoring the sedimentary sequence prototype section[P]. China,201410124609.2014-10-12.]
[24]徐国强,庞雄,叶斌.珠江口盆地白云凹陷南洼珠海组浊积扇群的发现及其意义[C]//成都理工大学50周年校庆论文集.四川科学技术出版社,2006:192-195.[XU Guoqiang,PANG Xiong,YE Bin.The findings and their significance of turbidite fan group in Zhuhai formation southern Baiyun sag Pearl River Mouth Basin[C]//The Memoir of 50anniversary of Chengdu university of technology.Sichuan Science and Technology Press,2006:192-195.]
[25]李小刚.珠江口盆地白云凹陷珠海组层序地层格架研究[D].成都理工大学,2009.[LI Xiaogang.The study of sequence stratigraphy Zhuhai group in Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin[D].Chengdu University of Technology,2009.]
[26]张义娜,张功成,梁建设,等.琼东南盆地长昌凹陷渐新统崖城组沉积充填及烃源岩特征[J].海洋地质前沿,2012,28(5):7-14.[ZHANG Yina,ZHANG Gongcheng,LIANG Jianshe,et al.Sediment filling and source rock characteristics of Oligocene Yachegn formation in Changchang depression of QiongDongNan Basin[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2012,28(5):7-14.]
[27]蔡国富,邵磊,乔陪军,等.琼东南盆地古近系海侵及沉积环境演化[J].石油学报,2013,34(2):91-101.[CAI Guofu,SHAO Lei,QIAO Peijun,et al.Marine transgression and evolution of depositional environment in the Paleogene strata of Qiongdognnan Basin,South China Sea[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(2):91-101.]
[28]张浩,邵磊,张功成,等.南海始新世海相地层分布及油气地质意义[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2015,34(2):91-101.[ZHANG Hao,SHAO Lei,ZHANG Gongcheng,et al.Distribution and petroleum geologic significance of Eocene strata in the South China Sea[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geoscience,2015,34(2):91-101.]
[29]纪沫,张功成,杨海长等.琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带结构构造及其演化特征[J].海洋地质前沿,2014,30(9):26-35.[JI Mo,ZHANG Gongcheng,YANG Haichang,et al.Structural pattern and evolution of eastern sag belt,in deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2014,30(9):26-35.]
[2]费鼎.南海北部区域构造和陆壳向洋壳的转化[J].地球物理学报,1983,26(5):459-467.[FEI Ding.On the structural feature and the oceanization in the north part of South China Sea[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1983,26(5):459-467.]
[3]姚伯初,曾维军,陈艺中,等.南海西沙海槽一条古缝合线[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(1):1-10.[YAO Bochu,ZENG Weijun,CHEN Yizhong,et al.Xisha Trough of South China Sea-an ancient suture[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,1994,14(1):1-10.]
[4]丘学林,周蒂,夏戡原,等.南海西沙海槽地壳结构的海底地震仪探测与研究[J].热带海洋,2000,19(2):9-18.[QIU Xuelin,ZHOU Di,XIA Kanyuan,et al.OBS experiment and crustal structure of Xisha Trough,South China Sea[J].Tropic Oceanology,2000,19(2):9-18.]
[5]地质矿产部第二海洋地质调查大队.南海地质地球物理图集(1:200万)[M].广东省地图出版社,1987.[The second marine geological investigation brigade of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resourse.Atlas of Geology and Geophyslcs of South China Sea(1:2000000)[M].Map Publishing House of Guangdong Province,1987.]
[6]袁玉松,杨树春,胡圣标,等.琼东南盆地构造沉降史及其主控因素[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):376-383.[YUAN Yusong,YANG Shuchun,HU Shengbiao,et al.Tectonic subsidence of Qiongdongnan Basin and its main control factors[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(2):376-383.]
[7]张功成,刘震,米立军,等.珠江口盆地-琼东南盆地深水区古近系沉积演化[J].沉积学报,2009,27(4):632-641.[ZHANG Gongcheng,LIU Zhen,MI Lijun,et al.Sedimentary evolution of Paleogene series in deep water area of Zhujiangkou and Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(4):632-641.]
[8]钟广见,冯常茂,韦振权.南海西沙海槽盆地地质构造特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,33(3):63-68.[ZHONG Guangjian,FENG Changmao,WEI Zhenquan.The structural features of Xisha Trough Basin[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2012,33(3):63-68.]
[9]冯常茂,钟广见,金华峰.西沙海槽盆地古近系沉积特征[J].石油天然气学报,2012,34(8):6-10,163.[FENG Changmao,ZHONG Guangjian,JIN Huafeng.Sedimentary characteristics of Paleogene Xisha Trough Basin[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2012,34(8):6-10+163.]
[10]冯常茂,钟广见,王嘹亮.西沙海槽盆地古近系烃源岩预测与早期评价[J].地球学报,2011,32(6):747-753.[FENG Changmao,ZHONG Guangjian,WANG Liaoliang.Prediction of Hydrocarbon source rocks and its Early evaluation of Paleogene Xisha Trough Basin[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2011,32(6):747-753.]
[11]赵忠泉,钟广见,冯常茂等.南海北部西沙海槽盆地新生代层序地层及地震相[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2016,36(1):15-26.[ZHAO Zhongquan,ZHONG Guangjian,FENG Changmao,et al.Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy and seismic facies analysis of Xisha Trough Basin in northern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2016,36(1):15-26.]
