繁殖—育幼期雌性大熊猫的空间利用与活动模式特征
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摘要
繁殖期间的空间利用与活动模式特征是野生动物长期适应环境的具体表现,研究野生动物繁殖期间行为特征与策略是动物生态学研究中最重要的基础问题之一。2010年3月至2012年3月,我们利用内置记录活动水平传感器的GPS项圈记录了1只受孕、产仔并育幼的野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的活动位点和活动水平。研究了该大熊猫各繁殖阶段(交配后期、产仔期和育幼期)的空间利用与活动模式特征。结果表明:在交配后期(2010年春季,即4-6月),雌性大熊猫活动空间范围较大为3.49 km~2,其日平均活动距离较大,活动水平也相对较强;在产仔期前后(2010年夏秋季,即7-10月),雌性大熊猫的活动范围明显缩小为0.42 km~2,日平均活动距离和活动水平都明显减低;自2010年冬季(2010年11月至2011年3月)开始雌性大熊猫带仔生活,其家域面积逐渐增大,且趋向稳定(0.84～1.19 km~2),日平均活动距离和活动水平都开始逐渐增大。雌性大熊猫在求偶交配、受孕、产仔和育幼过程中的空间利用与活动模式特征反映了大熊猫在繁殖期间的行为策略。本研究结果可为繁殖期间大熊猫及栖息地的保护管理政策制定提供科学依据。
The spatial utilization and activity pattern characteristics of wild animals during reproduction are specific manifestations of long-term adaptation to the environment in which they live,and are among the most important basic issues in animal ecology research.From March 2010 to March 2012,using GPS collars equipped with dual-axis activity sensors,we recorded the activity locations and activity level of a female wild giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)which conceived and gave birth to a cub.We studied the spatial use and activity patterns of the giant panda in different reproductive stages(period after mating and conception,cub-bearing period and rearing cub period).Results show that the main utilization space of the female giant panda was relative large(3.49 km~2),during the period after mating and conception(from April to June of 2010),the range of activity,average daily movement distance and activity level of the female giant panda were obviously larger than other periods too; around the cub-bearing period(from July to September of 2010),the range of activity of the giant panda distinctly reduced to 0.42 km~2,and the average daily movement distance and activity intensity were visibly reduced.Since winter 2010(from November of 2010 to next March),the range of activity was regularly extended(0.84-1.19 km~2),average daily movement distance and activity level of the female giant pandas gradually increased The spatial utilization and activity pattern characteristics of the female giant panda during reproduction periods(e.g.,mating and conception,cub-bearing period and rearing cub)can reveal it's behavioral strategies.Our study can provide a scientific basis for the formulation of policies on the protection and management of giant pandas and their habitats during the breeding period.
The spatial utilization and activity pattern characteristics of wild animals during reproduction are specific manifestations of long-term adaptation to the environment in which they live,and are among the most important basic issues in animal ecology research.From March 2010 to March 2012,using GPS collars equipped with dual-axis activity sensors,we recorded the activity locations and activity level of a female wild giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)which conceived and gave birth to a cub.We studied the spatial use and activity patterns of the giant panda in different reproductive stages(period after mating and conception,cub-bearing period and rearing cub period).Results show that the main utilization space of the female giant panda was relative large(3.49 km~2),during the period after mating and conception(from April to June of 2010),the range of activity,average daily movement distance and activity level of the female giant panda were obviously larger than other periods too; around the cub-bearing period(from July to September of 2010),the range of activity of the giant panda distinctly reduced to 0.42 km~2,and the average daily movement distance and activity intensity were visibly reduced.Since winter 2010(from November of 2010 to next March),the range of activity was regularly extended(0.84-1.19 km~2),average daily movement distance and activity level of the female giant pandas gradually increased The spatial utilization and activity pattern characteristics of the female giant panda during reproduction periods(e.g.,mating and conception,cub-bearing period and rearing cub)can reveal it's behavioral strategies.Our study can provide a scientific basis for the formulation of policies on the protection and management of giant pandas and their habitats during the breeding period.
引文
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Beltrán J F,Delibes M.1994.Environmental determinants of circadian activity of free-ranging Iberian lynxes.Journal of Mammalogy,75:382-393.
Beyer H L 2004.Hawth's Analysis Tools for ArcGIS.Available at http://www.Spatialecology.com/htools.
Coulombe M L,Ariane M,Steeve D C.2006.Quantification and accuracy of activity data measured with VHF and GPS telemetry.Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34(1):81-92.
Hemson G,Johnson P,South A,Ruthripley R K,Macdonald D.2005.Are kernels the mustard?Data from global positioning system(GPS)collars suggests problems for kernel home-range analyses with leastsquares cross-validation.Journal of Animal Ecology,74(3):455-463.
Hu J C.2001.Research on the Giant Panda Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers.(in Chinese)
Horen J S,Garton E 0,Koren S M,Lewis J S.2007.Analyzing animal movements using Brownian Bridges.Ecology,88(9):2354-2363.