[12]熊斌辉,刘春成,郭瑞.西沙海槽沉积模式[J].海洋石油,2009,29(4):1-9.[XIONG Binhui,LIU Chuncheng,GUO Rui.The sedimentary model of Xisha Trough[J].Marine Petroleum,2009,29(4):1-9.]
[13]熊斌辉.构造控制下的西沙海槽沉积模式[J].海洋石油,2013,33(1):1-6.[XIONG Binhui.The sedimentary model of Xisha Trough under the control of tectonic[J].Marine Petroleum,2013,33(1):1-6.]
[14] Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and history of the South China Sea Basin[C]//In:Hayes D E(ed.).The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands 2.American Geophysical Union,Geophysical Monograph,1983,27:23-56.
[15]袁玉松,丁玫瑰.南海北部深水区盆地特征及其动力学背景[J].海洋科学,2008,32(12):102-110.[YUAN Yusong,DING Meigui.Characteristics and geodynamic setting of the basins in deepwater area of the northern South China Sea Margin[J].Marine Sciences,2008,32(12):102-110.]
[16]姚伯初,万玲,吴能友.大南海地区新生代板块构造活动[J].中国地质,2004,31(2):113-122.[YAO Bochu,WAN Ling,WU Nengyou.Plate tectonic activity in Cenozoic South China Sea[J].Geology in China.2004,31(2):113-122.]
[17]姚伯初.南海海盆新生代的构造演化史[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1996,16(2):1-13.[YAO Bochu.The tectonic evolution of Cenozoic South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,1996,16(2):1-13.]
[18]黎明碧,金翔龙.中国南海的形成演化及动力学机制研究综述[J].科技通报,2006,22(1):16-20.[LI Mingbi,JING Xianglong.The research summary of dynamic mechanism and evolution of the South China Sea[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology,2006,22(1):16-20.]
[19]夏斌,吕宝凤,吴国干,等.南海北部新生代盆地构造迁移及其对烃源岩的制约作用[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(5):629-634.[XIA Bin,LV Baofeng,WU Guogan,et al.The tectonic migration and its effect on the restriction of hydrocarbon source rocks of Cenozoic basins in north South China Sea[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2007,18(5):629-634.]
[20] Clift P D,Sun Z.The sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Yinggehai-Song Hong basin and the southern Haimargin,South China Sea:Implication for Tibetan uplift and monsoon intensification[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2006,111:1-28.
[21] XU Guoqiang,WU Shihu,ZHANG Li,et al.Stratigraphic division and depositional processes for the Mesozoic basin in Northern South China Sea[J].Marine Geophysical Research,2013,34:175-194.
[22] SUN Zhen,ZHOU Di,WU Shiming,et al.Patterns and dynamics of rifting on passive continental margin from shelf to slope of the northern South China Sea:evidence from 3Danalogue modeling[J].Journal of Earth Science,2009,20:136-146.
[23]徐国强,庞雄,胡琏,等.一种恢复沉积层序原型剖面的方法[P].中国,201410124609.2014-10-12.[XU Guoqiang,PANG Xiong,HU Lian,et al.A method of restoring the sedimentary sequence prototype section[P]. China,201410124609.2014-10-12.]
[24]徐国强,庞雄,叶斌.珠江口盆地白云凹陷南洼珠海组浊积扇群的发现及其意义[C]//成都理工大学50周年校庆论文集.四川科学技术出版社,2006:192-195.[XU Guoqiang,PANG Xiong,YE Bin.The findings and their significance of turbidite fan group in Zhuhai formation southern Baiyun sag Pearl River Mouth Basin[C]//The Memoir of 50anniversary of Chengdu university of technology.Sichuan Science and Technology Press,2006:192-195.]
[25]李小刚.珠江口盆地白云凹陷珠海组层序地层格架研究[D].成都理工大学,2009.[LI Xiaogang.The study of sequence stratigraphy Zhuhai group in Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin[D].Chengdu University of Technology,2009.]
[26]张义娜,张功成,梁建设,等.琼东南盆地长昌凹陷渐新统崖城组沉积充填及烃源岩特征[J].海洋地质前沿,2012,28(5):7-14.[ZHANG Yina,ZHANG Gongcheng,LIANG Jianshe,et al.Sediment filling and source rock characteristics of Oligocene Yachegn formation in Changchang depression of QiongDongNan Basin[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2012,28(5):7-14.]
[27]蔡国富,邵磊,乔陪军,等.琼东南盆地古近系海侵及沉积环境演化[J].石油学报,2013,34(2):91-101.[CAI Guofu,SHAO Lei,QIAO Peijun,et al.Marine transgression and evolution of depositional environment in the Paleogene strata of Qiongdognnan Basin,South China Sea[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(2):91-101.]
[28]张浩,邵磊,张功成,等.南海始新世海相地层分布及油气地质意义[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2015,34(2):91-101.[ZHANG Hao,SHAO Lei,ZHANG Gongcheng,et al.Distribution and petroleum geologic significance of Eocene strata in the South China Sea[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geoscience,2015,34(2):91-101.]
[29]纪沫,张功成,杨海长等.琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带结构构造及其演化特征[J].海洋地质前沿,2014,30(9):26-35.[JI Mo,ZHANG Gongcheng,YANG Haichang,et al.Structural pattern and evolution of eastern sag belt,in deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2014,30(9):26-35.]