Huang J,Li Y Z,Du L M,Yang B,Shen F J,Zhang H M,Zhang Z H,Zhang X Y,Yue B S.2015.Genome-wide survey and analysis of microsatellites in giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca),with a focus on the applications of a novel microsatellite marker system.Bmc Genomics,16(1):61.
Hull V,Zhang J D,Zhou S Q,Huang J Y,Li R G,Liu D,Xu W H,Huang Y,Ouyang Z Y,Zhang H M,Liu J G.2015.Space use by endangered giant pandas.Journal of Mammalogy, 96(1):230-236.
Hull V,Zhang J,Huang J,Zhou S,ViafiA,Shortridge A,Li R,Liu D,Xu W,Ouyang Z.2016.Habitat use and selection by giant pandas.PLoS ONE,11(9):e0162266.
Nelson R J.1991.Maternal diet influences reproductive development in male prairie vole offspring.Physiology&Behavior,50(5):1063-1066.
Nie Y,Zhang Z,Raubenheimer D,Elser J J,Wei W,Wei F.2015.Obligate herbivory in an ancestrally carnivorous lineage; the giant panda and bamboo from the perspective of nutritional geometry.Functional Ecology,29(1):26-34.
Podolski I,Belotti E,Bufka L,Reulen H,Heurich M.2013.Seasonal and daily activity patterns of free-living Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in relation to availability of kills.Wildlife Biology, 19(1):69-77.
Schaller G B,Hu J C,Pan W S,Zhu J.1985.The Giant Pandas of Wolong.Chicago,Illinois,USA:University of Chicago Press.
Shelby N J,Godfrey M T,Rosenfeld M J.2006.Methods for inducing anti-anxiety and calming effects in animals and humans:US.Patent,7:761-794.
Tomkiewicz S M,Fuller M R,Kie J G,Bates K K.2010.Global positioning system and associated technologies in animal behaviour and ecological research.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 365:2163-2176.
Wei F W.2018.Evolutionary conservation biology of giant pandas.Scientia Sinica Vitae, 48(10):1048-1053.(in Chinese)
Zhang J D,Hull V,Ouyang Z Y,2013.A review of home range studies.Actao Ecologica Sinica,33(11):3269-3279.(in Chinese)
Zhang J D,Huang J Y,Zhou S Q,Li R G,Liu D,Huang Y,Li D S,Xu W H.2011.Circadian activity pattern of giant pandas during the bamboo growing season.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(10):2655-2661.(in Chinese)
Zhang J,Hull V,Huang J,Zhou S,Xu W,Yang H,McConnell W J,Li R,Liu D,Huang Y.2015.Activity patterns of the giant panda(Aluropoda melanoleuca).Journal of Mammalogy, 96(6):1-12.
Zhang J,Hull V,Ouyang Z,He L,Connor T,Yang H,Huang J,Zhou S,Zhang Z,Zhou C.2017a.Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time-series analysis.Ecology and Evolution,7(8):2575-2584.
Zhang J,Hull V,Ouyang Z,Li R,Connor T,Yang H,Zhang Z,Silet B,Zhang H,Liu J.2017b.Divergent responses of sympatric species to livestock encroachment at fine spatiotemporal scales.Biological Conservation, 209:1 19-129.
Zhang Z,Sheppard J K,Swaisgood R R,Wang G,Nie Y,Wei W,Zhao N,Wei F.2014.Ecological scale and seasonal heterogeneity in the spatial behaviors of giant pandas.Integrative Zoology,9(1):46-60.
四川省林业厅.2015.四川的大熊猫:四川省第四次大熊猫调查报告.成都:四川科技出版社.
四川卧龙国家级自然保护区管理局.2019.大熊猫国家公园阿坝管理分局在卧龙挂牌.http://chinawolong gov.cn/news/recent/20190117/2648.html
张晋东,Vanessa HULL,欧阳志云.2013.家域研究进展.生态学报,33(11):3269-3279.
张晋东,黄金燕,周世强,李仁贵,刘巅,黄炎,李德生,徐卫华.2011.大熊猫取食竹笋期间的昼夜活动节律和强度.生态学报,31(10):2655-2661.
胡锦矗.2001.大熊猫研究.上海:上海科技教育出版社.
潘文石,吕植.2001.继续生存的机会.北京:北京大学出版社.
魏辅文.2018.大熊猫演化保护生物学研究.中国科学:生命科学,48(10):14-19.
Beltran J F,Delibes M.1994.Environmental determinants of circadian activity of free-ranging Iberian lynxes.Journal of Mammalogy, 75(2):382-393.
Beltrán J F,Delibes M.1994.Environmental determinants of circadian activity of free-ranging Iberian lynxes.Journal of Mammalogy,75:382-393.
Beyer H L 2004.Hawth's Analysis Tools for ArcGIS.Available at http://www.Spatialecology.com/htools.
Coulombe M L,Ariane M,Steeve D C.2006.Quantification and accuracy of activity data measured with VHF and GPS telemetry.Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34(1):81-92.
Hemson G,Johnson P,South A,Ruthripley R K,Macdonald D.2005.Are kernels the mustard?Data from global positioning system(GPS)collars suggests problems for kernel home-range analyses with leastsquares cross-validation.Journal of Animal Ecology,74(3):455-463.
Hu J C.2001.Research on the Giant Panda Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers.(in Chinese)
Horen J S,Garton E 0,Koren S M,Lewis J S.2007.Analyzing animal movements using Brownian Bridges.Ecology,88(9):2354-2363.
Huang J,Li Y Z,Du L M,Yang B,Shen F J,Zhang H M,Zhang Z H,Zhang X Y,Yue B S.2015.Genome-wide survey and analysis of microsatellites in giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca),with a focus on the applications of a novel microsatellite marker system.Bmc Genomics,16(1):61.
Hull V,Zhang J D,Zhou S Q,Huang J Y,Li R G,Liu D,Xu W H,Huang Y,Ouyang Z Y,Zhang H M,Liu J G.2015.Space use by endangered giant pandas.Journal of Mammalogy, 96(1):230-236.
Hull V,Zhang J,Huang J,Zhou S,ViafiA,Shortridge A,Li R,Liu D,Xu W,Ouyang Z.2016.Habitat use and selection by giant pandas.PLoS ONE,11(9):e0162266.
Nelson R J.1991.Maternal diet influences reproductive development in male prairie vole offspring.Physiology&Behavior,50(5):1063-1066.
Nie Y,Zhang Z,Raubenheimer D,Elser J J,Wei W,Wei F.2015.Obligate herbivory in an ancestrally carnivorous lineage; the giant panda and bamboo from the perspective of nutritional geometry.Functional Ecology,29(1):26-34.
Podolski I,Belotti E,Bufka L,Reulen H,Heurich M.2013.Seasonal and daily activity patterns of free-living Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in relation to availability of kills.Wildlife Biology, 19(1):69-77.
Schaller G B,Hu J C,Pan W S,Zhu J.1985.The Giant Pandas of Wolong.Chicago,Illinois,USA:University of Chicago Press.
Shelby N J,Godfrey M T,Rosenfeld M J.2006.Methods for inducing anti-anxiety and calming effects in animals and humans:US.Patent,7:761-794.
Tomkiewicz S M,Fuller M R,Kie J G,Bates K K.2010.Global positioning system and associated technologies in animal behaviour and ecological research.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 365:2163-2176.
Wei F W.2018.Evolutionary conservation biology of giant pandas.Scientia Sinica Vitae, 48(10):1048-1053.(in Chinese)
Zhang J D,Hull V,Ouyang Z Y,2013.A review of home range studies.Actao Ecologica Sinica,33(11):3269-3279.(in Chinese)
Zhang J D,Huang J Y,Zhou S Q,Li R G,Liu D,Huang Y,Li D S,Xu W H.2011.Circadian activity pattern of giant pandas during the bamboo growing season.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(10):2655-2661.(in Chinese)
Zhang J,Hull V,Huang J,Zhou S,Xu W,Yang H,McConnell W J,Li R,Liu D,Huang Y.2015.Activity patterns of the giant panda(Aluropoda melanoleuca).Journal of Mammalogy, 96(6):1-12.
Zhang J,Hull V,Ouyang Z,He L,Connor T,Yang H,Huang J,Zhou S,Zhang Z,Zhou C.2017a.Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time-series analysis.Ecology and Evolution,7(8):2575-2584.
Zhang J,Hull V,Ouyang Z,Li R,Connor T,Yang H,Zhang Z,Silet B,Zhang H,Liu J.2017b.Divergent responses of sympatric species to livestock encroachment at fine spatiotemporal scales.Biological Conservation, 209:1 19-129.
Zhang Z,Sheppard J K,Swaisgood R R,Wang G,Nie Y,Wei W,Zhao N,Wei F.2014.Ecological scale and seasonal heterogeneity in the spatial behaviors of giant pandas.Integrative Zoology,9(1):46-60.
四川省林业厅.2015.四川的大熊猫:四川省第四次大熊猫调查报告.成都:四川科技出版社.
四川卧龙国家级自然保护区管理局.2019.大熊猫国家公园阿坝管理分局在卧龙挂牌.http://chinawolong gov.cn/news/recent/20190117/2648.html
张晋东,Vanessa HULL,欧阳志云.2013.家域研究进展.生态学报,33(11):3269-3279.
张晋东,黄金燕,周世强,李仁贵,刘巅,黄炎,李德生,徐卫华.2011.大熊猫取食竹笋期间的昼夜活动节律和强度.生态学报,31(10):2655-2661.
胡锦矗.2001.大熊猫研究.上海:上海科技教育出版社.
潘文石,吕植.2001.继续生存的机会.北京:北京大学出版社.
魏辅文.2018.大熊猫演化保护生物学研究.中国科学:生命科学,48(10):14-19.